Internet of Things Applications and Challenges

This assignment delves into the transformative potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) by examining its diverse applications across smart cities, home automation, and other domains. It critically analyzes the key challenges associated with IoT implementation, including security vulnerabilities, privacy concerns, and the complexities of interoperability between devices. Students are encouraged to research current trends and advancements in IoT technology while proposing potential solutions to mitigate its challenges.

Running head: INTERNET OF THINGS
Internet of Things
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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Executive Summary
The report is prepared for analysis of the IoT sensor devices and find its application in smart
home. A brief study is made on different applications and technology that can be used for the
development of the smart home network and connect different appliances and sensors with the
network for reducing the effort of the users and manage all the devices from a central point. A
research is made on the raspberry Pi for installing it in the smart home network as a central
controlling unit and send and receiving values for controlling the different devices used for the
development of the smart home environment. The size of the devices used for the smart home
network varies greatly and different interface can be used for connecting the devices such as
Ethernet, wireless access points, gateways, etc. The IoT devices are required to be connected
with the internet for enabling the remote management of the devices and making the life easy for
the users. The changes in the environment of the home should be detected by the smart sensors
installed in different location of the home for taking input and respond to the changes in the
environment for increasing the flexibility of the network.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................4
1.1. Internet of things.......................................................................................................4
1.2. Application of IoT....................................................................................................5
1.3. Aims and Objectives.................................................................................................6
1.4. Motivation.................................................................................................................7
2. Background......................................................................................................................8
3. Methodology....................................................................................................................9
3.1. System architecture and approach............................................................................9
3.2. Design Model..........................................................................................................11
3.3. Technical Solution..................................................................................................13
3.3.1. Components.....................................................................................................13
3.3.2. Use of raspberry Pi for IoT..............................................................................13
3.3.3. Use of JSON for exchanging data...................................................................15
3.3.4. Use of PubNub for exchange and streaming data............................................15
3.3.5. Use of OpenCV for image processing and computer vision...........................16
3.3.6. Use of Iconic framework for mobile or web application.................................16
3. 4. Distribution of data in Smart home.......................................................................16
4. Use Case and results......................................................................................................17
4.1. Use cases.................................................................................................................17

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4.1.1. LED Controls and monitoring.........................................................................17
4.1.2. Door control and monitoring...........................................................................18
4.1.3. Home surveillance cars....................................................................................20
4.1.4. Room surveillance...........................................................................................21
4.2. Results.....................................................................................................................21
5. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................22
6. Future Works.................................................................................................................22
References..........................................................................................................................24

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1. Introduction
The concept of Internet of things was introduced with the growth of the concept of the
internet along with the process of deployment of the computing as well as the mobiles into the
framework of smart objects. The internet of things can create a network of objects, which bring
into the life style new opportunities with the focus into the sector of interaction, communication
to reach a common goal (Xia et al., 2012). The implementation of the concept of internet can
enhance the quality of life due to the factor that each of the device does not work as an individual
technology but becomes a part of the entire connected system. This can be very much beneficial
for monitoring user’s property and business while they are at a distance from them.
1.1. Internet of things
The internet of things can be considered as one of the improving sectors in the industry
but it is not a new concept. In recent time’s technological advancement are required in every
field in order to match the life style of common people. The concept of the internet of things can
be considered as the use of devices, which are intelligently connected, and system to achieve the
advantage of the data, which is gathered, by the embedded sensors and actuators in the machine
(Wortmann & Flüchter, 2015). This results in unleashing a dimension of the service which is
new that improves the life quality of the customers. Taking into consideration the point of view
of consumers, the internet of things concept have the potential of delivering the solution that can
dramatically improve the sectors of heath, security, energy efficiency, education and other
aspects of daily life (Lee et al., 2013). In the enterprise sector the IoT can affect improvement in
the sector of decision making and the concept of the productivity relating to the delivery of the
product.

