INDIRECT TAX Report

This report provides a comprehensive guide to indirect tax, focusing on Value Added Tax (VAT). It covers key aspects of VAT, including registration requirements, information to be included on business documentation, reporting frequency, and penalties for non-compliance. The report also includes practical examples and calculations to illustrate the application of VAT regulations. Desklib provides past papers and solved assignments for students.

INDIRECT
TAX

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Identifying sources of information on VAT..........................................................................2
1.2 Examining the manner according to which the organisation should interact with the
Government agency.....................................................................................................................2
1.3 Examining the VAT registration requirements......................................................................2
1.4 Identifying the information that must be included on business documentation of VAT.......2
1.5 Examining the requirements and the frequency of reporting for these VAT........................2
1.6 Maintaining an updated knowledge regarding the changes of codes of practices, regulation
or Legislation...............................................................................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Extracting relevant data for a specific period from the accounting system...........................2
2.2 Calculation regarding relevant inputs and outputs using these VAT classifications.............2
2.3Calculation regarding the VAT due to, or from, the relevant tax authority............................2
2.4 completion and submission a VAT return and any associated payment within the statutory
time
......................................................................................................................................................2
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................2
3.1 Explaining the implications and penalties for an organisation resulting from failure to
abide
......................................................................................................................................................2
by VAT regulations......................................................................................................................2
3.2 Preparing adjustments and declarations for the errors or ommissions identified in previous
VAT periods ................................................................................................................................2
TASK 4 ...........................................................................................................................................2
4.1 Informing the managers regarding the impacts that the VAT payment may have over the
organisation's cash flow and financial forecasts .........................................................................2
4.2 Advising regarding the relevant people of changes in VAT legislation which would have
an effect on over the organisation's recording systems................................................................2
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................3

REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION
The indirect tax refers to the tax amount which is mainly collected by the business
organisation in the supply chain(mainly the producers or retailers) and paid to the governmental
tax authorities. But it is actually charged from the consumers as part of the purchase cost of a
good or service. The total amount of tax is divided according to the quantity of the commodity
and the consumer borne the amount of tax imposed on goods and services. Furthermore, the
indirect tax refers to the kind of the tax where the tax amount and it's impact doesn't borne by the
entities(Bahl, 2018). The burden of such tax can be easily shifted from taxpayer to somebody
else. This affects and increase the prices of the goods and services.
The report pertain the knowledge regarding the meaning, source and examples of indirect
tax, Complete VAT returns accurately and in a timely manner, Understanding VAT penalties and
making adjustments for the previous errors and communicating VAT information.
TASK 1
1.1 Identifying sources of information on VAT
Value Added Tax or VAT refers to the ingestion tax which is currently applied on
purchase of goods and services with its value added on all phase of manufacture from production
to the point of sale. The tax of VAT basically paid by a taxable individual is evaluated by
deducting values of all inputs utilize for producing the goods and services from cost of
production. furthermore, VAT is not chargeable in all cities, some cities are free from payments
of VAT tax.
Essential content regarding this is promptly accessible from federal government sites.
Besides this, other relevant source of information is acquirable from HM revenue and customs
(HMRC) portals that is accountable for collecting tax across the entire UK(Cnossen, 2013). All
further relevant information in respect of tax or about any tax related issues is considered by the
HMRC and it renders the solutions for payment of tax by its payers.
1.2 Examining the manner according to which the organisation should interact with the
Government agency
At the time of VAT registration organisations have to follow the important procedures.
These procedures include registration form which is filled by organisation and with the relevant
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information. During registration process, user may face issues which are solved by the
government agencies. There are different type of registration form available according to type of
business. For the clarification of that issues government agencies will provide help to the
company.
1.3 Examining the VAT registration requirements
The VAT registration termed as the mandatory requirement for all business persons and
organisations who are engaging in producing and manufacturing of goods and services. VAT
termed as relatively same to the sales tax but its is proportionately more different from the sales
tax as it is charged from the customers once while purchasing of goods and services. There are
several requirements or documenting for the registration of the VAT, which are described
underneath.
 Incorporation Certificate of the business entity(In case of company).
 Memorandum of Association and Article of Association(only in case of company).
 Specifics of people participating in the entity.
 Address proof of Director or lease/ rent agreement.
 Entity PAN card/ Individual PAN card in case of proprietorship.
 Identity evidence of the Directors such as the PAN card/election card/ passport/ driving
license.
 Rent Agreement/ lease agreement of the entity/proprietorship.
 In case partnership entity- partnership agreement or deed.
 Passport size photograph of director of the firm.
