Occupational Hazards and Safety Management

This assignment delves into the critical topic of occupational hazards and safety management. It examines a wide range of hazards present in workplaces, including physical, biological, chemical, and psychosocial risks. The assignment emphasizes the importance of understanding these hazards and implementing effective safety management strategies to minimize their impact on worker well-being and productivity. It explores various aspects of workplace safety, drawing upon relevant literature, research findings, and industry best practices.

Running head: IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
Implementing and Monitoring WHS Policies
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
Answer to Question 1:
Provisions of WHS legislation that is relevant to Australian workplaces
 Managing risk to health and safety, including risk assessment and control – The
Work Health and Safety Act applies to all the workplaces at South Australia. The
Code of practice are also applicable. The duty to manage work health and safety risks
under South Australia’s laws is placed on the persons who are conducting an
undertaking or a business. The risk management process constitutes of four steps.
Firstly, one has to identify the hazardous issues that could cause harm to the business
or at the workplaces. Secondly, the risk must be assessed. One must understand the
nature of the harm that could be caused by the hazardous issues (Chan-Mok,
Caponecchia, and Winder 2014). It also depends on how serious the type of harm is
and what damage it could cause at the workplace. Lastly, the control measures should
be reviewed to ensure that the procedure is working according to the plan. Selected
control measures must be applied to manage risk to health and safety. Protecting people at work from injury and illness, including psychological injury –
The concept of psychological injury occurs due to the work stress. To make sure that
the psychological health and injury of work is maintained the workers should be given
a clear job description, should be made aware of their roles and responsibilities,
should not be over burdened with work, demonstrate zero tolerance of workplace
harassment and bullying (Sarafino and Smith 2014). Protecting the health and safety of the public in workplaces – The Work Health And
Safety Act has provisions and rules for the protection of health and safety of the
public in workplaces (Loeppke et al. 2015). Workers dealing with physical, chemical
and biological risks are provided equipments that can be used.

2IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
 Consulting workers and encouraging participation in maintaining WHS, including
the establishment of health and safety committees – Employees must consult with
the workers and the workers should encourage the participation of theirs in
maintaining the work health safety rules. Committees must be established for dealing
with the process of consultation. Providing rehabilitation and maximum recovery for injured workers – The Work
Health and Saftey Act provides rehabilitation and arrangements of recovery for
injured workers (Hood, Hardy and Simpson 2016). Lump sum amount is provided for
work related damage or injury. Rehabilitation programs are also given to the injured
workers. Training in safe operating procedures – Safety procedures must be provided to the
workers when they are trained. Proper safe equipments should be used while carrying
out the work. Procedures for workplaces hazard – Procedures are followed for workplaces hazard.
All employees have obligations and responsibilities to comply with the workplace
health and safety policies (De Cieri 2015). Emergency and evacuation procedures- Every workplace or organizations must have
an evacuation plan that shows how to exit a building safely during an emergency.
Every worker should be aware of the escape plan in case of emergencies. Requirement for maintenance and confidentiality of records of occupational injury
and disease – There are records of the occupational injury and disease in a workplace.
These records must be maintained for further use if needed.

3IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
Answer to Question 2:
Provisions of WHS regulation that is relevant to Australian workplaces Identifying hazards – Hazard is something that causes injury or illness. Hazards can
be identified if a safety check needs to be conducted before the worker starts working
with a new client (Coenen et al. 2017). Information must be obtained about hazards
from referring agencies, workers must be encouraged to report hazards and records of
incidents or injuries must be checked. Perform risk assessment for some risk – Risk assessment decides the level of risk
that is associated with a hazard. The level of risk should be estimated. Consideration
should be done on the nature of the hazard, how the nature of the hazard might affect
the health and safety of the workers, location of the hazard and how long the workers
are exposed to the hazards. Risk control measures – Control measures are to be adopted to for decreasing the
level of hazards (Salin 2015). Once hazards are identified, actions should be taken to
eliminate the hazard and reduce the risk. The most effective measures should be
adopted for controlling risk.
Answer to Question 3:
Provisions of WHS codes of practices that is relevant to Australian workplaces Compliance information – The business in Australia are required to comply with the
Workplace Health and Safety legislation. According to the legislation, safe business
premises must be provided, security risks are to be mitigated and measures must be
implemented for promoting safety and controlling risks, facilities ensured must be
secured and safe. Practical advice to organizations, employers and workers in specific industries to
help them meet their obligations- Work health and safety obligations applies to all

4IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
the workers in an industry. If the obligations are not met, it puts people’s health and
lives at risk. Workers must be familiar with the laws of obligations. Practical guidance for people who have WHS duties – Practical training should be
given to the people who have work health and safety duties (McInnes 2017). Without
proper guidance, individuals will not be able to carry out the duties. Explanations of how to apply the standards required under the act – There are codes
of practice that can be applied and approved under the Work Health and Safety Act.
The WHS Act also provides for consultation and participation to further the objects
the Act. The legislation of WHS differs across Australian states and territories. Explanations of effective ways to identify and manage risk – Effective measures
should be adopted to reduce the probability of risks. Suitable aids for outdoor tasks
should be provided to manage the level of risk. Risks can be identified by the nature
and status of the work.
Answer to Question no. 4:
Examples of organizational WHS policies, procedures or programs
 Handling hazardous chemicals – According to the regulations of the Work Health
and Safety Act, hazardous chemicals is referred to as a substance or mixture that
satisfies the criteria of one or more globally classification of chemicals. It is generally
a mixture of dangerous and harmful chemicals that are used in the workplaces or
laboratories and harmful to people (Pohanish 2017). The WHS Regulations also has
certain restrictions on using a few chemicals except in specified conditions. Acquisition, use, storage and disposal of chemical – Proper apparatus are used at
workplaces to work properly and reduce the level of risk. Goods and other materials
must be stored in a proper way in go down and storage (Omai, Kamanzi and Makori
2015). Dangerous chemicals should not be disposed off in such a way to harm the

5IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
nature or individuals. Chemicals must be disposed or thrown away in such a way that
does not harm anyone or anything. Alcohol and drug intoxication – According to the policies of WHS, managers of
organizations need to take drug and consume alcohol training for the identification of
related issues (Frone and Trinidad 2014). Drug and alcohol awareness is mandatory in
every organization. Intoxicated drugs and alcohol are banned since it affects the brain
of individuals. Consultative arrangements in the workplace – Consultative arrangements are made
in the workplace so that duties and activities of individuals can be coordinated with
other duty holders. For effective health and safety, consultation is necessary and has
greater awareness and commitment. The result of consultative arrangements leads to
what impact it has on health and safety (Mendelssohn 2017). The process of
consultation takes place with the help of meetings. In the meeting, hazards, changes,
feedback issues, review of WHS plans are discussed. Emergency and evacuation procedures – For emergency planning it is vital that
workers have an evacuation plan. Emergency situation include security, medical, fire
and motor vehicle (Butler 2016). Therefore, it is essential to include emergency
procedures in the staff induction process. Training is also provided to them. Family friendly workplace arrangements – Working in an organization should not
feel burdened. A workplace must have friendly arrangements so that the workers can
work comfortably. Co-workers must be friendly, working hours should be same for
every worker. No workers should face any kind of harassment or bullying at the
organization. First aid and medical treatment – Effective medical treatment and first aid should be
kept in a workplace if any worker is injured. Medical arrangements are kept ready at

6IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
workplaces for emergency. Workers deal with hazardous chemicals and dangerous
equipments which might hurt or injure them during the procedure. Therefore, first aid
and medical treatment should be present in an organization. Hazard identification, reporting and management – Identifying any foreseeable
hazard that can harm anyone in a workplace should be assessed and eliminated
immediately. The cause, seriousness and risk of the hazard should be identified as
well so that it does not occur again. The incident reporting and investigation program
plays a critical role in controlling and preventing the injuries by giving a mechanism
to identify trends long before they result in injury. Although eliminating the risk is
not always an option. Reporting and controlling it is more important (Reese 2015).
The Work Health and Safety Risk Management Policy provide information legislative
requirements, implementing the risk management, responsibilities and taking
responsibilities. Every work related injuries caused due to chemical, physical and
biological hazards in the workplace must be reported to the workplace supervisor. Risk assessment and control processes – The process of risk assessment consists of
the results of someone being exposed to a hazard. A risk assessment determines how
hazardous the risk is, whether existing control measures are valuable, what kind of
action should be taken to control a risk and how immediately the action needs to be
taken (Bahr 2014). A risk assessment should include identifying the factors that is
contributing to the risk. Secondly, Health and safety information that is available from
a source and is relevant to a particular hazard must be reviewed. Thirdly, the hazard
must be evaluated and concluded on how severe the harm could be. It must also take
into account the number of people exposed and the possible effects of the hazards.
Fourthly, what kind of harm can be caused to the workers must be evaluated. Fifthly,
the likelihood of the occurring harm should be determined. Therefore, after

7IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
identifying the actions, reasonable steps should be taken to control the risk of the
hazards (Zhang60 2014). The records of the caused hazard must also be maintained.
There are three steps of controlling the hazards after they are being identified. The
first step is to eliminate the hazards. The second step is to substitute the hazard with
something safer and better, isolate the hazard from people and decrease the risk
through engineering controls. The third step is to reduce the level of exposure to the
hazard using administrative actions. Incident investigations – For the Work Health and Safety Incident Investigation
involves identifying hazards, risk assessment and controlling the risk. The WHS
incident investigation course is set up to assist and participate in the investigation
process of the incidents. It involves a two day course for investigation. The first day
constitutes a training program designed to equip the basics of investigation in the
workplace (Purser and McAllister 2016). It allows people to meet the legislative
requirements and participate in investigations at the workplace. The second day
includes a nationally certificate IV level unit of competency code. The training
encompasses full assessment of the unit. Work life balance – The work life balance depends on individuals. The individual
choices enable businesses and workers to supervise and interact between work and the
demands of life that affects health, families and communities. The key of work life
balance us to achieve flexible work and leave arrangements for every worker (Russo,
Shteigman and Carmeli 2016). For workers, the policies of work life balance makes
managing work and life demands possible by allowing them to work in non-
traditional work patterns and locations. The interests in the policies and practices that
are addressing the work life balance is governed by demographic factors such as
ageing population, shortage of labor and less participation in the workforce.

8IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
Answer to Question 5:
How organizations ensured all employees understood their WHS policies, procedures or
programs
Companies and organizations must ensure that all the employees working understood
the WHS policies, procedures or programs. If the workers are not aware of the policies and
procedures, there will be probability of hazards at the workplace. In organizations, a prepared
health and safety policy states that the objectives of health and safety and the commitment of
the organization to improve the performance of health and safety (Mollison 2016). However,
the health and safety policies differ from one organization to another. The policy statement
point outs in clear and simplified terms of the company’s health and safety objectives. It
should explain and define the arrangements to achieve those objectives that include the
allocation of the roles and functions. Thereafter, the chief executive of the organization must
give their assent and date on the policies (Cooper 2014). A policy is generally a statement
about an issue in the workplace. If the workplace is going to be successful in the policies
mentioned then all employees affected by the issue must be aware of the policies and
understand them. A procedure refers to an instruction of step by step as to how to deal with
the activities in the workplace. Certain activities have specific procedures that include
working in restricted spaces, resolving issues and workplace inspections. When there are
workplace hazards and risks to health and safety, the procedure sets out as to what measures
should be taken in every stage of the activity. The procedures need to be tested before they
are being implemented. Employees working in an organization must clearly comprehend and
follow the written procedure.

9IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
Answer to Question 6:
The ways in which teams can be regularly provided with information about hazards
and risk assessment and control outcomes Meetings – Meeting refers to a discussion of all the employees and the workers of an
organization. In such meetings, communication takes place between the company
employees regarding the issues related to the organization. Therefore, the information
about hazards and the results of risk assessments should be addressed at the meetings
as a high priority item on the regular agenda (Reason 2016). Meetings are set up for
these purposes. If the information of hazards are not provided at the earliest in a
meeting, then the risk cannot be controlled. Inform the work team – Proper and relevant training must be provided to ensure that
all the workers understood the Work Health and Safety information. The workers
must also be aware as to how the training and information provided should be applied
in the situations. Proposed changes to the workplace – Required changes to the workplace, work
systems or substances. Alterations must be made for the benefit of the organization.
The changes that will improve and be better for the companies must be changed and
applied.
 Data about incidents, illness or injuries – The information about incidents, illness
and injuries should be disclosed to the supervisor of the organization. It should be
done in such a way that it protects and secures the confidentiality of personal
information (Jabbour 2015). Such information should be provided at the earliest since
actions can be applied.

10IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
Answer to Question no. 7
The key communication techniques to provide clear explanations about WHS legislation
and regulations and organizational procedures.
The communication techniques used to provide proper and clear information about
WHS legislation and regulations and organizational procedures is accessible through forums
such as Work Health and Safety resources or consultation. It includes WHS internet sites,
performances, hazard and incident reports and fire and emergency evacuation information.
Individuals communicate with the help of internet in general (Potter, Dollard and Tuckey
2016).
Answer to Question no. 8
The types of training a team may require that are related to WHS legislation,
regulations and organizational procedures
A legal requirement exists to provide training in occupational health and safety. It is
done to assist in obtaining the duty of care for the health, safety and welfare of the
employees. Training related to the WHS legislation, regulations and organizational
procedures. The training requirements include first aid training, safety committee training,
manual handling training and construction induction training.
Answer to Question no. 9
Identifying the WHS training needs of a workplace team
 Evaluation – The managers and supervisors of an organization needs to evaluate the
skill, knowledge and competence of their workers. It is their duty to supervise their
employees and to keep a check on how they are working

11IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
 Identification – Identifying the needs should be classified according to priority,
indicating what needs are important and which ones are of lower priority. Proper
training is the basic structure of a successful organization. Employees who receive the
correct training deliver efficient production. Overall performance should be explored.
Training must be identified in the entire organization. Individual assessments should
be checked and verified (Chapman and Thompson 2016). Training boosts the
productivity of the employees. However, different training programs were provided
for different roles.
 Discussion – The training with both the management and the worker needs to be
discussed and supervised. Without relevant training, the work cannot be done
diligently or efficiently. Therefore, discussion among the workers and the employees
are important. It is the duty of the supervisor to keep an eye on his workers and their
production. Implementation – Training needs to be implemented for the workers. Proper relevant
training will guide them through the entire process. Implementing the training is
required in the correct zones and spheres for the betterment of the company. Worker’s
training needs should be fulfilled.
Answer to Question 10:
Budget
The budget shows three types of cost borne during training namely, fixed cost,
variable cost and semi variable costs. The cost of training to train administrative workers, and
WHS consultants are variable costs. The training cost of WHS representative would come
under the category of fixed costs. The printing of manuals also falls under the same category.

12IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
The costs of training workers under the risk management course are variable costs
while the fees of attendance the firm bore for the participants come under fixed cost category.
The salary of the guide of the hazard management trainer is fixed cost. The entire course fee
is semi variable cost while the certificate fees is fixed cost by nature.
Answer to Question 11:
1st part:
The cost of training of an administrative worker is $1000; the training cost of each
WHS is $600 while the cost of training of each risk management worker is $420. The total
cost of training per individual comes to $2020.
2nd part:
The average cost of training of each WHS worker is $736.364 as per the budget.
3rd part:
The total training expenditure to train workers exclusively is $ 8100 which is
approximately 67 percent of the total training expenditure. The total training expenditure is $
12157.
4th part:
The first section namely, development of an organisational WHS manual is
approximately 58 percent of the total budget while the second section risk Management
course for health and safety committee members is roughly 23 percent of the total budget.
The third section, hazard management would take a mere 1 percent of the budget and the
Certificate IV in work health and safety would take 18 percent of the total budget.
5th part:

13IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
The percentage of overall training of WHS professionals namely, WHS
representatives and the WHS consultant is 25 percent.
Answer to Question 12:
Ways to categorize hazards in the workplace
 Biological hazards – This kind of hazards consists of exposure to harm or any disease
associated working with animals, people or any plant materials. Workplaces that has
such biological hazards are not limited to work in schools, colleges, day care
facilities, universities and various outdoor occupations (Stave 2016). The biological
hazards include bacteria, fungi, plants, insects and animals. Psychological hazard – This type of hazard affects the mental health of the workers
by overpowering individuals. It provides opportunities to the individuals for
developing and using their skills to form social relationships and to increase their
feelings (Miller 2015). Risks to psychological health occur due to the work which
should be viewed in the exact way as other health and safety risks. Ergonomic Hazards – This kind refers to the situation where the body positions and
working conditions put strain on the body. It is difficult to spot this hazard as it is not
usually noticed immediately (Kemmlert 2017). It includes poor posture, frequent
lifting of goods, and improperly adjusted chairs. Chemical Hazards – When a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the
workplace in any form. Form may be solid, liquid and gas. Chemicals are harmful and
hence it causes skin and breathing problems. Pesticides, gasoline and explosive
chemicals are examples of chemical hazards (Tyler and Ballantyne 2016).

14IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
 Work organization Hazards – This kind of hazard causes stress and strain. It is
associated with the obvious workplace issues. For example, lack of control, workload
violence, flexibility, sexual harassment and lack of respect.
Answer to Question 13:
Methods for hazard identification
 Job safety checks – Job safety is a procedure which helped to accept safely and health
principles and practices into a task. The job selected should be analyzed, the job must
be broken down into steps, potential hazards should be identified and preventive
measures to overcome these hazards should be determined.
 Suppliers – Suppliers must be provided for identifying the methods of the hazards.
Theses suppliers help to figure out or identify the type of hazard.
 Input from team members – Every worker or employee must work together in the
teams. Team members who put joint effort should reduce the level of hazards. Team
members must input equal cooperation for fulfilling the criteria.
 Safety audits – The Work Health and Safety audit program is generally prepared to
focus on the three year cycle outlined in the Audit schedule (Jespersen, Hohnen and
Hasle 2016).
Answer to Question 14:
Methods that can be used to identify, analyze and report inadequacies in existing risk
control
There are methods that are used to identify the hazards. Firstly, a basic hazard survey
needs to be conducted. Secondly, the hazard identified should be analyzed. Thirdly, safely
data sheets should be used to identify chemical hazards. Fourthly, accidents and incidents
must be investigated. Accidents are mainly preventable. A procedure is mainly developed to
determine by whom the investigation will be done (Tetzlaff 2017). Fifthly, regular work

15IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
inspections should be done to determine the hazard and eliminate or control the existing risk.
Quarterly inspections are done by the employees who are trained in hazard recognition.
Answer to Question 15:
The following are the steps to report risk control inadequacy:
 Step 1:
The team leaders and departmental heads should gather information from all the team
members regarding the workplace hazards they encounter. They should then categorise the
hazards into different categories like chemical and biological. The managers should
documents these hazards in the risk control file register (Luo et al.s 2016).
 Step 2:
The managers should compile the team report based on these hazards the employees
have encountered in the past. They should also inform the senior management about these
hazards and their impact on the company.’
 Step 3:
The departmental heads should inform the relevant persons or bodies about these
hazards and the urgency of these hazards. For example, if a worker has been wounded due to
leak in the package of chemicals, the departmental heads must inform the manufacturer or
supplier of the chemicals. This would help these organisations manufacturing the chemicals
and suppliers supplying them to use appropriate packaging. This in turn would help the
company avoid or at least minimise hazards due to chemical leakages (Oakman and Chan
2015).

16IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
 Step 4:
The departmental heads should monitor the hazard management steps in the
organisation on regular basis based on a timeline. This would enable them to take appropriate
steps to control and minimise hazards in the long run.
Answer to Question 16:
Examples of how outcomes of report can be promptly monitored when inadequacies
have been identified
The managers of the different departments within an organisation can take prompts
steps based on inadequacies in the hazard reports to minimise future accidents and result
losses. For example, if a report says that a certain accident was caused due to lack of proper
lighting, the managers can take prompt steps to ensure that the area with inadequate light has
new illumination works. Thus, pointing out insufficiencies in hazard report enable mangers to
take steps to check future hazards or at least, minimise them (Hale, Borys and Adams 2015).
Answer to Question 17:
Aggregate information and data
Aggregation of information and data or data aggregation is the process by which
organisations gather information and analyse it. This helps the organisations to summarise the
wide ranges of information they gather and filter the appropriate information to suit their
requirements. This step then helps them to make important business decisions from the data
collected and summarised (Bernard 2016).

17IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
Answer to Question 18:
Examples of aggregate information and data
Organisations collect aggregate data, information and use them to make decisions. For
example, they multinational companies gain information about new markets regarding
macroeconomic conditions like political, economical and technological. They then
summarise and analyse this information to assess the profitability and risk factors of the
market to enter it with their products. This shows that collection and aggregation of data help
organisations to take crucial business decisions (Rad 2016).
Answer to Question 19:
The legal responsibilities and duties of managers, supervisors, persons conducting
businesses or undertaking (PCBUs) and worker in relation to WHS risk management in
the workplace
The mangers, departmental supervisors, persons conducting businesses and
undertaking (PCBU) should be responsible for enforcing work health and safety laws (WHS
laws) in their organisations. It is their duty to train employees regarding WHS and ways to
avoid accidents. They should either avail WHS consultation from external consultants or
maintain an internal consultant (Salin 2015). It is their duty and responsible to maintain
record of all accidents in the organisations and report it to the relevant authorities like
governments. The apex management of organisations should comply with laws pertaining to
areas like compensation of workers in events of accidents (Salim et al. 2017).