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Figure 1: Evolution of IoT
(Source: Stankovic, 2014)
1.2. Application of IoT
There are many application when relating to the internet of things which makes the life
safe, easier and very much smart. Few of the application, which can be related to the internet of
things, are stated below:
 Smart Cities: Many of the cities are supported by the concept of the internet of things. The
smart cities require planning which has to be made very carefully in each phase taking into
account the agreement laid by the government. The sectors which can be improved with the
implementation of the concept of internet of things are infrastructure improvement, public
transport enhancement, traffic congestion reduction, safety of the citizens and healthy and
engaged in the community (Gubbi et al., 2013). The connection of all the above sectors and
the support towards the people by the internet being available in every place the cities would
be becoming smarter by the concept of the internet of things.

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Figure 2: Application of IoT
(Source: Da Xu, He & Li, 2014)
 Smart building and homes: The concept of home automation with the aspect of Wifi
technology has been primarily used because of nature of the deployed electronics where the
electronic devices for example mobile phones, TV’s etc. are supported by the Wi-Fi.
1.3. Aims and Objectives
This paper mainly addresses various kinds of issues which has IOT based devices which
focus on various kinds of approach which is based on Home automation services. Common type
of use case focus on home conditioning, controlling various kinds of home appliance and
controlling of various kinds of home access by making use of various kinds of RFID cards which
is generally considered as an example. The ultimate focus of improve the security of various
kinds of company. IOT helps in providing certain number of door locks, sensors on doors,
cameras and smoke detectors which ultimately improvises and ensures security and safety of
various kinds of homes.

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After the implementation of IOT device a user can easily control a mobile application by
i. A user can easily turn on and off LED lights and monitors which are state of the LED.
ii. A user can easily lock and unlock various kinds of doors by making use of several
monitor and doors which checks that doors are locked or unlocked.
iii. A user can easily monitor about the fact whether a particular door is open or closed by
the help of IR sensors.
iv. A user can easily get notification about that whether a door is left opened for interval of
time.
v. A user can easily get notification about the fact who has entered through the particular
door as the camera present on the door can easily capture the image of face and provide
him call which is transmitted through help of call or email.
vi. A user can easily get notification about the fact the camera can easily capture face and
after that it is transmitted through various kinds of email or other methods.
A user is able to gather information about his home from any location.
1.4. Motivation
In the last few years’ internet is known to be big platform from data can be easily
gathered or acknowledged. Implementation of mobile receiver in everyday item and gadgets
provides a platform between various kinds of people and other people and things. The main
issues encounters security and privacy of various kinds of user. IOT has different types of
definition for collection, exchange and communication of data. IOT helps in decision making
(Bonomi et al., 2012). The smarter version of provides near future application and has made
home very smart. Automation is actually possible by the help of monitoring of different parts of
home and making a control over them.

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Some kinds of application of this can be easily considered like monitoring and setting up
of desired or required temperature of the house before arrival and turning on and off of the lights
of the room, proper setting up of washing machine even when the person is at work and
notification about detection of leakage through camera when the person is at work or at any place
away from home (Miorandi et al., 2012).
As the domain of IOT is considered to be challenging this particular kind of topic is taken
which mainly ensures that it provides security and maintenance of various kinds of houses.
2. Background
The main aim of the internet of things is to create a network consisting of sensors and
embedded object that can be used for storing, analyzing, exchanging and communicating data
using the internet. The IoT sensors devices can be installed in a network for management of the
resources connected in the network and take effective decision based on the data analyzed from
the sensor devices (Zanella et al., 2014). The IoT devices finds its application in smart home
network, mining industry, health care, smart city, finance industry, etc. the report is prepared for
application of IoT devices on smart home for controlling the environment of smart home
according to the desire of the person living in the home (Cui, 2016). For the development of the
project report on smart home the concept is understood. For the automation of the smart homes
the common devices and appliances found in home are combined together and required to be
controlled from a central point using a smart device.
A system is designed for the development of a smart home network and it consists of a
control unit, laptop or smart device connected with the control device for controlling the
different electrical devices via the unit. The control unit acts as the gateway for connecting all

