Models of Health and NSQHS Standards

This document provides information on different models of health, including the social model and biomedical model. It also explains the application of NSQHS standards in Australia. The document discusses the overall structure of the healthcare system in Victoria and the evolution of nursing profession. It explores the current perspectives of nursing and the opportunities for career development in Australia. The document also explains the philosophical framework of primary health care and describes various models of care. It provides an overview of the roles of nursing regulatory authorities, industrial and professional bodies. The document discusses the health issues faced by migrants and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. It explains the role of various organizations in relation to health insurance and financial support. The document also explores the impact of various factors on health and illness. It discusses the political impacts on healthcare delivery and current issues in clinical practice and health policy development. The document provides information on vaccination and health check services for travelers. It also discusses the importance of cultural sensitivity in the workplace.

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Assessmen
ts
Course Unit : HLTENN001 Practise nursing within the Australian health
care system
Assessment
type : Theory Assessment
1. There have been a number of different key models of
health that have influenced health promotion. Describe the
two (2) major health service models identified below (in 40-
50 words each).
1.1
Social model of health:
Used today in Australia (post 1970’s). The social health model is a conceptual
framework that is practised by a wide range of people. It takes into
consideration prevention as well diagnosis, cure and treatment. It puts less on
the Australian healthcare system than that of the Biomedical model.
1.2
Biomedical model of health:
Can only be practised by Doctors and other health professionals. It focuses on
the biological and physical aspects of illness, with the diagnosis, cure and
treatment of the disease at the heart of this model. The biomedical model placed
a considerable burden on the healthcare system when it was used pre 1970’s
2. The National Safety and Quality Health Service
(NSQHS) Standards are being applied across a wide
variety of health care services in all States/Territories in
Australia. Describe the application of these standards (in
50-60 words).

There are 8 standards applied by the NSQHS. These standards are
designed to ensure that there are systems in place within health
service organisations to provide safe, reliable and quality healthcare.
They are also designed to protect people from harm. These
standards are used throughout hospitals in Australia, as well as day
procedures and public dental practices. They provide quality
assurance to all stakeholders
3. Australia's health-care system is a multi-faceted web
of various providers, settings, participants and supporting
mechanisms. Explain the overall structure of health care
system in your State/Territory (in 80-90 words).
Victoria’s healthcare system provides all Victorians, high-quality
health treatment, care, education and disease prevention. It includes
a range of healthcare professionals. These can work across
numerous different settings including public or private hospitals,
community centres, medical clinics and private practice. Areas
such
as mental health, allied health, aged care, dental and complementary
medicine. These can be provided in both the Public healthcare
system which is free as a public patient, or in the private sector
which you pay for, either directly or via your private health
insurance.
4. Nursing in Australia has evolved in training and
regulation since the 19th century. Briefly describe how the
nursing profession has evolved over time outlining major
historical events (in 130-150 words).
Nursing started as a religious vocation and became a medical career.
The first “nurses” in Australia, were some Irish nuns who arrived in
1838. It was only upon the arrival of 6 Nightingale trained nurses,
that nursing in it’s more modern form was born.
Later that century, Florence Nightingale published her definition of
nursing and set up the Nightingale Training School for Nurses in the
UK. Her history in Developing Nursing as a career has had a
profound effect on the history of Australian nursing.
The Australasian Trained nurses Association was founded NSW. It
was around the same time that Australian Nurses volunteered during
the Boer War.
The 20th Century saw more formalised nursing education, with the
College of Nursing, First Nursing Diploma in Australia, offered in a
C.A.E.
For the last 10 years, there is a National Registration for Nurses and
midwives. Formalising the requirement that nurses qualifications to
meet. It is currently required under the NMBA