1.4 Identifying the information that must be included on business documentation of VAT
After getting the registration for VAT organisation have to obtain several documents and
have to variate the manner of business trade. When an organisation gets it's registration VAT the
organisation have to render the invoice of VAT to each of customer for their convenience. After
the process of registration organisation must follow the regulation 16 that rendered by the
regulatory authority for the issuance of the VAT invoice. There are few contents mentioned
under the regulation 16, which are described below.
 An identified number.
 The time and date of supplying of goods to be described in invoice.
 Date of issuance of document must be mentioned.
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 At the top of VAT invoice there must be description about the name, address and
registration number of organisation or supplier must be mentioned.
 Along with this the name, address and registration of customer also required to be
mentioned and in case if registration number not available then it may be left blank.
 The invoice is required to pertain categories of supply which may be categorised as:
▪ A supply by sale
▪ A supply on hire purchase
▪ A supply by loan
▪ Supply by way of exchange
▪ Supply made through customers material
▪ Supply by sale on commission etc.
 he invoice must contain the identification of goods or services supplied.
 For every item they must include the rate of tax that is applicable on it in a separate
column.
 In separate column MRP and amount of VAT must be entered so as to determine the
value of separately.
 It should separately mention any of the cash discount if offered to supplier.
The company should also have maintain the books of accounts which help them to file
the VAT return and if any misstatement is found in the return that has been filed by company
then they have to furnish these books of accounts to authority(Cnossen, 2013). The company
should keep the record of all the invoices that are required by them.
1.5 Examining the requirements and the frequency of reporting for these VAT
Annual accounting scheme:- It refers to the scheme which facilitates services to the
entities for paying the taxes on an annual or yearly basis. Accordance with this scheme, the
taxable person pays their VAT returns only single time in a whole year instead of making t
payments quarterly basis.
 Cash accounting scheme: - Basically the differentiated amount between sales invoices
and purchase invoices refers to the net value paid to HMRC as VAT Return. therefore,
accordance with this scheme, the VAT is payable on selling time and rescued when
payment is paid by the supplier by sellers. With the ,motive to be worthy tax payer or
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according to this scheme, VAT tax turnover should not exceed £1.35 million(Delgado,
Lago‐Peñas and Mayor, 2015).
 Flat rate scheme:- This scheme is mainly specialised for the simplifying the records like
sales record and purchase record. This scheme facilitates the entities to apply fixed
percent or flat rates on entity's turnover to quantify VAT due. Fixed or flat rate percent
schemes relatively based on the size and category of business. The disparity among the
amount charged and amount paid held with the entities as earned income. Rescue on
VAT must not be asserted for purchasing except for definite capital assets eclipsing
£2,000. With an aim to be a worthy tax payer, according to this scheme, VAT taxable
turnover shouldn't be eclipsed £150,000.
 Standard scheme:- According to this methodology entity pays VAT return on quarterly
basis instead of yearly in an accounting period. If any amount is due then it must be paid
on quarterly basis. If any entity have amount of sales higher than the cost of production
then there differentiated amount must be paid HMRC.
1.6 Maintaining an updated knowledge regarding the changes of codes of practices, regulation or
Legislation
All entities requires to adapt the knowledge regarding legislation and codes of best
operation for effectual work. Which are described underneath:
 Entities must have adequate knowledge regarding the context of statistics.
 Protecting data by computerized or advanced software
 Minimising the records or informational data.
 Awareness about governance information
Besides this, some essential legislations required to used for these informational data. If
any entity is not so wholly familiar with the legal thinkings then it affects the entity than they to
consult legal person.
 Personal data
 Sharing and re-use of data
 Intellectual property and copyright
 Accountability
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TASK 2
2.1 Extracting relevant data for a specific period from the accounting system
1. Informational data for quantification of compatible Input and Output for Regular
Supplies (year 2012-13):
Zoe is under process for completion of her VAT tax for quarterly ended 31 March 2013.
The available information is mentioned underneath:
1. Sales invoices total amount £128,000 was expressed for ensuring the standard rated sales.
Standard rated expenses total amount to £24,800.
On 15 February 2013 Gwen acquired machinery of £24,150. This figure involves the
VAT. Unless stated otherwise all of the above figures are exclusive of VAT.
2. Data for quantification of compatible input and output for exempting the Supply:
Cathy plans to begins trading in future soon. She runs a small aeroplane, and is
considered three alternate kinds of businesses. These are (1) training, under which all sales will
be considered as standard rated for VAT, (2) transport, under which all sales will be zero-rated
for VAT, and (3) an air ambulance service, under which all sales will be exempt from VAT.
3. Data for quantification of compatible Input and Output for Zero-Rated Supplies:
Albert commenced trading on 1 January 2012. His sales have been as follows:
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4. Data for quantification of Compatible Input and Output for Exports:from VAT is not
applied over the exported goods and services(Keen, 2013). It can be treated as a Zero-
Rated Item for calculation of VAT returns for any registered business.