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Answer to Question 20:
The importance of effective consultation mechanisms in managing health and safety
risk in the workplace
Effective consultation mechanisms can enable organisations to minimise and manage
health and safety risks in their organisations more effectively (Coenen et al. 2017). For
example, consultation WHS specialists can help organisations to take necessary steps to
minimise hazards to employees. This would in turn help them to minimise the loss they bear
in case of accidents like loss of human resources and productivity (Vitharana, De Silva and
De Silva 2015). Thus, effective consultation mechanisms can help organisations to manage
health and safety risks and losses they suffer due to them.
Answer to Question 21:
The following section will explore the various hierarchies of control of workplace
hazards:
Elimination:
The organisations would be able to take steps to eliminate the sources of hazards like
spillage and leakage of chemicals. This can help them to prevent or at least minimise the
accidents and loss of materials due to these leakages.
Substitution:
The apex management of the organisation can substitute the risky ways of obtaining
materials or doing activities with less risky methods. This would help to reduce the accidents
due to these previously followed risky methods (Adgate, Goldstein and McKenzie 2014).

19IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
Isolation:
The apex management bodies or the departmental heads can isolate the risk operations
to reduce the employee exposures to them and reduce accidents due to these exposures (De
Cieri 2015). For example, the organisations can isolate their warehouses where they store
chemicals from the main factory buildings. This isolation would prevent any fire in the
chemical warehouse from spreading to the other parts of factory (Blaikie et al. 2014). Thus,
isolation would also help the organisation risks management teams of fire fighters to
extinguish the fire more efficiently.
Engineering:
The apex management or project managers could physical changes in the building
layouts or acquire more risk averting machineries to reduce the accidents and hazards. For
example, they can have additional emergency exits constructed for employees to escape more
quickly in case of accidents (Adgate, Goldstein and McKenzie 2014). Thus, physical
engineering up gradation can help organisations to avert or reduce accidents.
Administrative:
The organisation can install messages to control staff movements in accident prone
areas like warehouses to minimise accidents. For example, they can install bright warning
signing or maintain personnel on rotational shifts to warn people to stay away from risky
areas like transmitters (Bernard 2016). Thus, administrative measures can help organisations
to minimise accidents.
Personal Protective Equipments (PPE):
The management and departmental heads should require and mandate employees to
wear personal protective equipments or PPE while working in accident prone jobs or areas.

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For example, employees handling chemicals should wear chemical resistant goggles, gloves
and other protection wearable while handling chemicals (Vitharana, De Silva and De Silva
2015). Thus, PPE can help employees to avoid accidents.

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Dinner Party:
1. The following are the tasks assumed for the dinner along with the durations and
predecessor tasks.
Tasks
no
Tasks Duration
(hours)
Predecessor
1 Host enters dinner party 1
2 Guests enter dinner party 1 1
4 Entree 1 3
5 Drinks 2 4
6 Main course 2 4,5
7 Desserts 1 5
Figure 1. Task structure of dinner party
(Source: Author)
The work breakdown structure (WBS) based on the above dinner schedule is as
follows:
Figure 2. WBS structure
(Source: Author)
2. The three methods used in project time management are to do lists, weekly review
and time blocking.

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3. The four considerations to be considered while estimating duration and effort are:
a. The objective of the project including the long term objectives and the short term
objectives.
b. The material resources which the project managers have at their access to start the
project and the resources which they need to acquire for the project to proceed.
c. The financial resources which are available at the initial phase of the project and the
additional financial resources which the firm require to obtain to continue the project.
d. The human resources who the project managers have to initiate the project and the
human resources the company would require to acquire for the advancement of the project
(Bernard 2016).
4. According to analogous approach each task in the dinner party would take almost the
same time as shown in the table.
5. The following are the examples of the five factors which can impact project schedule:
a. Objectives including short term and long term objectives which the project aims to
achieve.
b. Availability of the material resources with the company during the initiation of the
project and the requirements of the materials during the commencement of the project.
c. Availability of the human resources which the company has at the time of starting the
project and the future human resources requirements.
d. Financial resources available with the company during the initiation and at the
commencement stage of the project.

