Improving Safety Awareness in Offshore Environments: A Quantitative and Qualitative Report

This report focuses on improving safety awareness in offshore environments. It includes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of personnel contribution, awareness, and opinion. The report aims to provide recommendations to elevate safety standards in the organization.

Running Head: ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE
1
ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE: A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
REPORT ON HOW TO IMPROVE SAFETY AWARENESS IN OFFSHORE
ENVIRONMENT
Name:
Institution:
Date:

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE
ABSTRACT
The working environment in offshore oil & gas sector expose personnel’s to involve in a high
risk activity on a daily basis. A set of safety standard regulated by Statutory and Regulatory Body
have been established and followed. The Organization is also playing a role to enforce and
provide the required safety resources and training as to prevent any incident or accident to occur.
Unfortunately, with all the spent resources, there is still incident or accident happens throughout
the operation period. The underlying causes of these calamities are often pointed toward the
Safety Culture in the organization itself. From the many calamities, it is necessary that the
organization is to be made aware of the risks. This will allow the organization make necessary
measures and create a clear path to ensure a total personnel awareness toward safety ownership.
For this reason, a research is proposed on how to improve safety awareness in the offshore
working environments. The project proposed will therefore focus on the views of those working
and involved with the offshore unit operation; both offshore and shore base support team.
Individuals sampled from the population will be given questionnaires to answer and secondary
data will also be necessary. The data collected will then be cleaned and analyzed using statistical
(MS Excel). From this, conclusions and relevant recommendations will be proposed.

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................5
1.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................5
1.2 Problem Statement.............................................................................................................................6
1.3 Objectives..........................................................................................................................................6
1.4 Research Questions............................................................................................................................7
1.5 Hypothesis.........................................................................................................................................7
1.6 Significance of the Research..............................................................................................................7
1.6.1 Significance to Academe............................................................................................................8
1.6.2 Significance to Industry..............................................................................................................8
1.7 Scope of the Research........................................................................................................................9
1.8 Limitations of the Research...............................................................................................................9
1.9 Operational Definitions...................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................11
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW:...................................................................................................................11
2.1. Safety plus Health traditions:..........................................................................................................11
2.2 Gas and Oil Setting..........................................................................................................................18
2.3 Evaluating the Role of Organization in Executing Safety:...............................................................18
2.3.1 Evaluating External and Internal Influences.............................................................................19
2.3.2 Safety Teaching and wellbeing.................................................................................................22
2.3.3 All-inclusive management........................................................................................................24
2.4 Barriers and challenges in executing safety culture.........................................................................24
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................26

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 4
3.0 METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................................26
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................30
4. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................30
4.1 Analysis...........................................................................................................................................31
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.........................................................................................33
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................36

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 5
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Work-related safety lingers being a challenge for executives, managers, and employees in
all extents of the labor force. There exists an eye-catching absence of culture modification
intervention investigations in the safety collected works (Barnett-Schuster, 2008). This is
attributable to underdeveloped hypothetical context for safety culture plus the fact that linking
this to research on corporate culture remains frail or even non-surviving. There stands, for
example, no extensively established model for safety culture or even any agreement on definition
or description of the safety culture of any corporate. Thus, the theory concerning safety culture
remains imprecise and not straightforwardly converted into transformation efforts. One
conceivable approach to cure this is by viewing safety culture as incorporated portion of the
over-all model of corporate culture. Explicitly, safety culture may be viewed as the features or
portions of the corporate culture which impact behaviors and attitudes that have some influence
on the degree of safety in the corporate. Some information on the literature defines corporate
culture as a design of common elementary assumptions which an assembly of people has learnt
since it they applied them to solve problems of exterior adaptation and interior assimilation
(Ariss, 2003)
These rudimentary assumptions are not enthusiastically discernable or quantifiable since
they are insentient, and sometimes these beliefs are ignored although they are the critical source
of standards and actions. These rudimentary assumptions are parallel to theories in application
that remain as the imbedded assumptions which essentially guide conduct. The pinning down of
these rudimentary fundamental assumptions is quite hard. It is a logical procedure centered on