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the devices in the network (Da Xu, He & Li, 2014). Different interface is used for connecting the
different devices in then home network such as wireless, Ethernet or serial connections.
Raspberry pi is used for programming the control unit according to the requirement of the
project. Raspberry pi is chosen for its simplicity and compatibility with different type of network
device installed in the network (Chandrakanth et al., 2014). Real life application can be built
using the data stream network increase the security and reliability of the network. PubNub ca be
used as a data stream network and allowing bidirectional network connection reliable and easy.
There are different cross platform application software that can be developed for running
on different devices and that runs on different platform such as android, windows or iOS. For the
development of the cross platform software HTML, JS, SDK and CSS are used.
3. Methodology
3.1. System architecture and approach
The system architecture is the main component for designing the IoT smart home and
compliance of the devices with the application used for receiving the status and commands. A
server client protocol is used for the network for establishment of a direct link between the IoT
devices and the application used for controlling the appliances installed in the network
(Stankovic, 2014). The main control unit for connecting the different appliance of the home is
the Raspberry pi. There are 40 GPIO pins in the raspberry pi that can be programmed according
to the needs of the home automation network.

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Figure 3: System architecture of smart home project
(Source: Ur et al., 2014)
Different challenges are faced during connecting the different devices installed in the
network together and connecting them over internet such that the devices can be controlled from
remote location using web based applications. An analysis is made on the different services that
can be applied in the smart home network for controlling the network devices and it was found
that the routers should be configured with port forwarding protocol (Barnaghi et al., 2012). With
the implementation of the port forwarding protocol one of the router ports would be exposed
towards the local area network of the home and violated the security of the network. Research
was done on the use of hubs and gateways that can be installed in the central point of the

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network for connecting the devices and allowing the devices to communicate with each other.
There are different models that can be applied in the home automation network for simplification
of the system architecture and easy management of the devices such as: sensors, cameras, servo
motors, etc. that are connected with the raspberry Pi (Atzori et al., 2012). The raspberry Pi is
required to be programmed for collection of data from the sensors and the other appliances and
publish it for forming a string in JSON that can be acquired from the different devices to the
PubNub. The channel name and the publish key is used for publishing the data from the
raspberry pi. PubNub servers are used for sending data using the channels (Vujovic &
Maksimovic, 2015). The web or the mobile application is the main subscriber of the data. The
channel name and the subscription key is used for the verification and enabling the application to
retrieve the messages forwarded from the PubNub servers connected in the network. If there is a
requirement to control any of the home appliances connected in the network a command is
converted into JSON string to the Raspberry Pi (Khan et al., 2012). The channel name and the
subscription keys are embedded in the Raspberry Pi and thus a checking is used after receiving
of the published string for taking specified action. Monitoring and control of the devices
connected in the network is necessary it is done by setting the channel and subscription key for
the web or mobile application used for controlling the appliances.
3.2. Design Model
A design of the IoT smart home is required to be created in a simulator and tested
multiple times for identification of the errors that can be faced home automation. For the
preparation of the design Autocad can be used and the simulation can be done in Cisco Packet
tracer 7.0 and above for testing the functionality of the network. A layout of the floor plan of the
home is required to be created and different appliances and devices that would be included in the

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network are deployed for testing the proper working of the devices connected in the network
(Perera et al., 2014). The creation of a surveillance car is a part of the home automation project
using IoT sensors.
Figure 4: Design model of smart home
(Source: Bingol et al., 2014)
For the creation of the car a Raspberry Pi and Two H Bridges are required, which would
be connected with each other such that the user can control it using the internet (Al-Fuqaha et al.,
2015). The motors are required to be connected with the H Bridges and the H Bridge should be
connected with the Raspberry Pi for enabling the user to control it.

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3.3. Technical Solution
3.3.1. Components
The wide range of components which are used in various kinds of simulation based on
Home automation
i. Two Raspberry Pi Model B: The ultimate controlling and processing unit of this system.
This is mainly based on room model and various kinds of surveillance cars.
ii. Serve motors: It generally behaves or acts like lock in the door.
iii. (Infrared Sensor) IR: It mainly checks the present state of front door whether it is open or
closed.
iv. Web based camera: It generally acts like surveillance camera for streaming of various
kinds of images which is mainly processed or encountered by Raspberry Pi.
v. Smoke detectors: It mainly checks or ensures fire for ensuring safety of the various
houses.
vi. Two H-Bridge: Each type of H bridge provides control over two motors which is used for
controlling the four DC motor.
vii. Wi-Fi based Dongle: It is associated with Raspberry Pi with the help of USB port which
easily provides connection to various kinds of wireless services in spite of Ethernet
cables.
3.3.2. Use of raspberry Pi for IoT
Raspberry Pi is known to be low price and computer of credit card size. It is generally
connected to a computer based monitor which has a television which is based on television
which works by the help of HDMI cable and its port. It has four different types of USB port
which allow various kinds of external device to a peripheral like keyboard, mouse and various

