The impact of AMO (ability, motivation and opportunity)
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I
The impact of AMO (ability, motivation and opportunity) model
on Knowledge sharing in family controlled businesses in Hong
Kong clothing industry.
LEE, Yuk Ling Angie
MBA & MGFM
Submitted in fulfilment of requirements for Doctorate in Business
Administration, The University of Newcastle, Australia
September 2016
The impact of AMO (ability, motivation and opportunity) model
on Knowledge sharing in family controlled businesses in Hong
Kong clothing industry.
LEE, Yuk Ling Angie
MBA & MGFM
Submitted in fulfilment of requirements for Doctorate in Business
Administration, The University of Newcastle, Australia
September 2016
II
Statement of Originality
The thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any
other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best
of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by
another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent
to the final version of my thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the
University’s Digital Depository**, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.
* * U n l e s s a n E m b a r g o h a s b e e n a p p r o v e d f o r a d e t e r m i n e d p e r i o d .
S i g n a t u r e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . D a t e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .
Statement of Originality
The thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any
other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best
of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by
another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent
to the final version of my thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the
University’s Digital Depository**, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.
* * U n l e s s a n E m b a r g o h a s b e e n a p p r o v e d f o r a d e t e r m i n e d p e r i o d .
S i g n a t u r e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . D a t e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .
III
Acknowledgements
I would like to offer my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.Ashish Malik for the guidance and patience
that he provided me to complete this dissertation.
I would also like to express my heartiest gratitude to all my lecturers and classmates
especially, Dr Kelvin Lo, Mr Man Lai Cheung, Alfred Cheng and Sindy Yau for their
knowledge and support throughout my studies. Special thank also go to Dr Philip
Rosenberger III for providing technical advice and guidance for my data analysis.
Thank you Associate Professor Guilherme Pires and Suzanne Ryan for guiding and
motivation. I would also like to thank my ex-lecturers Professor Andrew Sia and
Dr.Wing-Sun Liu for their support and invaluable suggestions.
Last but not least, my deepest appreciation to my family for their patience and support
throughtout the period.
Acknowledgements
I would like to offer my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.Ashish Malik for the guidance and patience
that he provided me to complete this dissertation.
I would also like to express my heartiest gratitude to all my lecturers and classmates
especially, Dr Kelvin Lo, Mr Man Lai Cheung, Alfred Cheng and Sindy Yau for their
knowledge and support throughout my studies. Special thank also go to Dr Philip
Rosenberger III for providing technical advice and guidance for my data analysis.
Thank you Associate Professor Guilherme Pires and Suzanne Ryan for guiding and
motivation. I would also like to thank my ex-lecturers Professor Andrew Sia and
Dr.Wing-Sun Liu for their support and invaluable suggestions.
Last but not least, my deepest appreciation to my family for their patience and support
throughtout the period.
IV
Content
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY........................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... III
CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................... IV
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................XII
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... XIII
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 STUDY’S BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................................ 5
1.4 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 8
1.5 RESEARCH METHOD.......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.5.1 Data analysis ...................................................................................................................................................11
1.5.2 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................................................12
1.5.3 Ethical considerations.................................................................................................................................12
1.6 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS............................................................................................................................. 13
1.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 16
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 16
2. 2. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND ITS CORE PROCESSES ........................................................................... 17
Content
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY........................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... III
CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................... IV
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................XII
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... XIII
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 STUDY’S BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................................ 5
1.4 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 8
1.5 RESEARCH METHOD.......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.5.1 Data analysis ...................................................................................................................................................11
1.5.2 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................................................12
1.5.3 Ethical considerations.................................................................................................................................12
1.6 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS............................................................................................................................. 13
1.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 16
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 16
2. 2. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND ITS CORE PROCESSES ........................................................................... 17
V
2.2.1 Knowledge sharing processes and its impact on firm performance......................................20
2.3 RESEARCH ON FAMILY-CONTROLLED BUSINESSES ...................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 FCBs and knowledge sharing...................................................................................................................26
2.4 AMO: THE PERFORMANCE RUBRIC ............................................................................................................... 28
2.5 FCBS AND AMO MODEL................................................................................................................................... 33
2.5.1 Ability and knowledge sharing ...............................................................................................................33
2.5.2 Motivation and knowledge sharing......................................................................................................35
2.5.3 Opportunity and knowledge sharing ...................................................................................................38
2.6 FCBS AND AMO MODEL................................................................................................................................... 40
2.6.1 FCBs and AMO.................................................................................................................................................41
2.7 RESEARCH GAP, KEY QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT ........................................................ 42
2.7.1 Research Gap...................................................................................................................................................42
2.7.2 Research Questions.......................................................................................................................................44
2.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 47
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 47
3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 47
3.2 RESEARCH PROCESS: PHILOSOPHY AND PARADIGMS .................................................................................. 48
3.2.1 Positivist research approaches ...............................................................................................................49