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 6
two different cultural levels which are more reachable: artifacts (observable corporate
organizations and procedures which are easily observed but not easily interpreted) and adopted
standards and beliefs (policies, philosophies and objectives which serve as the adopted
validations for schedules and are comparable to adopted theories.
Organizational culture can be transformed deliberately if the correct initiatives and
conditions are provided. Culture is perceived as a steadying force which works as an anxiety
decreasing purpose, since it offers people relevant information on how to think, act, and carry on
in different circumstances. Therefore, culture is a refined shield mechanism to counter change
and uncertainty. Thus, cultural change remains as an anxiety initiating process which is
embarked on if there exists sufficient incentive to change. This may be the situation when the
corporate perceives a huge crisis, threat, or frustration with the existing set of circumstances to
justify an alteration in its rudimentary assumptions (Fishback & Kantor, 2007).
1.2 Problem Statement
The focused unit in the past has experienced several calamities. The causal factor is
divided into two category; Occupational Safety and Process Safety. For this research, attention is
therefore focus to Occupational Safety which has a direct connection and relation toward the
organizational culture. Proper awareness created either quantitatively or qualitatively or both will
result to a recommendation, action list and in depth gauges which will assist to reduced
incidents. This makes the statement of the problem.
1.3 Objectives
The general objective of the study will be to measure and determine the better and
effective ways of elevating the safety culture in the organization. This will demand for in depth

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 7
understanding of the personnel contribution, awareness and opinion. This will include both
qualitative and quantitative measures.
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions will include:
1. How strong is the Safety Culture in MDPC?
2. What is the current perception on the organization practices?
3. Does safety awareness and ownership varied for each personnel?
4. What is the role and level of shore base personnel in safety awareness?
1.5 Hypothesis
1. H0: All personnel do not follow the code of practice.
H1: All personnel follow code of practice.
2. H0: The perception of safety is unsatisfactory
H1: The perception of safety is satisfactory
3. H0: Each personnel has diverse safety awareness and ownership
H1: All personnel have identical safety awareness and ownership
4. H0: Shore bases do not promote safety awareness
H1: Shore bases promote safety awareness.
1.6 Significance of the Research
The study will be relevant in preventing the occupational accidents experienced in the
offshore unit. From the qualitative and quantitative input, all personnel will be aware and
understand of the current situation and more importantly what contribution and action to be done
in order to elevate the safety standard. The management will be able to have a clear overview

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 8
and being able to react accordingly with the research result. Also, the research will also pin
pointing the trouble area and increase the awareness and effort to resolve the issue.
1.6.1 Significance to Academe
This research will augment the existing knowledge body. The scholars all over the world
will be able to understand the offshore measures in place as well any of the existing challenges in
terms of the safety measures in offshore environment. The data and information obtained by this
research will also hopefully trigger the study on occupational behavior particularly in Malaysia.
1.6.2 Significance to Industry
The study will be of relevance to the company as well as other players in the industry in
coming up with measures to reduce the accidents and catastrophes experienced in the offshore
environments. From the qualitative and quantitative ideas given by the people, people will be
aware of the significant gap, and tailored any action item according to their needs. People will be
able to focus the effort and resources in more efficient manner. The industry player will reflect
the finding toward their organization and trigger the further development of methodology. Figure
1.1 explained the historical Global Safety Performance for Oil and Gas operation players.

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 9
Figure 1.1. SBM Offshore. (2018). Global Safety Performance [PPT]. Retrieved from Safety
Leadership Workshop.
1.7 Scope of the Research
The operations always experience additional monetary problem and time wastage
whenever there is failure at any of the accounts. Workers have also reported instances of either
psychological or physical or both problems which stimulates luckless and unfortunate incidents..
Quantitative method involves measurement of observable phenomena while qualitative methods
engage ideas, opinions and trends of events. This involves several methods for biodiversity and
ecosystem management. This implies that the project will engage both factors in arriving to a
conclusion of proper ways of promoting awareness and developing the culture.
1.8 Limitations of the Research
The study will experience several limitations but not limited to:

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 10
1. Cost of transport to the offshore may be high;
2. Uncooperative and unruly respondents who may give insincere answers;
3. Offshore areas being with sometimes unfavorable weather and terrain, there will be a
challenge in travelling.
1.9 Operational Definitions
Organization: this refers to Malaysia Deepwater Production Contractor (MDPC)
MS Excel: these are statistical tools for data analysis.
SBM Offshore: Parent JV partner of MDPC
MISC: Parent JV partner of MDPC
Work-related Safety: refers to standard safety and health, usually related to the avoidance of
falls, slips and trips.
Procedural Safety: refers to deterrence of accidental releases of chemical compounds, energy or
even other hazardous substances
Statutory and Regulatory Body: this refers to external classification and government entity
which govern the Unit operational specification and standard. For example: American Bureau of
Shipping and Malaysian Marine Dept.