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e. Dependence on materials which have to acquired from other countries or states.
6.
Types of dependencies Particulars
Mandatory 1. Financial strength of the host.
2. Tastes of the hosts
3. Type of occasion (like marriage, birthday etc.)
Discretionary 1. Guest lists (office colleagues, friends etc.)
2. Food items, drinks and ambience to be offered to the guests.
External 1. Availability of the food and drinks in the market.
2. Availability of venue
3. Capabilities of the event management company handling the dinner
party.
Figure 3. Table showing dependence factors of dinner party
(Source:Author)
7. Project baseline can be defined as the actual aim, scope, cost and timeline which were
fixed for a particular project. A project baseline considers the factors like the resources
available, costs involved in the execution of projects and other factors like availability of
resources in the market (De Cieri 2015).
8.

24IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
Figure 4. Gantt chart showing the dinner party
(Source: Author)
9. The change of base line of a project has both short term and long term impacts on the
on the WBS and project schedule. The short term impacts of change of base of baseline are
increase in the costs and extensions of the tasks which form parts of the project. The long
term impacts on the WBS is excessive extension of cost may make the project very expensive
and the banks and investors may withdraw their support from the project. This may result in
jeopardising the project and loss of amount already invested in it (Bernard 2016).
10. As per the new schedule of the dinner party, preparation and cooking time has
been doubled, so the time allocated for serving entree would be extended by 2 hours and
would take 3 hours. Since, the main course is available prepared, it would experience any
extension of time. The Gantt chart has been updated according to the increase in time (Salim
et al. 2017).
11. As total time required in order to complete the dinner in the initial phase took 8 hours.
The time to prepare the entree course extended to three hours. This resulted the extension of
the final time to 10 hours. The base line in the initial phase was 8 hours while the final base

25IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
line extended to 10 hours. This means that the variance experienced in this case was of two
hours (De Cieri 2015).
12. The baseline variance as shown in the Gantt charts would have sevral impacts on the
dinner party project. First, it would lead to extension in the time required to serve the entree
which would eventually lead to extension of drinks and main course. The next impact on the
project is increase in cost of prepare the entree owing more time required to cook it
(Vitharana, De Silva and De Silva 2015).
13. The project managers should review the project deliverables on the basis of inputs,
outputs, predecessors, roles and the aim which the project wants to achieve.
15. Time management is important in project resources because it affects the cost of the
project. Failure to complete a project within the target results in increase of project costs
because the resources have been locked for longer time (Sagar 2017). Moreover, extension
of project results in locking of the resources which inhibit the ability of the company moving
the resources from one project to another. This results in the failure of the company from
taking up new projects which results in business productivity. Thus, time management of
projects has important implications on the cost of projects, mobility of resources between
projects and the business productivity (Rad 2016).
16. The critical path method is used to show the path the execution of a particular takes.
The critical path method (CPM) allows the project managers to show the path that the project
would take and divide them into several steps. This method recognises the tasks, durations of
the tasks and the predecessor tasks. The critical path method helps the project managers point
out those crucial steps which have to completed for the execution of the project and the less
important steps where the managers can lessen some resources. Thus, critical path method
shows managers the areas where they can remove some resources towards some other project

26IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
or to the critical parts of the project (Blaikie et al. 2014). Thus, CPM helps the project
managers to allocate the resources, reduce the resources from less important area and
help them to manage the project costs.
17. There are several tools and techniques to create and monitor scheduling. The first
method is SWOT analysis which helps the project managers to recognise the strengths and
weaknesses of projects before initiating them. They are also able to point out the
opportunities which the market would offer to the project and counteract the threats which the
project may face in the future. The next tool is RACI (Responsible, Accountable, Consulted
and Informed). The tool helps the project managers compare the performance of personnel
involved in the individual tasks. The stakeholder matrix is the third tool which the project
managers use to monitor scheduling of projects. They can recognise the different
stakeholders like client and management to schedule the tasks. For example, they can
consider the delivery date of the project agreed with the client and then schedule the steps of
the project (Mahdiraji et al. 2016).
18. Development of schedule can be helpful towards successful and timely execution of
projects and earn huge revenue for the company performing the project. The project
managers can sequence the different steps to execute of the projects and align human
resources to them. They can thus assign the costs to acquire materials at these steps. The
managers can recognise the crucial or critical steps of the project and sequence them
according (Deacon and Van der Lingen 2015). Thus, scheduling helps project managers to
manage the steps of projects effectively to ensure that they are achieved within the given time
and control the resources to ensure maximum productivity using resources economically.

27IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING WHS POLICIES
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