Human Body Systems: Anatomy, Physiology, and Everyday Responses

This article delves into the intricate workings of the human body, exploring its major organ systems, cellular metabolism, and responses to everyday activities. It examines the role of growth hormone, the body's response to stress, and the impact of age and medical conditions like diabetes and arthritis on body structure and function. The article also discusses routine measures used in healthcare and how they inform care planning for individuals with chronic conditions.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................2
LO1.................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 MAIN ANATOMICAL FEATURES IN EACH BODY SYSTEMS......................................................................................4
1.2 CELLULAR METABOLISM AND ROLE OF GROWTH HORMONE...............................................................................8
LO2................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
2.1 NORMAL BODY RESPONSES TO EVERYDAY ACTIVITY SUCH AS BREATHING........................................................11
2.2 BODY RESPONSE TO CELLULAR AND TISSUE STRUCTURES AND ITS RELATED PHYSIOLOGY ACCORDING TO
GIVEN CASE SCENARIO..............................................................................................................................................12
2.3 COORDINATION OF BODY WITH ITS INTERNAL ACTIVITY....................................................................................13
L03................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
3.1 EXPLAIN HOW ROUTINE MEASURES ARE RECORDED AND WHAT ARE THEIR USES IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL
CARE?........................................................................................................................................................................ 16
3.2 ASSESS HOW THESE ROUTINE MEASURES PROVIDE THE GP WITH INFORMATION ABOUT THE BODY
FUNCTIONING OF THIS PERSON................................................................................................................................17
3.3 EXAMINE HOW SUCH INFORMATION ABOUT THE BODY FUNCTIONING MAY INFORM CARE PLANNING FOR
THIS PERSON.............................................................................................................................................................18
L04................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 AFFECT OF AGE ON BODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING (RELATING NERVOUS SYSTEM AND RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM) OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENT.....................................................................................................................19
4.2 IMPACT OF DIABETES ON BODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN GIVEN CASE STUDY.........................................19
4.3 EFFECT OF MEDICAL CONDITIONS I.E. DIABETES AND ARTHRITIS INCLUDING INFECTION TO ROUTINE CARE. . .20
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................................21
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................................22

INTRODUCTION
Human body is the set of anatomical and anthropological body structure containing multiple systems
working together in coordinated manner to form life. It consist of basic units i.e. cells which together form
tissues and then the organ system. Study of human body includes its anatomy, physiology, embryology and
histology. This article deals with various anatomical structures and cellular metabolism. Further it explains
the role of growth hormone in metabolism and growth process. Then it includes response of body in
routine activities and in working situation. In addition this article also explains effect of hypertension and
diabetes on physical and mental health status of patients.

LO1
1.1 MAIN ANATOMICAL FEATURES IN EACH BODY SYSTEMS
Different specialized tissue together forms organs which coordinate and result into organ system. In other
words, organ system can be defined as group of different anatomical structures that aim together to
perform common function or task (standaring, 2015). Our body consist of around 11 such systems which
are as follows:
Digestive system: it comprises of pharynx or mouth (includes tongue, teeth, salivary gland, taste buds,
maxilla, mandible), oesophagus or food pipe, stomach, pancreas, spleen, gall bladder, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum, anus
Circulatory system: this consist of heart, blood and blood vessels such as superior and inferior vena cava,
aorta etc
Respiratory system: this system includes nose, pharynx (mouth), larynx (throat), trachea or windpipe,
bronchi and bronchioles, diaphragm
Excretory system: this system involves kidney (consist of three layers i.e. renal cortex, medulla and pelvis) ,
renal vessels, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Nervous system: this system comprises of brain, spinal cord, somatic nerves, autonomic nerves (or
voluntary and involuntary nerves) and it also includes all sense organs such as vision, smell, taste and touch
Integumentory system: this system consist of hairs, skin, nails and subcutaneous fats
Reproductive system or genital system: consist of male reproductive organ such as testes, scrotum,
epididymes, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate, penis, urethra, Cowper’s gland. It also includes female
reproductive system such as vulva, vagina, uterus, ovaries, clitoris, urethra, cervix, labia, and fallopian
tubes
Skeletal system: this includes bones, joints, cartilages, tendons and ligaments
Muscular system: this includes skeletal muscles but cardiac and smooth muscles are not included in this
system
Endocrine system: it comprises of different glands such as pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland etc
Lymphatic system: this system comprises of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