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 11
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW:
The notion of safety and health tradition is further elaborated in this piece, as stated
previously, minor sources like educational periodical, academic journal, paperback, study
information, etcetera are intended to be used in this paper.
2.1. Safety plus Health traditions:
The idea of offshore safety and health traditions is described using various works of
several writers and researchers within various extents. A few have recognized it as a procedure
and philosophy whilst others have stated it to be in conditions of method plus device of holding
individual source. This unit of literature review will try to discover the most potential magnitude
of offshore health and safety culture so as to achieve deeper understanding (Burke and Clarks,
2012).
Offshore safety and health traditions is recognized in six main dimensions in the outline
of it, that are interrelated amid each one and effective operation of every magnitude is
compulsory for the effective implementation of the safety and health traditions in offshore oil
and gas sector (Stranks, 2006). The six proportions were said to be commitment, conduct,
alertness, flexibility, information plus fairness. The writer elucidated on every element into a
meticulous way to determine how they impact and regulate the level of offshore safety culture.
Commitment reflects the degree toward which administrative and additional employees
of the offshore oil and gas trade grasp optimistic approach to guaranteeing plus giving security to
fellows. It is concerned mainly with the highest administrative authorities thereby gaining their

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 12
sincere commitment for executing the offshore safety culture of employees is of utmost
importance. The second dimension being conduct, it echoes the outlook of workers and other
group associates towards applying, upholding and refining level of health and safety. Optimistic
outlook and conduct of the group associates regarding the offshore safety culture will assist in
reducing probabilities of risks, hazard, and suspicions in the concerned commercial firms (Burke
and Clarks, 2012). It is mandatory nowadays to portray optimistic conduct towards health and
safety culture so as to avoid likelihoods of legal trials.
Alertness is the third dimension (Walker, 2007) and it replicates the point plus degree
near which workers in oil and gas corporations are mindful of the point so as to security plus
health of everyone becomes the responsibility of all commercial establishments regardless of the
level of operations. The author says that upholding high level of attentiveness and investigations
concerning safety issues must be top priority are for workers and administrators. The flexibility
and information dimension consists of workers and executive’s enthusiasm and diligence in
learning and adjusting to new safety managing policies and activities through their flexibility
dimension (Stranks, 2010). Information signifies the fifth dimension that centers on the correct
movement and circulation of information toward the correct persons from the correct origin. The
correct course of statistics is mandatory towards dodging all kinds of misinterpretations as well
as taking the right measures at the precise instance. The administrative authorities must
guarantee that their staff should get information in the correct manner so as to avoid any
dangerous circumstances in the earliest (Wien, 2011).
Lastly, the fairness dimension is built and connected with the top consultants of the firms.
Fairness regulates the success and impact of offshore safety culture and it is apparent as rewards
motivate employees to execute safety issues diligently likewise, penalties cultivate a fear midst

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 13
them assisting them lead the correct path (Collins, 2009). Other than the above mentioned
dimensions of safety traditions, the idea safety and health traditions has been studied plus
defined as a procedure consisting of eight elements (Oliveira, 2018) which are given below in
Figure 1:
Fig. 1 Safety Culture Essentials (Oliveira, 2018)
This illustration places the eight basics of safety traditions in a spherical shape and they
are all connected with and impactful execution of one affects the success possibility of the other
to an extensive degree (Speegle, 2012). It can be estimated through the illustration that every
features of the safety traditions are established on calculated workers of offshore gas and oil
sector. The business priorities constituent denotes purposes and aims of tactical consultants of
particular commercial firms with respect to security features and health matters. The risks
perceptions differ considerably from one commercial industry to other as each of them operate

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 14
differently so the risk elements are different in nature. Like, in manufacturing industries, the
strategic workers are at greater risk than in service industries. The element of perception of
safety procedure is an affirmation of the previous element.
The visualization and perception of safety procedures is done and then consulted with
administrative authorities of the firm before confirming it (Iqbal et al., 2004). Further on, we
have the competence and leadership element where these finalized safety procedures are
executed with complete guidance and competence in the oil and gas sector. Then, the employee
communication and employee involvement in safety element must be considered of utmost
importance by the frontrunners and consultants (Collins, 2009). Lastly, the final element, the
ownership of safety elaborates on the fact that a single member cannot carry out this process
alone and that safety traditions is possessed by all the employees.
There are also advanced investigations made in the offshore health and safety culture by
various authors. Like, one have studied the raising of the notion of safety and health traditions as
ecological surroundings plus debated so as to identifying safety and health traditions as
ecological surroundings grasp intense within present situation of gas and oil sector (Barnett-
Schuster, 2008). Furthermore, the hypothesis of offshore health and safety traditions is
elucidated through drawing the three constituents concerning oil and gas environment. The three
constituents have been recognized as are psychological, situational and behavioral (Hughes and
Ferrett, 2013). The psychological constituent of safety and health sector deals in customs,
principles, approach, and opinion of association participants. The behavioral constituent stresses
on performances, interpretations, self-coverage methods, etc. dominant in the commercial
business. The situational constituent deals with the method and tactic of working and functioning