3.2.2 Quantitative Research.................................................................................................................................50
3.2.3 Justification for a positivist and quantitative methodology......................................................51
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN............................................................................................................................................. 52
3.4 RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................ 53
3.4.1 Research question .........................................................................................................................................53
3.4.2 Hypothesis development ............................................................................................................................55
3.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH ............................................................................................ 56
3.5.1 Dependent variable ......................................................................................................................................57
3.5.2. Independent variables................................................................................................................................60
3.5.3. Moderator........................................................................................................................................................62
3.5.4 Additional background data....................................................................................................................62
2.2.1 Knowledge sharing processes and its impact on firm performance......................................20
2.3 RESEARCH ON FAMILY-CONTROLLED BUSINESSES ...................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 FCBs and knowledge sharing...................................................................................................................26
2.4 AMO: THE PERFORMANCE RUBRIC ............................................................................................................... 28
2.5 FCBS AND AMO MODEL................................................................................................................................... 33
2.5.1 Ability and knowledge sharing ...............................................................................................................33
2.5.2 Motivation and knowledge sharing......................................................................................................35
2.5.3 Opportunity and knowledge sharing ...................................................................................................38
2.6 FCBS AND AMO MODEL................................................................................................................................... 40
2.6.1 FCBs and AMO.................................................................................................................................................41
2.7 RESEARCH GAP, KEY QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT ........................................................ 42
2.7.1 Research Gap...................................................................................................................................................42
2.7.2 Research Questions.......................................................................................................................................44
2.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 47
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 47
3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 47
3.2 RESEARCH PROCESS: PHILOSOPHY AND PARADIGMS .................................................................................. 48
3.2.1 Positivist research approaches ...............................................................................................................49
3.2.2 Quantitative Research.................................................................................................................................50
3.2.3 Justification for a positivist and quantitative methodology......................................................51
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN............................................................................................................................................. 52
3.4 RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................ 53
3.4.1 Research question .........................................................................................................................................53
3.4.2 Hypothesis development ............................................................................................................................55
3.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH ............................................................................................ 56
3.5.1 Dependent variable ......................................................................................................................................57
3.5.2. Independent variables................................................................................................................................60
3.5.3. Moderator........................................................................................................................................................62
3.5.4 Additional background data....................................................................................................................62
VI
3.6 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN AND SAMPLING ...................................................................................................... 66
3.6.1. Measurement and scales...........................................................................................................................66
3.6.2 Data collection and sampling..................................................................................................................67
3.6.3. Defining the Research population ........................................................................................................68
3.6.4. Selection of sample ......................................................................................................................................69
3.6.5. Sampling frame..............................................................................................................................................69
3.6.6. Sample size ......................................................................................................................................................70
3.7. DATA COLLECTION METHOD ........................................................................................................................... 71
3.7.1. Administration of data collection.........................................................................................................71
3.7.2. Data analysis ..................................................................................................................................................72
3.8. POWER OF TESTS OF INTERACTIONS ............................................................................................................ 72
3.9. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS................................................................................................................................. 74
3.9.1. Reliability and validity...............................................................................................................................75
3.9.2. Reliability analysis with Cronbach’s alpha test..............................................................................77
3.9.3. Testing the moderating effect.................................................................................................................77
3.10 SUMMARY AND LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 80
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................................... 82
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS................................................................................................... 82
4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 82
4.1.1 Data preparation...........................................................................................................................................83
4.1.2. Data coding and entry ...............................................................................................................................84
4.2. SAMPLE PROFILE............................................................................................................................................... 86
4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES......................................................... 90
4.3.1 Profile of FCBs and Non-FCBs..................................................................................................................90