Some studies consider immune system and neuro transmitter system as part of the organ system; this
makes it a total of 13 organ systems regulating different functions of body in coordination (Agur and dalley,
2009).
Cardiovascular system or circulatory system is a system that permits circulation of its one of the
component throughout body i.e. blood. Major functions of this system can be listed as:
It helps in transportation of oxygenated blood from lungs to heart and to whole body parts via aorta and
other blood vessels. This system also collects deoxygenated blood from all the body parts back to heart for
oxygenation via superior and inferior vena cava. From heart deoxygenated blood is carried to lungs for
purification or oxygenation. As blood is an important component of this circulatory network it plays an
important role in transportation of various nutrients across the body; which lists as one of the functions of
this system. Red blood cells also contribute by carrying oxygen from lungs to different body cells and also
carbon dioxide from different cells to lungs for purification of blood. Similarly, one of the waste product i.e.
urea is carried from liver to kidneys for excretion. This system also helps in transport of soluble form of
food which are easily absorbed from small intestine and assimilated by the body. It also helps hormones
secreted by various endocrine glands to reach their target site (Stanfield, 2012). Water is also transported
to the cells to perform various biochemical processes with the help of this network. This system leads with
a major role of maintaining homeostasis through various actions such as regulating pressure and
temperature changes across cell membrane maintaining internal environment. One of the parts of vascular
system is lymphatic system which is also an important aspect of our immune system. This system helps in
elimination of interstitial fluid from tissues, removes fats and fatty acid as chyle from gastro intestinal tract.
White blood cells, our defence cells are transported from lymph nodes so as to fight against infections.

Respiratory system is one of the important biological systems which perform and regulate many important
functions of human body which are as follows:
Every cells of our living body require oxygen for functioning normally; it is the respiratory system where
gaseous exchange takes place. To start with, the entry and exist point of gases i.e. nose or nostrils helps in
purifying air which we breathe by removing dust and other particles. This action is completed by mucous
membrane and cilia present in the inner linings of nose. Similarly during exhalation it absorbs moisture
from air leaving our body. In cases of blocked nose our mouth helps in inhalation. Inhaled air through
larynx reaches our windpipe or trachea. Mucous secreting glands i.e. goblet cells are present in trachea
that helps in purifying air while its way. Around twenty cartilaginous tracheal rings present help in
maintaining anatomy of trachea. Tracheal rings and smooth muscles present in bronchioles helps in
regulating and maintain airflow in case of increased demand. Finally inhaled air through bronchioles enters
the basic structure of this system where actual gaseous exchange takes place i.e. the alveoli. So the main
function of this system to provide oxygen to each cell and remove carbon dioxide in return is performed.
This also helps in maintaining homeostasis by regulating gaseous exchange (lonescu, 2013). It also removes
any gas bubbles on its way preventing our body from embolism. Thoracic cavity or lung cavity in
combination with musculoskeletal system encloses vital organs such as lungs and heart and protect them
from any damage. Pleural cavity present helps in maintain the integrity of lungs while expansion.
Diaphragm plays a very important role. Apart from separating this system from abdominal cavity it
contracts and flattens at base pulling in the rib cage during inhalation. This creates vacuum and air rushes
into our lungs. While during exhalation it relax and gain its dome shape back so as to expel carbon dioxide
rich air from our body (Lumb, 2016).

One of the crucial systems of our body is excretory system. As the name signifies it helps in elimination of
waste products thus removes toxic substances such as urea and ammonia from our body. It regulates fluid
balance of body by absorption of water as required. This also helps in maintaining electrolytes equilibrium
and maintains required ph. In case of increased water loss such as perspiration and intake of salty food
urine concentration is enhanced; maintaining required osmolality. Our kidney also secrete hormone
named as erythropoietin which induces bone marrow to produce more red blood cells (Bradley, 2013).