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 15
of an association. The constructive alignment of all these three constituents will efficiently
intellectualize the subject of safety and health traditions in the oil and gas sector.
This idea of offshore safety culture has also been deliberated through models as well and we
will further dwell upon two of them-
 Swiss cheese model
 HSE culture theory
Swiss Cheese Model- It is assumed as a mishap casualty model utilized for risk examination
and risk controlling purpose in the commercial setting (Sherratt, 2014). This model holds a high
degree in all sectors especially the gas and oil sector as they operate under the hypothesis of
catastrophe in gas and oil sector happen because of four types of failure importantly-
Organizational impact, insecure management, prerequisite for dangerous work and dangerous
works themselves. Every four malfunction are recognized like a sequence of happenings
resultant in the catastrophe which is portrayed below in Figure 2:

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 16
Fig.2. The model for Swiss cheese (Sherratt, 2014).
The illustration above shows that catastrophe within gas in addition to oil sector occurs in
a sequence of events. These events happen at unusual occasion and stages in the gas and oil
sector. It has located the safety scheme like piece of a Swiss cheese and the gap denotes openings
for failure which will end in accidents if not stopped or controlled by the stratums. The slices
denote that the more there are stratums of safety system, the smaller are chances of mishaps to
take place and if the holes in the stratums align together, mishaps will definitely take place.
Hence, oil and gas sector must attempt to stop such holes from aligning by inserting more layers.
The HSE Culture Ladder- This is one of the most important models in the notion of
offshore safety culture. This acts like a guiding instrument to execute safety culture and it gives
us five different ladders- pathological, immediate, tactical, practical and creative (Hassel et al.,
2017). It is illustrated in the Figure 3 below:

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 17
Fig. 3. HSE culture ladder. (Hassel et al., 2017)
The various ladders of the model are applied in a different way on corporate segment
dependent on the character plus type of commercial method. It is as such due to the power and
probabilities of dangers that range and are determined by the nature and type of business method
to a higher degree. The ladder in the illustration is appropriate and intense in terms of oil and gas
sector as the fourth step proactive is practiced in the oil and gas sector. As it is evident by the
name, practical safety tradition practice in the gas and oil sector requires administrators plus
executive establishments to recognize dangerous measures, hostile activities, etc. in the initial
level itself. Therefore, it is anticipated that security consultants and workers at the gas and oil
corporations must attempt to avert dangers and threats by promoting safety culture and principles
amongst personnel.
The developments of security tradition in respect of gas and oil sector are debated under
the supervision of supervisory contexts and governing groups (Blunt and Balchin, 2002). It is
claimed that monitoring agendas of gas and oil sector has been carried out more inclusive as well
as unified in present setting from the governing groups which are legislative senates, business
representatives, regulatory authorities, etc. These broad group of rules as well as supervisory
agendas has made a progressive effect on the health and safety ideals. Some light has also been
thrown on several quantified supervisory agendas like structure of administration and design
principles in case of safety culture. The supervisory agenda need the gas and oil corporations for
assign adequate term as well as assets regarding all the initial activities and frequently supervise
and evaluate them to prevent any dangers and risks (Cahill and Kane, 2010). A supervisory
agenda known as Work at Height Regulations promotes the dominance and application of finest
safety amenities from gas and oil sector in case of their workers. The safety and health principles

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 18
of the agenda needs every worker to guarantee and notify about their capabilities so as to
collaborate efficiently with their managers and squaring trusted parts in an operative manner
(Bennear, 2015)
2.2 Gas and Oil Setting
The feature of gas together with oil atmosphere remains elaborated further for clarifying
the types of dangers, threats as well as mishaps which are dominant in the particular atmosphere.
The gas and oil sector is faced with several types of dangers and threats including naturally
occurring radioactive materials (NORM) which consists of radioactive components like radium,
uranium, radon, etc. The hazardous impact of NORM is determined by the amount of
consumption, period of contact, etc. and its effect also results in cancer amongst the employees
(Pitchel, 2010). Another physical danger is cramped space in which the employee has to work in
the oil and gas sector that may harm the safety and health of the workers like tunnels, pipelines,
boilers, etc. The atmospheres as well as setting of these cramped gaps are really dangerous
whose outcome may be death of employees if not correctly trained before entering such spaces
(Bonehill, 2011). Other than the existence of dangerous components, the oil and gas sector also
has an environment of mishaps and losses. The rigorousness and period of dangers in the oil and
gas sector and the recovery period is worse than any other sector where the main types of
mishaps are blasts, salt dome mishaps, pipeline transportation misfortunes, etc. (Zanko &
Dawson, 2012).
2.3 Evaluating the Role of Organization in Executing Safety:
This grasps one more relevant sub-division of the literature review as well as examined
and explored with reference of numerous discoveries and inquires. It can be evident that