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kinds of sticks which are attached to it (Sheng et al., 2013). Raspberry Pi generally depends on
operating system for various kinds of working. Various kinds of choices which generally run on
raspberry pi are generally available on Linux and windows 10. It also has an Ethernet port which
allow to establish connection to the internet by making use of Ethernet cable of a router.
Figure 5: Image of Raspberry Pi
(Source: Vujovic & Maksimovic, 2015)
Raspberry is generally installed on micro SD card which allows writing of various kinds
of scripts based on python. The OS is generally downloaded into the SD card and after that it is
mounted or provided on memory card reader of Raspberry Pi card reader (Whitmore, Agarwal &
Da Xu, 2015). As any type of system, Raspberry depends on operating system (OS) for running
it. It also provides interaction between user and this OS. It need some kind of software which is
based on Sensors and various kinds of LED which is connected when various kinds of jumper
wires are used.

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3.3.3. Use of JSON for exchanging data
JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation is a type of Data exchange, format of text
which is generally language depended. It makes of programming techniques which are similar to
C-language. It generally comprises of name/ values which is generally released as object which
is known to be fast and easy analyzed and generally used by human or systems (Feki et al.,
2013). It has superiority in terms of data exchange over the internet.
JSON can be easily used in the project as a format which is needed for data exchange by
making use of Ponhub which results between Raspberry Pi and mobile application.
3.3.4. Use of PubNub for exchange and streaming data
PubNub is nothing but a kind of API which provides support to various kinds of data
which is based on Global Data Network stream. It mainly provides customer to easily manage
various kinds of real time based application (Roman Zhou & Lopez, 2013). The communication
is generally established by providing a communication design over a channel by making use of
pubnub based servers.
Real- time application is generally based on various kinds of characteristic of IOT which
is mainly considered and gathered by making use of IOT application. In spite of spending time,
effort and fortune is generally established for extensive structure of data, various kinds of
solution and approach which is taken to be important setting up of ports on private network and
makes use of service which are based on Weaved (Jin et al., 2014).
The JavaScript PubNub API is generally based in development of various kinds of Web
and mobile application. A real type of bi-directional type of communication which is generally
based or depended on communication which is established successfully (Mulani & Pingle, 2016).

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It provides information at both ends by making use of same kind of channel by making use of
Pubnub.
3.3.5. Use of OpenCV for image processing and computer vision
Open Source Computer Vision is applied for the creation of the motion sensor algorithm.
It acts as an open source library used for computer vision and machine learning developed for
application in computer vision at a real time and development of the machine infrastructure
(Ramos, Walter & Rivera, 2016). The utilization of the python OpenCV library helps in
implementation of the simple algorithm such that the Raspberry Pi can be used for processing the
images that are taken using the web camera installed in different location of the home
(Jacobsson, Boldt & Carlsson, 2016). The major changes in the room can be detected using the
camera footage and monitor the activity of the person entering the room.
3.3.6. Use of Iconic framework for mobile or web application
The iconic framework is an open source SDK that can be optimized with Angular Java
script and built with SASS. It is used for accessing the library that consists of the JS tools, CSS,
HTML and other components that can be used for the development of cross platform and
interactive application for the management of the whole home network (Mennicken, Vermeulen
& Huang, 2014). The application is made browser based such that it can be used in different
devices for controlling and monitoring the home model.
3. 4. Distribution of data in Smart home
A centralized system is required for transmission of data using channels and interconnect
the different sensors installed in different location of the home. Here the raspberry Pi acts as the
controller and is installed in the central of the smart home network. A single channel is created
for communication and distribution of the data using bidirectional connection (Kumar, 2014).