1.2 CELLULAR METABOLISM AND ROLE OF GROWTH HORMONE
Metabolism is a Greek word meaning ‘change’. Cellular metabolism can be defined as set of chemical
transformation which takes place within cells of organism required for sustaining life. Three main motive
behind cellular metabolism is conversion of food to energy, conversion of food to form basic building
blocks of life i.e. lipids, nucleic acid and proteins and formation of excretory waste products. Cellular
metabolism can broadly be categorised as catabolism and anabolism. Breakdown of organic substances
such as glucose into simple absorbable form say pyruvate is considered as catabolic process whereas
building together of different cellular components such as nucleic acid and proteins is considered as
anabolic process. Anabolism consumes energy while catabolism releases energy.
Growth hormone or human growth hormone or somatotropins is master regulator peptide hormone. This
hormone is secreted by somatotropic cells present in lateral wings of pituitary gland. Mostly role of this
hormone is anabolic in nature i.e. building up. It is considered as master regulator hormone for growth. It
also play role in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism with the help of complex biochemical interactions with
insulin and insulin like growth factors. Studies have shown that this hormone stimulates hepatic glucose
production via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. It also play role in liver lipid metabolism (particularly
lipolysis). This hormone basically helps in overall growth and development of human body (Canalis et al.,
2012). Deficiency of this hormone relates to growth failure in children and lead to dwarfism whereas it’s
over production causes excessive growth called as gigantism. Growth hormone deficiency is related to
depression and impaired cognative functions as well. Use this hormone is believed to be used as
therapeutic measure approved by FDA. It shows some side effects such as joint swelling, joint pain,
increased risk of diabetes etc. In some cases, our immune system may respond to growth hormone.

LO2
2.1 NORMAL BODY RESPONSES TO EVERYDAY ACTIVITY SUCH AS BREATHING
In routine our body remains in functional state because of all the metabolic activities performed by
different organs in coordinate manner to meets to meet daily requirements. Out of all activities breathing
is the most important physiological activity which helps in inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon
dioxide. When we inhale diaphragm contracts along with intercostals muscles and flatten pulling up the rib
cage increasing thoracic cavity and creating lower pressure in lungs as compared to atmospheric pressure.
As known air flows from area of high pressure to low pressure; air rushes into lungs via upper respiratory
tract. Gaseous exchange takes place at alveoli which is surrounded by thin capillaries carrying
deoxygenated blood from heart through pulmonary arteries. This artery branches into arterioles then into
fine alveolar capillary network. Oxygen is diffused from alveoli into blood whereas carbon dioxide and
other waste products are taken back by alveolus which is eliminated from body by exhalation process. This
oxygenated blood travels back to heart via pulmonary veins from where blood is supplied to all body parts.
During exhalation diaphragm relax and regain its dome shape expelling air from lungs (Harper et al., 2013).
Now, oxygen which is diffused into blood is carried by haemoglobin present in blood to different cells for
formation of ATP (energy source) via aorta (main blood vessel of heart).
This action is continuous, involuntary and autonomous in nature which is under the control of respiratory
centre present in brain stem. There are various chemoreceptor and baroreceptors found in aorta and other
vessels. These receptors send in the signals to respiratory centre which then signals to increase or decrease
respiratory output. Centre for behavioural or voluntary control of breathing is present in cortex of brain.
These are of shorter span and can be seen during singing, speaking, playing instruments or under
emotional distress condition (deberardinis and Thompson, 2012).

2.2 BODY RESPONSE TO CELLULAR AND TISSUE STRUCTURES AND ITS RELATED
PHYSIOLOGY ACCORDING TO GIVEN CASE SCENARIO
In given case scenario, twenty five years old boy is full time college going student who attends his classes
regularly from 10 AM till 5 PM in evening. During initial phase when he would have started with class his
body was not use to such situation. Accordingly body demand more energy so as to meet extra
requirement for proper functioning; with time our body adapts to situations. Food which is ingested is
digested into simpler soluble products by our digestive system with the help of various enzymes. These
simpler products and nutrients are then absorbed by small intestine primarily and carried away by blood to
each cellular structure for metabolism. At this cellular level, organic molecules are broken down to form
ATP which is the energy source to perform all metabolic functions. Different cells together form tissues and
various tissue clubbed in together to form organ specialized for different functions. Now during adaptive
phase of our body, different tissues in organs respond differently. It takes physiological process into
consideration as well. Muscles of our respiratory, cardiac and skeletal system activates because of
vasodilatation. Cutaneous tissue vassodilation increases contractility of heart to pump in more blood. This
helps in meeting up increased oxygen demand of student; as oxygen supply to his brain will keep his mind
attentive during classes. Carbon dioxide and other toxic waste products which are produced by cells are
regularly removed through respiratory and excretory systems. This helps in maintaining homeostasis of our
body and also in regulating body’s temperature. Regular exercise will help him in strengthening his muscles
so as to build up stamina to attend his classes regularly and attentively.