5. Nursing today is much different from nursing practices
years ago. Describe the current perspectives of the nursing
profession including the opportunities for career
development in Australia (in 50-60 words).
Initially, nursing had very less to do but medical training and training for nurses was
rudimentary in the initiation of profession. No training was offered to caretakers and
was not necessary earlier. But today, drastic changes have been seen in nursing
profession. Qualification for nurses are very particular and in depth. Many nursing
programs, degrees, certifications and specialties are required for providing care to
patients. The current perspectives of nursing profession involve lots of opportunities
for career development in Australia. Nursing training and certification programs help
in career growth and development of nurses and assistive for them in getting good
employment.
6. Explain the philosophical framework underpinning
primary health care (in 50-60 words).
The Primary Health Care is referred as both approach of offering Health services
and philosophy of healthcare. As a philosophy, Primary Health Care is based on
some values associated with solidarity, social justice and equity. It facilitates
exclusion promoting accessibility through emphasizing on opportunities, strengths
and involvement of individual and community. The PHC philosophy ascertain that
individuals have requisite knowledge and skills to enhance health and social care
status. The philosophy needs that individuals of nation work collaboratively with the
representative and professionals of healthcare another area to mobilize community
efforts so as to achieve, promote and maintain health when taking active role in
formulating strategies to mitigate health needs of people.
7. Models of care describe how best to provide care
across the many healthcare areas. Briefly describe the
following 2 (two) models of health (in 40-50 words each).
7.1
The holistic health model:
Holistic health is referred as the approach to life. Instead of emphasizing on illness or particular parts
of body, the holistic health model considers all individuals and the way he or she interact with
environment. It focuses on connection of body, mind and spirit. This model is applicable to four
interrelated dimensional areas including physical, emotional, mental and spiritual parts.
7.2
The health-illness continuum:
The state of health of an individual is one of continual change. This process of change is depicted by
health illness continuum in which different states of illness and health are experienced by individual
that fluctuate throughout his or her life. Adaptation as well and effective functioning, in the presence of
disease can be considered as wellness state. This health illness continuum depicts relationship of
paradigm of treatment to wellness paradigm.

8. Briefly explain the role of the following nursing
regulatory authorities, industrial and professional bodies (in
30-40 words each).
a) Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia
It undertakes functions set by health practitioner regulation national law. It regulates in
nursing and midwifery practice in Australia. The main role of NMBA Australia is to protect
the public by developing professional codes, standards and guidelines for practice,
registration standards which together develop requirements for safe and professional
practice of midwives and nurses in Australia.
b) Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation
It is largest National Union as well as nursing and midwives’ organization of Australia. It
worked with aged care, public and private health and disability sectors and please crucial
role in enhancing their ability to deliver best and safe practice care to each individual in the
settings and accomplish healthy work life balance.
c) Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
This agency work with around 15 National boards to assist protect the public through
regulating registered health practitioners in Australia. The main role of the agency is to
protect the public as well as set policies and standards that must be meet by all the
registered health practitioners.
d) Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council
The main role and responsibility of this council is to regulate nurses and midwives. It is the
accreditation authority which is responsible for accrediting education programs and
providers of study for midwifery and nursing profession. It assists in protecting the health
and safety of community of Australia as independent accrediting authority for education of
nursing and midwifery under the national registration and accreditation scheme of Australia.
9. It is vital to understand the population health issues
related to those from a culturally and linguistically
diverse background. Describe 3 (three) possible health
and illness issues faced by people migrated to Australia
(in 40-50 words).
The migrants have high prevalence of chronic diseases rates and cancer and
mental health issues. They experience all cause death rates 10 to 15 percent
less than Australian born persons. Due to linguistic and cultural barriers, the
migrated people to Australia face difficulties in accessibility to healthcare
facilities. The non-English speaking migrants are less possibly to communicate
that they suffer from mental health disorder in comparison to Australian born
residents. They more suffer from chronic diseases which is the leading cause
of disability and death.
10. Health insurances are provided by public and private
agencies and organisations in Australia. Describe the role of
the following organisations in relation to health insurance

and financial support (in 30-40 words each).
10.1
Private Healthcare Australia (PHA)
Private healthcare Australia is one of the health insurance peak representative body of
the industry in Australia. It administrators’ healthcare benefits to around 13 million
Australians. It provides Health insurance to people by companies listed under private
Health insurance act 2007. It administers choice to doctor and can assist with treatment
cost in private hospital.
10.2
Centrelink
It is a delivery point for services available and payments to Australian families. It performs its
functions under governance of DHS. It determines eligibility as well as administrator PPL
funding amount.