2.2 Calculation regarding relevant inputs and outputs using these VAT classifications
According to the provisions of The VAT Act, 1994, a basic rate for VAT of 20% is
applied over the price of supply of goods or services. therefore, there are mainly three general
rates applicative over the nature of goods and services:
 Deducted VAT rate at 5%
 Zero VAT Rate at 0%
 Standard VAT Rate at 20%
1. Evaluation of Relevant Input and Output for Standard Supplies:
hence the Input and Output, VAT is quantified over the purchase and sale of goods and
services. Taxable individual can assert Input and Output VAT in case only if registered for the
same. The presented calculations have been performed by assuming the standard rate at 20%:
VAT Sales =128,000 x 20% = £25,600
VAT Expenses =24,800 x 20% = £4,960
Machinery =24,150 x 20/120 = £4,025
Therefore, machinery total value given included with the VAT, for removing the effects, the rate
had reversed by taking 20/120 as fraction or multiple.
2. Calculation of Relevant Input and Output for Zero-Rated Supplies:
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This value has been calculated as follows:
VAT Payable for Zero-Rated Supplies= 4400 x 0% = £0
Therefore, no VAT will be paid over Zero-rated Supplies.
2. Quantification of compatible Input and Output for Exempt Supplies:
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As the Exempt Supplies like an air ambulance service are not worthy for any tax levy
under VAT. Cathy wouldn't be require or permit to register under VAT as she would not be
operating taxable supplies. Similarly, Output VAT will not be due and no input VAT will be
eligible for reclaims from HMRC as per regulations.
2.3Calculation regarding the VAT due to, or from, the relevant tax authority
Standard Supplies:
VAT will be quantified at basic applied rate of 20%. Zoe will obligated to make payment
of £16,615 as her VAT tax accordance with quarterly basis to HMRC.
Zero-Rated Supplies:
According to the Zero-Rated supply pertain 0% of VAT rate app on them, Albert will
not be liable to pay any tax to HMRC as his VAT tax for the year(Kenyon, Langley and Paquin,
2012). Therefore, he shall have to make a payment 20% VAT over Standard-Rated Supplies and
also render relevant notification in situation of it's standard-rated supplies exceed £77,000.
Exempt Supplies:
Exempt supplies are tax immune from VAT. This all can involves supplies like
ambulance, in such case, Cathy would not be obligate to make a payment nor permitted to pay
any tax return to HMRC as his VAT return for the year.
2.4 completion and submission a VAT return and any associated payment within the statutory
time
VAT returns are basically depends over several schemes with different timing limits.
Which are described below:
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TASK 3
3.1 Explaining the implications and penalties for an organisation resulting from failure to abide
by VAT regulations
Value Added Tax is regulated and controlled by The VAT Act, 1994 that defines the
categories of business entities, classified the supplies, calculating the Input and Output
according to the described rates and therefore the penalty and legal actioning, that the relevant
tax authority can legally takes against entities in case of defaulters. HM Revenues and Customs
are mainly responsive for collecting and amounts of taxes that renders the way on which
penalties will be applicable on defaulters.
A business entity makes initially a default in payment up to 12 months will make with a
cautionary instead of penalty from taxation authorities according to the section 59 known default
surcharge. In case the business entity had been default frequently, direct penalty will levied on
them(Lam and Ravussin, 2017). A day or month late payment will enforce same actions on both
cases.
 A day late defaults force penalty of £100 automatic imposed by the system.
 In partnership firms, £100 penalty is to be imposed on each partner Instead of entire
partnership firm. Only the active partner can request under any given circumstance rather
than individual partners.
Daily penalties of £10 per day for 90 days will be imposed over the business entity if
unable to pay returns to tax authorities up to 3 months. In case 6 months delay since the date of
paying return, an addition of 5% of tax due or £300, which may be higher will imposed which
will amount to another 5% levy or £300, whichever is higher.
3.2 Preparing adjustments and declarations for the errors or omissions identified in previous
VAT periods
Errors or omissions identified in previous
VAT periods:
Disclosing the errors, omissions or any type of deficiencies are essential. Such errors will
be reportable with filing a form VAT652 and submitted to VAT rectification Team. They are
categorised below:
 an error identified that is above the reporting threshold.
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 a deliberate error or a mistake made on purpose
 an error made in an accounting period up to 4 previous years.
The error reported commencement of any business entity is limited to £10,000. Any error
eclipsing this beginning will be reportable to HMRC. To quantify the threshold, a net value of
errors is quantified with the summation of addition amount tax due to HMRC and deducting
tax due from this amount. [Net Value of Errors = Total Additional tax due to HMRC - Tax Due]
Deliberate errors are also to be reportable distinctly to HMRC in writing along with
supportable proofs that would pertain the details of date to identifying the errors, reasoning
amount to leads to such errors and how it occurred(Schenk, Thuronyi and Cui, 2015).
