Violence Against Women and Children

The assignment provided is an analysis of violence against women and children, covering various topics such as domestic violence, child abuse, and neglect. It includes references to books and journals that discuss these issues in-depth. The document also explores the effects of these violences on individuals' health and well-being, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, it examines the role of material factors in child maltreatment and placement, as well as the intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect.

INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON
HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIOURS
AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN
INDIA

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
Domestic abuse can be termed as a type of threatening, bullying or harsh behaviour
among people who are related to each other. These mistreatments can be physical, emotional,
sexual, psychological or financial. The symptoms can occur in any relationship like parental,
husband-wife, friends or relatives and can have huge impact on mental and physical condition of
young adults. Individuals suffering from these type of abuse have to face various health related
problems which may influence their life badly.
Report will include detail information about impact of domestic violence on adolescents. It
will show developing risky health behaviours due to inter-parental abuse among young adults.
LITERATURE REVIEW
According to opinion of Madhutandra Sarkar, 2010 violence against young adults and
females is common across culture, religion, caste and ethnicity which might have serious
outcomes on the health of children and women. Most of the researcher has examined that
gender-based, domestic violence by parents using substance abuse have severely affected the
growth of adults and also by this they face various problems like depression, anxiety,
restlessness, insomnia, inability to pay attention. This ill behaviour hampers the growth and well-
being of young individuals.
In accordance to Dalal, 2008. abuse against children includes physical or psychological
maltreatment, negligence or ill treatment with them. Research says that half of the young adults
in Bihar faces emotional abuse by parents such as no attention or support from family, parents
ignoring their inevitably or demands, discrimination on basis of gender, age or sex, not providing
them with basic demand. These behaviours by parents can force children to adopt ill practices
like consumption of alcohol, drugs, smoking etc.
In view of Ms. Disari Roy, 2015 Domestic abuse is a gender-based discrimination which
have multiple repercussions on health and well-being of children and youth . The individuals
who faces these violence have a change in behavioural response like acting out weird, inability to
make friends, risky or harsh attitude toward others. Many researches show that an individual
suffering from parental violence shows signs of more aggressive behaviour like bullying and are
involved in more number of fights. Young children in Bihar is facing these challenges and
they are also prone to bad habits such as cigarette smoking, intake of marijuana, consumption
of cocaine which has highly affected their health and well-being.
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A study conducted by Shivani Satija, 2013 shows that domestic abuse is widely adhered
by people of villages in Bihar. These violence’s are mainly done to women and children by men
who have full control on houses. They have harsh behaviour towards their kids and also often
beat them after consuming alcohol. No authority is given to young children in context of
making their own decision. This behaviour of parents can make their kids depress and hopeless
which affects their life severely in negative way. Research shows that most violence is due to
anger or because of increase in expenses of children. These mistreatments have negative effect
on families and also encourages kids to conduct wrong practices like fighting, bullying others,
aggressive nature.
In accordance to Neha Gupta, NK Agarwal,2012 child abuse can be termed as doing
something or not able to do anything which puts young adults at risk of harm. There are many
factors which are responsible for individual violence or neglect. Reasons may include parents
being highly illiterate or uneducated no skills which are required to raise a child proving
inappropriate parental role model for future generation. Lying, disrespect, disobedience, low
performance in school are also the main reasons for substance abuse. Child abuse can be
recognised by noticing sudden change in behaviour of young adults, having negative feedbacks
for parents, not being in touch with friends or relatives.
In view of Sunil Kadam, Vinod Chaudhari, 2011 causing violence to others like women,
young children have various reasons behind it. Causes of abuse may include male dominated
society, lack of awareness of rules and regulations, unemployment or uneducated. These
mistreatments have various consequences like health-related, violence resulting to death, sexual
maltreatment and substance abuse increases threat of health problems. These ill-treatment
parents can also increase risk of depression, post-traumatic stress, sleeping problems, insomnia,
unhealthy or poor diet among children and young adults.
In context of Koustuv Dalal, 2012 shows that majority of young adults in Bihar suffers
from severe physical punishments by parents or any other family member at home. There are
various risks factors related to child abuse. One of them is at individual level, violence may be
done to kids due to factors like unwanted pregnancy, medical complications or genetic disorders
in children. Another factor may be risk at family level which can be due to poverty, lack of
emotion, low self-esteem, parents alcohol and drug abuse, societal stress, inability to cope up
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with various communal groups. Abused children shows poor health and opt for threat taking like
smoking, alcohol, drug abuse d unsafe sex.
As, per the view of Carson, Foster and Tripathi, 2013 abuse can be of various type
physical, sexual, emotional or neglect. Studies reveal that sensual abuse is rising at peak in
regions of Bihar. These violence’s include beating, bullying, choking, hitting children because of
various reasons like stress, expenditure related to kids, single parent, low self-esteem or
confidence, poor education. Emotional abuse can also be done by parents like not paying enough
attention to them, neglecting their demands, not providing of emotional support, making
decisions of their life on behalf of them. These harsh behaviours by family members can make a
child anxious and can also suffer from injuries or trauma. They can also adopt risky behavioural
attitudes.
In context of Widom, Czaja and Dutton, 2014 millions of children are exposed to
domestic violence at home which severely affects their growth and often found in depression,
guilt and shame. There are various signs which shows neglect of young kids like being
frequently absent from school, states that there is no one to take care at home, frequently
involved in wrong practices, negative views of parents. These violence’s in Bihar are mostly
reported from rural or slums areas in state. Emotional abuse is being found in urban areas where