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Different multimedia devices can be used for controlling the gadgets and the devices connected
in the network and thus a cross platform application is developed that would run on different
devices and able to gather data from different devices for performing logical operations (Ur et
al., 2014). The Raspberry Pi acts as a microcontroller and OpenCV is used for creation of
algorithm and configuring the sensors to work according to the requirement of the user of the
smart home.
4. Use Case and results
The mobile application and the Raspberry Pi communicate with each other by sending
and receiving data packets in the network using the same channel of the PubNub (Bingol et al.,
2014). The bi directional connection is checked by using multiple use cases and analyzing the
result outcome.
4.1. Use cases
4.1.1. LED Controls and monitoring
For the lighting of the smart home LEDs are used and it is connected with the main
control unit of Raspberry Pi using the GP pins of the board. The mobile application is designed
to include a separate tab for lighting and a virtual button is embedded for on and off. On opening
the application the current status of the light is loaded and reflected in the application (Strengers,
2016). If the button displays off that means the lights in the room are at running state and on
tapping the button to a JSON string is sent using the value 0 for turning off the LED lights and it
is published using the publish key of the PubNub server configured for controlling the
transmission of data in the network (Adriansyah & Dani, 2014). The JSON string sent via the
channel is forwarded to the subscriber and the Raspberry pi controller board check the value for

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each of the attributes and controls the LED accordingly. The channel is also used for checking
the subscription status of the mobile or web application and checking the latest status of the
lights which is published using the PubNub channel (Khan et al., 2017). The action is reflected
on the application displaying the default value of the button either in On or Off state.
4.1.2. Door control and monitoring
The raspberry Pi is connected with a 180 degree servo motor that can control the door
operation and send it in locked or unlocked state. The servo motor is connected with the GPIO
pin and in the web or mobile application a door tab is created and a button is used to toggle the
operation of locking and unlocking the door when tapped or clicked (Yoshigoe et al., 2015). On
opening the application the current status of the servo lock is loaded and reflected in the
application. If the button displays locked it means the servo motors is required to be moved to 0
degree for opening or unlocking the door. If the unlock option is selected for the door then a
JSON string is sent to the channel with a value 0 for locking the door (Isa, & Sklavos, 2017). The
channel is used for publishing to the server using the PubNub and the string received using the
JSON is forwarded to the raspberry pi for checking the JSON value and send the door in the
locked or open state. The angles of the servo motor is set according to the state of the door and
perform desirable operation for locking or unlocking the door.

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Figure 6: Controlling the door from the wen application
(Source: David et al., 2015)
The web or the mobile application used as an interface for controlling the door should
also be a subscriber of the same channel used for setting the values of the door. The messages
can be received from the raspberry pi and using the other IoT sensors such as the infrared sensor,
motion detector installed on the door (Mandula et al., 2015). The infrared beams are used for
sensing the state of the door such as if the infrared beam does not cut the door it is reflected back
and the value 0 is returned to the raspberry Pi using a JSON string. The same channel is used for
communication between the PubNub and the Raspberry Pi. The string is also forwarded to the
mobile application displaying an appropriate message and such as “notification alert: Door
Closed” (Sheng, et al., 2015). On opening of the door the similar step is performed and 1 value is
returned from the PubNub server and an updated status message is sent to the application such