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 19
frameworks of safety and health is applied in the gas and oil sector to achieve numerous types of
parts regarding making itself a secured and safe functioning point. Few of the parts are
elaborated following:
2.3.1 Evaluating External and Internal Influences
Internal and external influences at this point denote the features and variables likely to
affect commencement and execution of safety culture and wellbeing. All the internal plus
external affects are not damaging in characteristics. The external and internal affects might be
observed as well as assumed with reference to negatives and positives because few make
constructive impact although few others produce destructive impact. In such situation, the core
segment has nurtured distinct study of all of the external and internal affects. It is the quite
apparent part of commercial union earlier as well as throughout the operation of safety and
health tradition (Portman, 2014).
1) Internal influences:
The graphic illustrates the main internal influences which are administration dedication,
manufacturing/facility demands, interactions, worker representatives, and competence.

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 20
Fig. 4. Safety culture internal influences (Portman, 2014).
Administration dedication specifies the ability from high-ranking administrators of gas
plus oil corporations in giving engaging communication to the staff about safety and health
matters. Production/service demands replicate compulsions on oil and gas corporations’ part to
create stability between client’s demand and workers activities. Poor communication frequently
produces misperceptions and conflicts amongst establishment’s staffs (Bohle and Quinlan,
2000). Another important internal influence, competence deals in learning and accepting the
works of establishment’s staffs and the abilities which need to be upgraded to make them more
efficient. Employee representation must be looked after at fixed intermissions by particular
establishments’ to make their staff more competent and capable (Bennear, 2015).

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 21
2) External influences
Several external influences should be measured from the gas and oil sector for making
the safety and health tradition quite adjustable. The chief external influences are society,
legislation, insurance companies, trade unions, economics and commercial stakeholders as
depicted in the illustration following.
Fig. 5. Safety culture external influences (Bennear, 2015).
Communal prospects vary considerably from one country to another; they are higher in
prosperous states and lower in underprivileged countries. Therefore, high end society’s
anticipations have excessive impact on factory safety principles (Monney, 2014). The other
major external influence, Trade unions of oil and gas sector mandate great values for conserving

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 22
the safety and health of their workers (Iqbal et al., 2004) which has forced the establishment’s to
stress on the safety and health concerns. The influence of commercial stakeholders on the safety
culture is quite heavy as the establishments needs to contemplate their role in executing the
health and safety culture because they are apprehensive about both productivity and
sustainability feature of business (Cahill and Kane, 2010).
2.3.2 Safety Teaching and wellbeing
The aspect of safety teaching and wellbeing appears to be the next quite significant part
of the oil plus gas sector to implement security and wellbeing culture. The institution of safety
and wellbeing exercise must make the organization members more aware and understanding
towards these issues (Bonehill, 2011). In the present times, it is lawfully mandatory for the oil
and gas corporations to organize these training programs through which they reap benefits as
well like decline in risk occurrences’, enhancement of the health status of workers, decrease in
reimbursements, nonattendance due to health issues, and intense enhancement in the drive and
determination of the workers as well as associates.

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 23
Fig 6. Training requirements and prospects (Monney et al., 2014)
The training programs notify and empower the fellows to study regulator methods as well
as protection actions regarding averting dangers and risks which may occur in the oil and gas
sector. The above illustration specifies the requirements and prospects of leading health and
safety training programs (Monney et al., 2014). It was stated that concerned associations are
projected to conduct these programs in certain circumstances and settings. Health and safety
programs become mandatory in occasions like new employee hired, modifications in functioning
designs, introduction of new tools, adopting fresh technology, alteration in the service status,
exposure of work setting, and much more factors (Zanko & Dawson, 2012).