2.3 COORDINATION OF BODY WITH ITS INTERNAL ACTIVITY
Internal activity or in other words body’s homeostatic condition is maintaining internal environment of
body with continuous biochemical reactions in progress and also with change in internal or external
conditions. Generally in this condition all the requirement of body is fulfilled and is functioning at its
normal pace. In case there are changes in external or internal conditions there are positive and negative
feedback control mechanism which help to adapt various altering conditions. . Even at rest body is
constantly performing internal activities to maintain homeostatic conditions. In general a particular
stimulus brings about change in external environment which is detected by receptors and the information
travels to control centre in brain via afferent pathway. Brain then commands respectively; information of
which is carried by efferent pathway to target site. Say for instance, in cold climatic conditions,
temperature of our body is not in equilibrium with outside temperature. To maintain homeostatic
condition multiple system works in coordination and body respond as shivering, develop goose bumps etc
(Kotas and medzhitov, 2015).
Say during extra stressful activities such as exercise or in situation mentioned in case study (mind stress),
oxygen demand of body increases, and an individual start breathing at faster pace to meet oxygen
demand. Even heart also pumps blood faster and harder to supply oxygen rich blood to every cell and
eliminate carbon dioxide and other waste products. The cells produce more ATP and also uses stored ATP
to enhance energy supply required for normal functioning. To attain homeostatic condition feedback
mechanisms (positive or negative) play a major role. In positive feedback, changes towards particular
stimulus lead to additional changes in same direction e.g. Labour pain whereas in negative feedback
change towards specific condition in a direction causes changes in opposite direction e.g. diabetic
situations or thermal regulation. Sometimes positive feedback mechanism detoriates health conditions and
is life threatening. In this regards, fall in blood pressure stimulates heart to pump more blood increasing
heart rate. This causes increase in oxygen demand of heart itself. But due to low BP overall blood volume is
less resulting in low blood supply to heart which actually damage heart; reason being imbalance between
oxygen demand and supply. This in turn affects functioning of heart and it pumps less amount of blood
which further lowers blood pressure. This feedback loop continuously keeps on stimulating heart to
increase blood volume which instead continues to detoriate in response and the loop goes on until death.

L03
3.1 EXPLAIN HOW ROUTINE MEASURES ARE RECORDED AND WHAT ARE THEIR USES IN
HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE?
Traditionally the diagnosis of Hypertension is done by measuring the blood pressure with the help of
Sphygmomanometer by a knowledgeable physician to determine the pressure within the blood vessels. In
specific terms the word hypertension is used when there is a sustained rise of more than 140/90 mmHg
blood pressure against the normal values of 120/80 mmHg. People suffering from chronic high blood
pressure are susceptible to stroke, cardiac disorders, peripheral arterial disorders, cerebrovascular
diseases, progressive renal failure, retinopathy, etc. If blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg ambulatory
monitoring is employed to support the diagnosis. The NHS uses the same after the initial assessment and is
a cost effective practice to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension and is essential before starting a
treatment plan (Lovibond K et al, 2011). In the new age of digitalisation of health records, the NHS has
paired with Health Spaceto provide a Summary Care Record program that ensures the privacy and safety
patient’s medical records. Particularly those with chronic health problems the data from personal as well
professional sources is clubbed together and documented for future purposes (House of Commons Health
Committee report 2007). This movement has enhanced patient autonomy and reduced costs for testing
and re-testing of patient’s health credentials. Also customised health needs met as the program is efficient
to direct the patients to their health care needs and makes them more accessible to the nearest local GP.
There is enhanced health awareness due to the far reach of the technological medium. The data collection
on a larger scale helps in national health policy making and improving the medical care system and also
brings in the communities serving the purpose of social care to target their client population. The ethical
concerns about using these personal health records are weighed as the patient responsibility is the basis of
the structure (Wynia et al 2010). The privacy protection Iof patient data is of utmost importance and
export of private nature of data for profit making must be abstained. The establishment of beneficence in
the doctor- patient communication must be conveyed and the patient’s wishes must be honoured. The
knowledge of treatment options must be imparted but not endorsed. Following of the ethical code among
the healthcare professionals and social workers who are working together, enhances the patient
experience and restores faith in practice of medicine (Pellegrino, 1988)