4.3.2 Descriptive statistics of items in this study........................................................................................91
4.4 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... 92
4.5 SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS ............................................................................................................................... 93
4.6 TEST OF DISTRIBUTION NORMALITY .............................................................................................................. 94
4.7. SUMMARY OF DESCRIPTIVE DATA .................................................................................................................. 98
4.8 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF MEASURED DATA ........................................................................................ 98
3.6 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN AND SAMPLING ...................................................................................................... 66
3.6.1. Measurement and scales...........................................................................................................................66
3.6.2 Data collection and sampling..................................................................................................................67
3.6.3. Defining the Research population ........................................................................................................68
3.6.4. Selection of sample ......................................................................................................................................69
3.6.5. Sampling frame..............................................................................................................................................69
3.6.6. Sample size ......................................................................................................................................................70
3.7. DATA COLLECTION METHOD ........................................................................................................................... 71
3.7.1. Administration of data collection.........................................................................................................71
3.7.2. Data analysis ..................................................................................................................................................72
3.8. POWER OF TESTS OF INTERACTIONS ............................................................................................................ 72
3.9. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS................................................................................................................................. 74
3.9.1. Reliability and validity...............................................................................................................................75
3.9.2. Reliability analysis with Cronbach’s alpha test..............................................................................77
3.9.3. Testing the moderating effect.................................................................................................................77
3.10 SUMMARY AND LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 80
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................................... 82
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS................................................................................................... 82
4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 82
4.1.1 Data preparation...........................................................................................................................................83
4.1.2. Data coding and entry ...............................................................................................................................84
4.2. SAMPLE PROFILE............................................................................................................................................... 86
4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES......................................................... 90
4.3.1 Profile of FCBs and Non-FCBs..................................................................................................................90
4.3.2 Descriptive statistics of items in this study........................................................................................91
4.4 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... 92
4.5 SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS ............................................................................................................................... 93
4.6 TEST OF DISTRIBUTION NORMALITY .............................................................................................................. 94
4.7. SUMMARY OF DESCRIPTIVE DATA .................................................................................................................. 98
4.8 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF MEASURED DATA ........................................................................................ 98
VII
4.8.1. Validity of measured data ........................................................................................................................98
4.8.2. Validity of independent and dependent variables ........................................................................99
4.9. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................................101
4.9.1. Ability (Training for Workers)............................................................................................................ 101
4.9.2. Motivation (Incentive Systems) .......................................................................................................... 101
4.9.3. Opportunity (Trust) ................................................................................................................................. 102
4.9.4. Knowledge Sharing .................................................................................................................................. 102
4.9.5 Discriminant and Construct validity ................................................................................................. 103
4.10. HYPOTHESIS TESTING .................................................................................................................................104
4.10.1 Hypothesis 1.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 108
4.10.2 Hypothesis 1.2 ........................................................................................................................................... 108
4.10.3 Hypothesis 1.3 ........................................................................................................................................... 109
4.11. PROCESS MACRO IN SPSS FOR B ANALYSIS .............................................................................................110
4.11.1. Hypothesis 2.1 .......................................................................................................................................... 111
4.11.2. Hypothesis 2.2 .......................................................................................................................................... 113
4.11.3. Hypothesis 2.3 (H2.3)............................................................................................................................ 117
4.12 SIMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................................................120
4.13 SUMMARY OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING ..........................................................................................................121
4.14 CHAPTER SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................................122
CHAPTER 5 .........................................................................................................................................124
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................................................124
5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................124
5.2 MAJOR FINDINGS..............................................................................................................................................124
5.3 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................................125
5.4. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ..............................................................................................................................126
5.5 MODERATING EFFECT OF FCBS ....................................................................................................................129
5.6 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................132
5.7 MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS .........................................................................................................................134
5.8 CONTRIBUTIONS ..............................................................................................................................................136