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 24
2.3.3 All-inclusive management
This segment of inference has originated after the point that safety and health tradition
perception belongs to the future, established besides being determined mostly as a result of high-
ranking specialists of certain establishments (Collins, 2009). It is common conjecture that the
high-ranking authorities are worried with the safety and health matters and the staff has generally
not as much opportunity to contribute to the process. In this perspective, sound and effective
leadership is essential to strive the staff towards safety linked measures and devices.
In the gas and oil sector, it might have a crucial part to play in inspiring as well as
stimulating staff for application of security associated techniques. It seems to be quite possible
that the staff can take the process for granted and begin to overlook it in their daily functioning
patterns but comprehensive and efficient leadership can reduce such probabilities by making
their staff more conscious of the importance of health and safety techniques along with making a
way for efficient execution of these measures. Therefore, effective leadership has the possibility
of refining their workers commitment towards the wellbeing and safety measures, guaranteeing
the execution of wellbeing and safety levels, promote safety and health tradition in a form of
enduring practice, develop and recommend health and safety systems.
2.4 Barriers and challenges in executing safety culture
Execution of security tradition within the gas and oil sector appears to be a tough activity
and there are many challenges to face especially in their setting (Maslen, 2008). The first one
being, shortage of sufficient support and obligation on the administrations part, they paid less
attention to the significance of execution of safety and health measure amongst workers. Another
one is the difficulties of the protection working structure in the gas and oil sector (Ariss, 2003),
where the complications and problems faced by commercial corporations in executing the safety

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 25
culture discourage other companies from evolving and executing safety methods. Lack of staff’s
participation also deters the execution of protection philosophy in the gas and oil sector as there
is not as much involvement as is required by them (Quartey and Puplampu, 2012). One big factor
is that of assessing the workers performance based on the number of mishaps and damages they
indulge in, this acts as a barrier because the techniques adopted by the employees to prevent
mishaps are not supervised; only the outcome is given weightage which will eventually
demotivate them to execute safety methods as main aim will become rewards and not safety
methods.

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 26
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
The part of methodology of the assignment is focused on offering evaluations of
protection tradition prevalent within the international gas and oil environment. The gas and oil
atmosphere appears to be a really vast subject as well as hence an effort is carried out for
substituting conclusions as well as evaluations with reference of few definite gas and oil firms.
Although, the research has aimed on the complete industry as well as few companies are chosen
by it for determining practices, tradition, and movements of safety culture existing within the gas
and oil environment.
The chief aim after choosing and evaluating complete industry despite of definite trade
companies appears to attain full observation of the particular industry for the security alarms.
Next, the subject of the fundamental task remains basic, that is, independent as well as not
associated with only one nation, region, or location. Hence, it appears to be complicated and
unreasonable for choosing Trade Company or firm depending in any nation with respect to the
subject of the task. The evaluations and conclusions are offered from desktop study i.e., from
studying secondary foundations of data feasible on these industries about safety and health
problems for creating basic results about safety setting on gas and oil trade around the globe.
Some study on marketplace document called “Professional illness dangers in the gas and oil
industry” issued in 2013 explained that gas and oil industry is known to be an important income
generating industry over the globe. The vast assortment of tasks carried out from the gas and oil
industry has created it to be one amongst the flexible and dynamic industry. It seems to be clear

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 27
as items manufactured from the related industry is developed in different profitable deeds such as
entertainment, transport, leisure, etc. (Borayek et al., 2015.
This study was able to explain that gas and oil are employed from different trades such as
engineering, aerospace, chemical, automobile, etcetera extremely extending the industry. The
vast practice of gas and oil items in various industries has too expected amplified care for healthy
and safety working atmosphere existing within the related industries. In such matter, the study
has studies as well as measured nearly 102 firms identified as chief as well as main performers of
gas and oil industry. Few of the noticeable names such as Royal Cutch, Gulf Oil, Petro Canada,
Enron, Texaco, Mobil Corp, Chevron, British Petroleum Company, and much more (Ndeda et
al., 2015).
The safety as well as health managers in America in the direction from legislative
managers assumed study concerning the frequency and rate on mishaps in the vehicle firms. The
research has been organized during the year 2010 as well as determined that the accident rates as
well as damages within the related firm was identical to such of other markets. In other
explanations, the associated firm has not been left behind during the competition of damages and
accidents as well as documented great count of mishaps such as those occurred in other
businesses. The figures gathered from the Safety and Health managers has drew the statistic that
accidents and injuries’ rate was crucially greater in reference to Mobile Corp. With reference to
Gas and oil business, force of accident and injury is dignified with respect to 1 day, 2 day, 3 day
injury and much more. The force as well as amount of discomfort is recognized and identified
with reference to it. In other terms, great number of injury days imitates greater force of hazards
and pain as well as the other way round (Mette et al., 2018).