3.2 ASSESS HOW THESE ROUTINE MEASURES PROVIDE THE GP WITH INFORMATION
ABOUT THE BODY FUNCTIONING OF THIS PERSON.
The male patient of 65 years with a history of hypertension presents in a GP practice as experiencing chest
pain. The patient is enquired about the past medical history and current treatments that are being
followed. The routine examinations include a physical exam and recording of height and weight for
calculation of the Body Mass Index (BMI). The purpose is to estimate extent of obesity which is a risk factor
for hypertension, insulin resistant form of diabetes, lipid metabolism disorders like hyperlipidemia, thyroid
imbalances etc. Other physical marker such as body temperature is checked if it is raised the underlying
causes may be investigated such as infection, disorders of maintenance of body temperature, neurological
causes etc. The blood pressure is measured to tally the affectivity of drug regime being followed or not
given the history of hypertension. The food intake history is also taken into account as a high level of salt
consumption is also a major cause of water-salt imbalance that causes dehydration and hypertension.
Alcohol history is assessed for bearing in mind that it is a risk factor as it is associated with raised gamma
glutamyltransferase levels, raised high density lipid levels, and erythrocytic macrocytosis. The glucose
tolerance and fasting glucose levels are check to screen diabetes. The cause chest pain is accessed via ECG
and the changes that are seen post angina. The ECG findings are a mild indicator and changes are seen only
in ischemic heart conditions. A liver function test is indicated before starting the patient on
antihypertensive statin drug regime, after monitoring the levels of aminotransferases. The
aminotransferases level is raised in cases of fatty liver disease. There is an associated risk with the increase
levels of cholesterol and future risk of diabetes. The creatinine test is performed to assess the renal
function along with testing urine for protein to rule out chronic renal disorders. An angiogram is also
fruitful in assessment of ischemic heart diseases that may reveal the cause of chest pain. To screen out
further causes of chest pain a respiratory check up is done with radiographic imaging and lung function
tests. To confirm the cardiac cause of chest pain the blood workup and angiogram is sufficient. Another
causes of chest pain maybe attributed to heart burn or the gastric cause of peptic ulcers or excessive
gastric acid secretion or history of consumption of food with extra spices.Complete examination and
investigations are done to commit a diagnosis.

3.3 EXAMINE HOW SUCH INFORMATION ABOUT THE BODY FUNCTIONING MAY INFORM
CARE PLANNING FOR THIS PERSON
According to the recent guidelines on the management of hypertension and recommend treatment of
patients with blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg and above. Lower values than the standard maybe indicated
for treatment if the physician deems the patient to be in need for therapy. The treatment plan for the
patient differs on the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and are classified as
1. Pre-hypertensive condition – ranging from 120/80 mmHg to 139/89 mmHg.
2. Stage one hypertension – 140/90 mmHg to 159/99 mmHg.
3. Stage two hypertension – 160/100 mmHg and above. (National Guideline Centre Acute and Chronic
Conditions 2011)
If the person is suffering from advanced stage two hypertension that is, above 180/110 mmHg start the
treatment immediately without further delay (Kraus et al , NICE guideline 2011). Patient with stage one
hypertension isadvised strict course of antihypertensive drug regime specially if one or more of these
conditions are coupled- renal disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, the risk of cardiovascular disease is
estimated, or in case of organ damage. The Guideline suggests four step course of action–
1. Calcium Channel blockers is prescribed as first line of drugs in patients over the age of 60. Along
with a combination of diuretic the blood pressure will be more stable and in control.
2. If the former doesn’t work the addition of an Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is
added to the existing therapy of CCB without the diuretic.
3. In case of swelling and water retention, diuretic like thiazide is added to the step two.
4. In case of sustained hypertension despite the addition of thiazide like diuretic the changes in drug is
suggested to alpha blocker or beta blocker.
Along with the medications, patient is advised to bring changes in lifestyle such as change in diet,
exercise plan, shift tostress-free environment and awareness to maintain and uphold their personal
health as a priority.