parents are busy in their own life with no attention on children.
In accordance to David Carson, Jennifer Foster and Aparajita Chowdhury, 2013 child
sexual abuse is a serious and widespread problem in Bihar region. The potential negative effects
on kids are many and can continue with them throughout the life. These violences can be occur
inside family or outside in society or community. It may hamper the health of young adults
resulting in cognitive disorder, identity problems, mental, emotional disabilities, suicidality,
dissociation, substance abuse, inappropriate sexual behaviour. There are many ways to stop this
ill practices like arranging seminars or programs related to raising of child, counselling from
professionals, consulting psychiatrist for abnormal behaviour, understanding and supporting
kids, providing them with safe environment to live.
According to opinion of Emma Fulu, 2014 exploitation can also be done by young adults
in form of child labour. Families can force their kids to work or earn in early age due to many
reasons like poverty, unemployment, illiteracy. These miss-behaviour by parents can effect
child's health and well-being. This may increase physical trauma or emotional stress in them.
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Size of family can also increase risk of abuse. Studies found that social unit with more than four
or five members are most involved in conducting violence towards young individuals. Unstable
income in families of Bihar regions is also one of the major cause of parental abuse with children
or young adults.
In context of Widom, Czaja and Dutton, 2014 infants, children and young people who
are exposed to abuse at home faces more amount of physical and emotional distress. Basically,
kids suffering from these ill-treatments faces various behavioural changes like inability to make
friends, not being able to connect socially, these changes can take form of psychometric illness,
bed wetting, suicidal tendency and intake of harmful substances like marijuana, cocaine, hookah
etc. Children should be protected from effects of domestic abuse. They need a safe and secure
place to grow as violence shatters kids basic right to feel assured. Support should be provided to
them by adults who listens and understands them. These close relationships can help them in
reducing stress.
According to opinion of Runyan and et.al., 2002 cultural and social environment have
most influence on shaping one's behaviour including violence. Different norms support various
types of abuse(Domestic Violence against Woman: Past, Present, Future, 2011.). For instance
traditional beliefs among people of Bihar that men have right to control or discipline women and
children through hitting, choking or beating them. Studies have also found that substance abuse
in children is also because of consumption of alcohol as families who accepts huge alcohol
intoxication reports more cases of violences against them, women or children. It has also been
founded that female children are valued less and have low status in society. They suffer problems
like early marriage, pregnancy and violence by their partners at home. These behaviours make
them feel depressed, hopeless and exhausted. They develop a negative feeling towards societies.
In accordance with Singh Sunitha and GopalKrishna Gururaj, 2011 abuse in state of
Bihar is also done by marrying child in early age. This is being considered as violation of human
rights and this miss-behaviour can be exist due to reasons like early child bearing, low
educational opportunities, and gender discrimination. Violent behaviour in home to young adults
like denying them of basic needs such as food, shelter and water causes them nutritional disoder
both mal and over nutrition. Use of tobacco, harmful drugs or medicines, alcohol addiction affect
growth of young people and have a critical impact on growth of their bodies.
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According to opinion of Shireen Jeejebhoy child marriage is one of the reason for abuse
and violence among young adults in home. State of Bihar consists of populations who are
engaged in following these practices. These children who atre married early faces ill-treatment
like beating or bullying by their male partners or family members, emotional abuse like getting
no right to make decision, sexual abuse and injuries on various parts of body, early pregnancy,
harassment. This can result in various health problems like disorder related to sleep, anxiety,
depression, physical or emotional trauma , and suicidal thoughts.
CONCLUSION
Report summarises that how domestic and parental violence impact health and well-being
of young adults and children. It also shows many types of abuse like physical, emotional , sexual
faced by children. Report also consists of how these activities have negative effect on health of
individuals and which results in intake of harmful substances like alcohol and drugs. These
violences can also make a child depressed
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Satija, S., 2013. Violence against women in Rural Bihar: A case of four villages.
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Gupta, D. and Gupta, N., 2014. Risk of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children living
in foster care and institutionalised settings. Institutionalised Children Explorations and
Beyond.1(1). pp.45-56.
Kadam, S.J. and Chaudhary, V.A., 2011. Domestic Violence against Woman: Past, Present,
Future.
Kumar, S. and et.al.,2005. Domestic violence and its mental health correlates in Indian
women. the British journal Of psychiatry.187(1).pp.62-67.
Dalal, K., 2008. Causes and consequences of violence against child labour and women in
developing countries. Institutionen för folkhäl sovetenskap/Department of Public Health
Sciences.
Runyan, D. and et.al., 2002. Child abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers.
Carson, D.K., Foster, J.M. and Tripathi, N., 2013. Child sexual abuse in India: current issues and
research. Psychological Studies.58(3). pp.318-325.
Widom, C.S., Czaja, S. and Dutton, M.A., 2014. Child abuse and neglect and intimate partner
violence victimization and perpetration: A prospective investigation. Child abuse &
neglect.38(4).pp.650-663.
Diaz, A. and Petersen, A.C., 2014. Institute of Medicine report: new directions in child abuse and
neglect research. JAMA pediatrics.168(2), pp.101-102.
Pelton, L.H., 2015. The continuing role of material factors in child maltreatment and
placement. Child Abuse & Neglect. 41. pp.30-39.
Widom, C.S., Czaja, S.J. and DuMont, K.A., 2015. Intergenerational transmission of child abuse
and neglect: Real or detection bias?. Science. 347(6229). pp.1480-1485.
Online
Domestic Violence against Woman: Past, Present, Future 2011. [ONLINE] Available through:
<http://medind.nic.in/jal/t11/i3/jalt11i3p261.pdf>
Child Abuse and Neglect By parents and other care givers. 2013 [ONLINE] Available through:
<http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/en/
chap3.pdf>
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What works to prevent violence against women and girls?Evidence Review of interventions to
prevent violence against women and girl. 2014.[ONLINE] Available through:
<https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/
attachment_data/file/337615/evidence-review-interventions-F.pdf>
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