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 28
All the figures and facts showing damages displayed nearly 9037 executives had been
grieved by accidents and injury in gas and oil business over the globe during year 2010. These
facts were really large hence demanded the requirement of implementing instant suitable actions
in case of decreasing examples of accidents and injuries in international gas and oil business. It is
hence sensible that workforce groups, business associations, and industry experts to approach
and align together in case of stopping staff by getting damaged as well as maintaining their
health positions.
Following to the evaluating measures of safety and health tradition within Mobil Corp, an
effort has been carried out to measure the consequence of “Enron oil and gas (EOG)” safety
tradition. This appears to be among the greatest gas plus oil survey firm along with established
resources situated in US. The different market study press releases and reports have also been
evaluated regarding such purpose. One of these report known to be “Safety problems within the
EOG” (2012) stressed information that safety plus health alarms might not be overlooked as well
as has occurred as important factor within the firm currently as per Stranks (2006). The item’s
parts, manufacturing methods, resources, etc. make quite obvious influence on the executive’s
safety and health in the business of furniture.
The executives in the related firm seem to be not supported along with educational
qualifications and tough professional talents. With reference to this, it appears to be the liability
of their managers as well as supervisors for making sure that gas and oil survey method makes
least negative effect on health of executives. The chief health dangers existing within the gas and
oil survey firm comprise publicity to fire explosion, worst administration of waste, unguarded
machinery, worst tackling of tools, noises, and chemical (Stranks 2006).

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 29
Perry (2003) debated that executives performing in gas and oil business appears to be quite
disposed for heart and breathing issues between the complete staff population. The international
figures has drew the information, which staffs of gas and oil business are quite disposed to
cancer, asthma, etc. in the form they seems to be quite uncovered for chemical dangers and
accidents. It seems to be measured, which employees and workers of gas and oil business are
receiving more occurrences of asthma as well as other breathing issues as linked for entire
employed population. The study educations need also proved the information, which resources as
well as parts are tackled physically from the staff of the gas and oil business. The speed of
technological growth as well as innovation is originate at really gentle speed within the gas and
oil business in a form of outcome of that staff are needed for tackling parts and materials
physically. This condition creates them quite vulnerable for health damages as well as dispenses
less significance regarding the protection concerns (Perry 2003).

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 30
CHAPTER FOUR
4. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The safety tradition as well as organization of Chevron Corporation has too appeared to
be studied within an effort for studying health and safety problems of gas and oil environment
quite intensely. Chevron Corporation appears to be a famous multinational energy company
involves in all form of refining, production, geothermal energy exploration, gas, and oil, etc.
“International Oil and Gas Workers’ Federation (ITGLWF)” performs within nearly 110
countries from a channel of diverse united firms. This alliance acts regarding several purposes
such as in case of helping in policy construction issues as well as tasks for the businesses,
safeguarding and securing human authorities, operating vast range of development programs and
education within progressing nations in case of creating staff quite organized and educated, and
much more (ITGLWF. 2013).
Checking, studying as well as helping within the office of safety and health factors too
liable in the form of one among the quite important workplace region of ITGLWF. The current
conclusions issued from ITGLWF in case of office of safety and health issues claimed that gas
and oil industry requires institution steps in case of enhancing their conditions of working. The
global business union movement has too claimed this information as well as specified its
conditions of working in these businesses created the staff’s livelihood quite disposed to illness
as well as other wellbeing threats (Costa et al., 2015).
Literature has shown that nearly 2M people grieve through different form of accidents
and health hazards in such businesses. The facts and figures offered from ITGLWF has displayed
that approximately 270 million executives over the globe is grieving by professional mishaps

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 31
within the gas and oil industry although 160 million employees agonize by professional diseases
and illness every annual term.
The ITGLWF has drew the requirement of a tough government attempts in case of
decreasing examples of occupational diseases and accidents as well as applying great levels of
office safety. Hence it can be suggested that the related business might just withstand as well as
prevail on the globe’s map from following with office security levels. With reference to this, the
association has suggested legislation for implementing different legislation and levels in case of
making sure safe and healthy working environment within the gas and oil business. The
“International Labour Conventions No.155” hooked on workplace safety as well as healthy steps,
and No.161 on Health facilities is few of these regulation supporting safety and health of
employees on international working atmosphere (ITGLWF. 2013).
4.1 Analysis
The aforesaid statement has designated that state of safety and health tradition within the
gas and oil atmosphere over the globe is not acceptable as well as comprises different
performance spaces. The safety and health tradition at gas and oil tradition at gas and oil
atmosphere is yet being identified as well as preserved as inferior as well as offered moderately
less significant. The international offshore atmosphere too includes few of these gases and oil
firms containing favorable as well as striking security atmosphere rather than such stated
aforesaid. Hence, it too appears to be relevant for substituting an evaluation of these gases and
oil firms for attaining a concept about styles of safety and health tradition existing at these firms.
These evaluations too offered an entire evaluation of the international gas and oil functioning
atmosphere for the vast degree (Gran et al., 2012).