11. Research and explain the following two (2) health issues
prevailing among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people in Australia (in 30-40 words each). Hint: What is
known about heart health in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander population?
11.1
Cardiac health issues:
Cardiovascular disease is major health issue, but the impacts and levels are high for people of
aboriginal and Torres strait islander in comparison to non-indigenous people. Cardiac health issue is
the major cause of death among these people. It is found that half of people of aboriginal and Torres
strait islander aged in 40s, 50s and 60s have high risk of stroke or future heart attack and the people
aged in 20s also at risk.
11.2
Diabetes:
The people of Aboriginal and Torres strait islander are four times more possibly to have diabetes in
comparison to non-indigenous Australians. Type 2 diabetes is very common among these people in
which the pancreas stops secreting insulin.
12. Provide 3 (three) examples of healthcare environments
an enrolled nurse could practise in Australia.
An enrolled nurse can work in wide range of environments and clinical
specialties. They are employed in different healthcare settings involving aged
care services, private health sector, hospitals and in general practitioner clinics.
13. The interdisciplinary health care team includes a
diverse group of members (e.g., physicians, psychologists,
social workers, and occupational and physical therapists),
depending on the needs of the patient. Briefly outline the
roles of the following personnel in the health service
delivery for a client undergoing rehabilitation (in 30-40
words each).
13.1
Physiotherapist:
The physiotherapist is responsible to assess patient's physical condition properly in order
to diagnose issue and execute treatment plan as well. They aim to optimize function and
wellbeing of patient and help them to get back into their lifestyle activities. They help
patients in improving their mobility levels and significantly assist in improving their
quality of life.
13.2
Dietician:
The main role of dietitian is to educate people and their members of family on eating well. The change
the nutrition of patient on the basis of their needs and medical condition. They provide impartial
advice regarding health and nutrition of patients and also advise them regarding issues associated
with food and recommend then to have nutritional diet that help in treating diseases as well as their ill
health.

14. Health is multi-factorial and is influenced by a number
of things including our age, family history of illness,
employment, education and living conditions. Briefly outline
how the following themes impact the health and illness of
people from Australia and other countries (in 30-40 words
each).
14.1
Environment:
14.2
Cultural barriers:
14.3
Community acceptance:
15. Provide an example of a political impact on
healthcare delivery which might result in a constraint on
services.

16. A range of diseases and conditions contribute to
the burden of illness and injury in the Australian
community. Briefly outline the 9 (nine) current issues
impacting on
clinical practice and health policy development with
reference to the National Health Priority Areas (NHPAs).
17. James is planning to go to South Africa for leisure. He is
planning to visit smaller cities and he is an adventurous
eater. Which agency could he approach to get a vaccination
against Typhoid and perform a cardio vascular health check?
Discuss how he could access the service?
18. A resident who is admitted in your aged care facility
yesterday asked you whether he can take his herbal
(Ayurvedic) medicine which he usually takes to overcome
indigestion problems. The resident is prescribed with
new medications as per his medication chart. What is the
best response in this scenario?
19. Research and describe the effectiveness of the
following community health promotional strategies.
19.1
Beyondblue:
19.2
National Bowel Cancer Screening Program:
20. Describe the key focus of Betty Neuman's System
model in relation to nursing care.
21. Your colleague appears unhappy and disturbed. When
asked why, your colleague replies that she has received
culturally inappropriate comments from her supervisor.
How could you deal with this situation?
22. The Australian healthcare system had evolved over
time to cater for the needs of its people. Briefly describe
the development and historical context of the Australian
health care system (in 130-150 words).
23. Briefly describe 2 (two) roles of the interdisciplinary
health care team in health service delivery (in 30-40 words).

24. Describe 2 (two) strengths and 2 (two) weaknesses of
the Australian health care system, making references to
your local State/Territory (in 40-50 words each).
25. How do Enrolled Nurses work to uphold the following
Principles of Primary Care and Wellness? (In 30-40 words)
25.1
Universal access to care and coverage on the basis of need (principle of primary
healthcare):
25.2
Positivity is empowerment (principle of wellness):
26. It is important for you to understand the impact of
various health and illness factors on people when delivering
care services. Briefly describe the links between the
following factors and a person's health:
26.1
Higher income and social status:
26.2
Low education levels:
26.3
Greater social support networks:
27. Describe how the availability of healthcare funding
and resource allocation impact the health care delivery in
Australia? (In 50-80 words).
28. Explain the impacts for healthcare delivery for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia (in
100-150 words).