L04
4.1 AFFECT OF AGE ON BODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING (RELATING NERVOUS
SYSTEM AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENT
Diabetes type 2 is chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance resulting into high blood sugar
level. It is usually seen in individuals above thirty years of age. Complications of diabetes result in many
micro and macro vascular diseases affecting various organs and thus functioning of organ system as well
(scott et al., 2010). Eyes, heart, kidney, blood vessels are majorly affected because of this disease. Nervous
system is system comprising of nerve cells and fibres which transmit nerve impulses to and from different
body parts to brain and vice versa. In case of untreated and unmanaged diabetes over longer time period
or with advancing age blood vessels supplying nerve fibres may damage which in long run leads to nerve
damage. This leads to impaired nerve conduction and loss of sensation; this condition is termed as diabetic
neuropathy. Neuropathy can be motor, autonomic or sensory neuropathy. This condition leads to tingling
followed by numbness in that area and are prone to hurt themselves. Studies shows around 50% of
diabetic population suffer diabetic neuropathy. Feet neuropathy is the most dangerous situation as it
increases risk of amputation.
On comparing type 1 and type 2 diabetic in between and with non diabetic studies have revealed
noticeable change in pulmonary function especially in advance age; around 10 years after disease onset.
Studies were performed considering patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes and mean age of forty two years
around and with mean HbA1C value of around 9. Impaired pulmonary function was found to be more
marked in patients with type 2 diabetic than type 1 diabetic people and also with patients with showing
after ten years of disease onset. Almost all spirometric parameters such as diffusing capacity for carbon
mono oxide (DLCO), forced expiratory volume (FEV), forced vital capacity (FVC) towards restrictive pattern
showed changes in type 2 diabetic cases.
4.2 IMPACT OF DIABETES ON BODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN GIVEN CASE STUDY
In given case scenario 85 years old lady is suffering from type 2 diabetes associated with arthritis.
According to researches diabetic people have double the tendency of developing arthritis. In diabetic case
insulin has no effect on glucose because of resistance; this result in increased level of glucose and less
production of ATP and hence patient feels more lethargic. With this disease and advancing age,
musculoskeletal changes become much more noticeable such as stiffness, joint pains, swelling, skin
thickening, carpel tunnel syndrome, nodules under the skin of finger nails, pain in shoulders etc. All these
can lead to diabetes arthropathy. Older aged individuals with diabetes are always at higher end of

developing micro and macro vascular diseases especially heart disease. Such individuals are also related to
high mortality and reduction in functional status. As in present case patient is eight five years old and is
diabetic as well as suffering from arthritis; all the above symptoms are likely to be noticed in her case. It is
also evident that such cases show increased prevalence of retinopathy (eye problem). Further to add in
regards to present case, the lady is at increased risk of myocardial infarction and renal disease. All these
are related to increased chances of physical inactivity. As it is mentioned she lives in home care so lack of
proper care with respect to diet etc also adds to her risk factor.
In diabetic cases wound healing is also delayed and thus chances of infection are increased because of
lower immunity levels. In presenting case, it is mentioned that the lady has recently developed wound
which is non healing; this is because of her high levels of sugar wound healing is delayed. In such case it is
very important to take care of wound as it may lead to secondary infection and sepsis.
4.3 EFFECT OF MEDICAL CONDITIONS I.E. DIABETES AND ARTHRITIS INCLUDING
INFECTION TO ROUTINE CARE
According to present case old lady needs proper medical and home care attention as she is suffering from
serious chronic medical condition such as diabetes and arthritis. Her routine care includes variety of
procedures. She needs to go in for routine checkups on regular basis so that her vitals can be assessed. She
needs daily monitoring of blood glucose level. According to her sugar level proper medication and routine
regarding same should be planned and implemented. One should keep check on her medication so that
not even single dose of insulin or other drug is missed. As sugar level is highly dependent on the amount of
calorie intake; diabetic patient should follow proper diet plan. Even routine exercise should be included so
as to enhance physical activity in such patient; this also helps in burning out excess amount of calorie thus
maintaining sugar levels. For arthritis she should be given analgesic so as to keep her pain free. Even slight
amount of physiotherapy proves to be affective in present case as lady is suffering from arthritis. This lady

has developed wound which is non healing; so all the measure should be taken care of such as regular
cleaning of affected area etc so as to prevent any secondary infection.
CONCLUSION
In nutshell, this work helps in developing knowledge regarding different organs and details of circulatory,
respiratory and excretory system. Further importance of homeostasis and measures to maintain the same
is mentioned for body to perform routine activities and to any change in external environment such as
stressful situations. Further this article deals with different case scenario and changes a body undergoes
under various circumstances such as exertion, diseased condition say diabetes, and hypertension. Both are
chronic health condition that affects other systems and are treatable condition. Early diagnosis is
important to avoid any serious damage to other body systems and can be done at home or routine
professional checkups at hospitals or social wellness centres. The reporting to a GP clinic must be done if
one experiences any discomfort. Ethical practice will only encourage people to be more aware and
participate in such endeavours.
Body response to change in external and internal environment is noted and its different feedback
mechanisms are explained so as to maintain body’s homeostatic conditions.

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