An errors identifying in accounting era up to 4 past periods that had been known by
HMRC, a specific amount of interest will be chargeable over outstanding tax or wrong
declaration of penalty to rescue such amounts.
Adjustments for errors or omissions identified in previous
VAT periods:
According to the section 4 of Penalties for Errors Regime, 2009 of The VAT Act, 1994,
modifications is required to made in respect of quantifying the net values of errors. The adjusted
amount may involves in the present VAT rendering in some cases mentioned underneath:
 In case, if the net amount does not more £10,000 or
 If the net amount valued between £10,000 and £50,000 but doesn't more than 1% of net
outputs described in VAT tax declared for the specific period in which the error is
occurred,
Furthermore, if net value of errors does not meet the above criteria or is categorised as a
deliberate error, a separate form- VAT652 must be filled and submitted to HMRC with details
including:
 Reasoning amounts to causing of such errors
 accounting period of discovery of error
 kind of error - input or output
 under-declaration and over-declaration of Net Value of Errors.
 Quantification summary to calculate Net Value
 If the errors have resulted in additional payments to tax authorities
 Total amount to be adjusted.
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TASK 4
4.1 Informing the managers regarding the impacts that the VAT payment may have over the
organisation's cash flow and financial forecasts
Payment of VAT has huge impact on company's cash flows as well as for future
forecasting. It totally depends upon the tax amount, if payable tax is high than net cash flows
available for the company is low and vice versa. However,VAT rates change as time passes by to
retain its effect and efficiency. These changes have impact on all financial accounts across an
organisation which eventually affect the VAT control account maintained by registered
businesses(Schneider, 2012).
Every organisation needs to maintain accounts, import or export document, sales and
purchase invoices. Effect of VAT has drastic impact on cash flow. For instance, due to change in
VAT rate from 20% to 25%, if a company has to pay tax £20,000 instead of £10,000 it will
directly effect the net profit of the company which is enough to bring any organisation down.
High tax value is not beneficial for the business, so it is very important aspect in the organisation
for consideration(Schneider, 2015).
4.2 Advising regarding the relevant people of changes in VAT legislation which would have an
effect on over the organisation's recording systems
There are some challenges faced by the organisation and other advisers. These are
enlisted below:
 Changes in record keeping system: - For complying with digitalisation, company
needs to prepare their account on spreadsheet or software which is directly linked with
the HMRC with the help of Application Programming Interface (API).
 Changes in VAT return submission: - VAT return is submitted to HMRC through API
and data is recorded by the software in the digital form(Weber, 2013). Manual data
recording in HMRC has stopped after launching of making tax digital (MTD).
Timing: - Making tax digital in respect of VAT will be followed by the majority of businesses
from 1st April 2019. because software trial is recently open for tax payers.
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CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded rules and regulation of VAT act along with
their quantification. It forficate the supplies into standard, exempt, zero-rated, exports and
imports and analyse tax evaluation, submission and the time limits regarding the similar.
Besides this, rules this report describes in detail the identifying, adjusting, implicating and
penalties about VAT returns of present and past accounting eras. From the presented report it can
also be conclude that the VAT had undergone several variations since its origination and
suitable care requires to be taken for calculate and comply with the VAT criteria.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journal:
Bahl, R., 2018. The Guatemalan tax reform. Routledge.
Cnossen, S., 2013. Tax Coordination in the European Community (Vol. 7). Springer Science &
Business Media.
Cnossen, S., 2013. Tax Coordination in the European Community (Vol. 7). Springer Science &
Business Media.
Delgado, F. J., Lago‐Peñas, S. and Mayor, M., 2015. On the determinants of local tax rates: new
evidence from Spain. Contemporary Economic Policy. 33(2). pp.351-368.
Keen, M. M., 2013. Targeting, cascading, and indirect tax desig (No. 13-57). International
Monetary Fund.
Kenyon, D. A., Langley, A. H. and Paquin, B. P., 2012. Rethinking property tax incentives for
business. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Lam, Y. Y. and Ravussin, E., 2017. Indirect calorimetry: an indispensable tool to understand and
predict obesity. European journal of clinical nutrition. 71(3). p.318.
Schenk, A., Thuronyi, V. and Cui, W., 2015. Value added tax. Cambridge University Press.
Schneider, A., 2012. State-building and tax regimes in Central America. Cambridge University
Press.
Schneider, F., 2015. Size and development of the shadow economy of 31 European and 5 other
OECD countries from 2003 to 2014: different developments?. Journal of Self-
Governance & Management Economics, 3(4).
Weber, D., 2013. Abuse of Law in European Tax Law: An Overview and Some Recent Trends
in the Direct and Indirect Tax Case Law of the ECJ-part 1. European Taxation. 53(6).
pp.251-264.
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