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as: Notification alert; Door Opened”. The time is calculated for finding the tenure of door opened
and a benchmark can be sent after which an alert message can be sent to the user via message
showing the time for which the door is kept opened.
4.1.3. Home surveillance cars
The last piece of the home automation model is the application of the home surveillance
car created using a Raspberry Pi and connected with the main control unit of the home
automation network. The same channel is used as a subscriber and publisher of the Raspberry pi
installed in the in the smart home for controlling the other appliance installed in the home
network (David et al., 2015). This helps in synchronizing the whole system with sending and
receiving the same messages used for controlling the whole automation system designed for the
smart home. The surveillance car is installed with a camera sensor for streaming live videos in
any online channel that that any emergency condition can be handled easily (Chahuara et al.,
2016). An online portal can be created where the videos can be stored and the user can use it for
monitoring the home. The versatile application has a tab that contains four control catches that
propel the auto, in reverse, left and appropriate, alongside the live video stream through
YouTube, with the goal that the client can perceive what he/she is controlling, and where to
coordinate the auto (Moser, Harder, & Koo, 2014). The auto control is done through sending
JSON strings over PubNub. In the event that the "Backward" key is tapped and hung on the
versatile application, a JSON string message, {'car': backward}, is directed to the Raspberry Pi
using the PubNub. As needs be, the auto begins and continues to go in the backward direction
unless the backward key is discharged, which sends another JSON string from the versatile
application to the Raspberry Pi using PubNub, 'auto': stop}, ceasing the auto and influencing it to
prepared to get another course summon an indistinguishable path from forward order.

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The home surveillance cars can be utilized whenever to keep an eye of the client inside
the house. In the event that a security break is distinguished through the IR sensor on the
entryway or the fire indicator for instance, the observation auto can be a moving eye checking
the house (Han et al., 2014). It can check enthusiastic what is happening precisely, with the goal
that the client can take choices likewise and e ectively.ff
4.1.4. Room surveillance
Web cameras are installed in the room and it is connected to the raspberry pi using
wireless connection and it is controlled using the motion detector algorithm written in OpenCV
for detecting that the room is empty or not (Gunge & Yalagi, 2016). The changes in the
environment of the room are detected by comparing with the images of default room
environment backgrounds. For increasing the security an algorithm can be created for
automatically locking the doors if a major difference is noted between the default image and the
current image of the room (Fernandes et al., 2014). On locking the door the string value of JSON
is set as 1 and published to the Raspberry Pi using the PubNub channel. The string is then
forwarded to the web or mobile application displaying an appropriate message and alerting the
owner of the house.
4.2. Results
The network is designed in cisco packet tracer 7.0 and it has been found that there are
occasional lag in the devices when the devices are in the sleep mode and high pings in the
network. But the lag caused does not affected the performance of the network and other devices
respond to the user quickly. For the remote management of the home appliances a strong
network connection is necessary and lag in the performance in the internet can affect the
performance of the smart home network. The results that was expected from the smart home

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network solution was met and there are different scope for improvement in the future for
increasing the security of the network.
5. Conclusion
From the above report it can be concluded that IoT is the main component for home
automation and it is applied for providing easy living for different peoples. In the above report
the different approaches that can be applied for the development of smart home based on IoT is
discussed. The different models that are used for the development of the smart home framework
is analyzed and security perspective that are used for the adoption of the new technology is also
analyzed for the development of the smart home framework. The main control unit of the
network is Raspberry Pi and the different sensors are connected with it for enabling the users to
control the devices. For the establishment of a bi directional connect the PubNub server is
deployed in the network for establishment of connection between two Raspberry Pi and the
mobile or web application. JSON is used for conversion of the commands into strings and
control the sensors and the devices connected with the Raspberry Pi. The OpenCV is was used
for configuring the sensors like motion detector using simple algorithm for application in
different fields such as detection of the members in the room, controlling the light condition if
the room is empty, etc. Using the simulation appropriate results are obtained and can be applied
in real life for development of a smart home.
6. Future Works
The IoT finds its application in different fields and recently the IoT based sensors are
used for change management and reducing the effort the people. The security and the safety of
the network is the main aspect and more effort is required to be applied for securing the network

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from unauthorized users. The algorithm used for controlling the various devices connected in the
network should be improved and more smart algorithm should be used for combining the output
from different devices and use it for controlling other devices connected in the smart home
network. The surveillance car should be configured with a motion detection and depth sensor
algorithm for avoiding the obstacles and move on the home for continuing surveillance.
Currently some of the devices can be controlled from remote location and the same
approach should be applied for controlling all the appliances from distant location and save effort
and time of the users. Temperature and humidity controlling is available and it can be combined
with the air conditioning system for enabling automatic climate control environment in the home.
Moreover the security of the home can be increased by configuring the doors with face
recognition and programming the surveillance car to stream live video over the internet on any
security breach.

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