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 32
There are many of these gas and oil firms such as Royal Dutch, Petro-Canada, Texaco,
etc. portrayed favorable marks with respect to protection tradition. With respect to this, a gas and
oil firm known to be Petro-Canada has been chosen in case of evaluating its safety and health
tradition. The Petro-Canada involve within the wholesale and retail promoting the Suncor fuel
situated at Alberta City - Calgary. The “Petro-Canada” consist of functions in nearly 50 nations
as well as catering vast range of natural gas and oil operations, mining, and petrochemicals. The
association is generating nearly 18 billion income every annually income every year by vast
association of gas and oil processes. The function attitude of Petro-Canada claims that
environment, safety, and health undertake for being its highest importance. It is confirmed that
individual functioning in the “Petro-Canada” must experience working within safe and hygienic
setting. Experience within the firm concerning handling the offshore as well as defense industry
has offered some advantage in identifying serious problems and essential risks within a positive
(Fleming & Leveson, 2015).
These positive deliberations among strategic workers in a firm has allowed the firm to
accomplish the responsibilities of various groups in an efficient way. A combined method is
being employed from the Petro-Canada regarding purpose of evaluation of risk as well as
avoidance of danger. The method is presented along with the reasons of accomplishing the
constitutional responsibilities, fulfilling customer needs, observing as well as obeying with safety
and health conservational practices. In each, the method has offered a methodical method in case
of making sure safety and health anxieties for the Petro-Canada in current scenario of trade
world. The tactic has added in allowing the associations for identifying in the form of an
business frontrunner fixed along with “safety and health” standards (Yang et al., 2017).

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 33
Petroleum Corporation of the Britain has likewise been famous for gas and oil. This
company offers vast assortment of gas and oil refining, production, exploration, etc. facilities for
the wholesale and retail customers. The business employs safety and health manager in case of
making sure about applying of safety and health policy rules within an operative way. The
managers make sure that office offers healthy and safe working situations in case of workers as
well as motivates them for producing their lively engagement as well as help in performing
under these situations. It is thought that tasks of individual worker effects as well as influence
safety standards of other workers for a vast degree and hence it is essential for attaining lively
engagement of each of the workers in case of having hygiene and secured atmosphere (Danciu,
2015).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
On the foundation of all that is discussed so far, it is concluded that health and safety
culture is intensely and efficiently executed in the oil and gas sector, however some are still not
following it meticulously. For this, a model is suggested to reduce and regulate the incidences of
safety mishaps and dangers. It may be entitled ‘low threat and incident free contract model’ to
target development of safety culture and wellbeing in the gas and oil sector. Application of the
model involves active backing and alliance amongst trade amalgamations, business partnerships,
managers as well as government organizations. They signify the diverse participants of the
model and their participation is essential for guaranteeing the accomplishment of the suggested
model. This model will provide tools to improve the status of the current safety and wellbeing
settings. (Fleming & Leveson, 2015). Its purpose include but not limited to the following:
1) Adopting comprehensive management: It is alleged that comprehensive management in the oil
and gas sector will guarantee the success of the model. So, it is essential for business

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 34
frontrunners to lead persons and employees to make them understand that they be directed
besides being steered in a modified way concerning safety and health matters. The outlook of the
frontrunners must be such to conserve the health of the staff at all costs. This approach and
conduct will instill confidence in the staff to follow the safety standards (Maslen, 2008).
2) Attaining administration assurance: As every initiative requires backing and assurance of the
administration, likewise administration’s assurance towards its employees by allotting and
providing for implementation of safety culture will decide the success of the model. Overall, it
can be supposed that construction of strategy concerning suggested model, its application set-up
and observing and revising may be done efficiently through attaining ample backing and
assurance from the administration.
3) Acquiring backing and participation of staff: Staff’s participation is as significant as
administration’s participation. The administration will only suggest and approve the application
of the model; the staff will in fact execute it. For this purpose, they must be directed and
encouraged by the administrators. Consulting with the employees also helps in acquiring the
maximum participation of the staff.
4) Decreasing risk occurrences: This is the main purpose of the suggested model which is to be
applied. It will make and frame an action strategy for determining primacies and preferences.
The action strategy will identify and summarize the safety and wellbeing concerns to be
controlled in the near future. It will also state a strong set of principles and activities for applying
the strategy.
5) Decline of mishaps purpose: The quantity of mishaps in the gas and oil sector remains fairly
greater compared to other segments. In regard to this, a device which persistently monitors and

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 35
observes the occurrences of mishaps is deliberated as a requirement of current stretch of time. A
fundamental model will target at offering a similar device to the gas and oil sector by introducing
some reliable mishap recording structure.

ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CULTURE 36
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