5.9 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH.........................................................................................................137
4.8.1. Validity of measured data ........................................................................................................................98
4.8.2. Validity of independent and dependent variables ........................................................................99
4.9. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................................101
4.9.1. Ability (Training for Workers)............................................................................................................ 101
4.9.2. Motivation (Incentive Systems) .......................................................................................................... 101
4.9.3. Opportunity (Trust) ................................................................................................................................. 102
4.9.4. Knowledge Sharing .................................................................................................................................. 102
4.9.5 Discriminant and Construct validity ................................................................................................. 103
4.10. HYPOTHESIS TESTING .................................................................................................................................104
4.10.1 Hypothesis 1.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 108
4.10.2 Hypothesis 1.2 ........................................................................................................................................... 108
4.10.3 Hypothesis 1.3 ........................................................................................................................................... 109
4.11. PROCESS MACRO IN SPSS FOR B ANALYSIS .............................................................................................110
4.11.1. Hypothesis 2.1 .......................................................................................................................................... 111
4.11.2. Hypothesis 2.2 .......................................................................................................................................... 113
4.11.3. Hypothesis 2.3 (H2.3)............................................................................................................................ 117
4.12 SIMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................................................120
4.13 SUMMARY OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING ..........................................................................................................121
4.14 CHAPTER SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................................122
CHAPTER 5 .........................................................................................................................................124
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................................................124
5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................124
5.2 MAJOR FINDINGS..............................................................................................................................................124
5.3 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................................125
5.4. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ..............................................................................................................................126
5.5 MODERATING EFFECT OF FCBS ....................................................................................................................129
5.6 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................132
5.7 MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS .........................................................................................................................134
5.8 CONTRIBUTIONS ..............................................................................................................................................136
5.9 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH.........................................................................................................137
VIII
5.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ....................................................................................................140
Reference .......................................................................................................................143
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................195
APPENDIX A EMAIL INVITATION.....................................................................................195
APPENDIX B: ORANGIZATION CONSENT FORM .............................................................197
APPENDIX C: ORGANIZATION INFORMATION STATEMENT ...........................................200
APPENDIX D: SURVEY ON BUSINESS PRACTICE ..............................................................204
APPENDIX E: Frequency Table ........................................................................................210
List of Tables
TABLE 3.4: QUESTIONNAIRE ROAD MAP...............................................................................54
TABLE 3.5.1: MEASURING FORMAL AND INFORMAL KNOWLEDGE SHARING(DV)..........59
TABLE 3.5.2A: TRAINING FOR WORKERS ...............................................................................61
TABLE 3.5.2B: INCENTIVE SYSTEMS ........................................................................................61
TABLE 3.5.2C: TRUST.................................................................................................................61
TABLE 3.5.3: INDENTIFICATION OF FCBS................................................................................62
TABLE 3.5.4: DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE ................................65
TABLE 4.1.2 DATA CODING FOR ALL MEASURMENT VARIABLES........................................85
TABLE 4.2A: RESPONSE FREQUENCIES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA ...................................89
TABLE 4.3.1A: RESPONSE FREQUENCIES OF FCBS DATA .....................................................90
TABLE 4.6A: TESTS OF NORMALITY ................................................................................. 94
TABLE 4.6B: DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF FCBS AND NON-FCBS IN THE HKCI....................97
TABLE 4.8.2: FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES .....................................100
5.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ....................................................................................................140
Reference .......................................................................................................................143
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................195
APPENDIX A EMAIL INVITATION.....................................................................................195
APPENDIX B: ORANGIZATION CONSENT FORM .............................................................197
APPENDIX C: ORGANIZATION INFORMATION STATEMENT ...........................................200
APPENDIX D: SURVEY ON BUSINESS PRACTICE ..............................................................204
APPENDIX E: Frequency Table ........................................................................................210
List of Tables
TABLE 3.4: QUESTIONNAIRE ROAD MAP...............................................................................54
TABLE 3.5.1: MEASURING FORMAL AND INFORMAL KNOWLEDGE SHARING(DV)..........59
TABLE 3.5.2A: TRAINING FOR WORKERS ...............................................................................61
TABLE 3.5.2B: INCENTIVE SYSTEMS ........................................................................................61
TABLE 3.5.2C: TRUST.................................................................................................................61
TABLE 3.5.3: INDENTIFICATION OF FCBS................................................................................62
TABLE 3.5.4: DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE ................................65
TABLE 4.1.2 DATA CODING FOR ALL MEASURMENT VARIABLES........................................85
TABLE 4.2A: RESPONSE FREQUENCIES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA ...................................89
TABLE 4.3.1A: RESPONSE FREQUENCIES OF FCBS DATA .....................................................90
TABLE 4.6A: TESTS OF NORMALITY ................................................................................. 94
TABLE 4.6B: DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF FCBS AND NON-FCBS IN THE HKCI....................97
TABLE 4.8.2: FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES .....................................100
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