Introduction to Anatomy for Sport and Exercise

This document provides an introduction to the anatomy of the muscular system in movement of knee joints and the functional anatomy of knee joints. It discusses the role of the muscular system in movement, the characteristics of the muscular system, and the main roles of the muscular system in the body. It also explores the functional anatomy of knee joints, including the bones, tendons, ligaments, and menisci involved. This document is relevant for students studying Anatomy for Sport and Exercise.

Introduction to Anatomy for
Sport and Exercise

Contents
Functioning of Muscular System in Movement of Knee Joints......................................................1
Role of muscular system in movement........................................................................................1
Functional anatomy of knee joints...............................................................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

Functioning of Muscular System in Movement of Knee Joints
Role of muscular system in movement
Muscular system refers to an organ system that consists of smooth, skeletal and cardiac
muscles. It allows movement of the body, circulates blood and maintains posture throughout the
body. In addition, the muscular system refers to the set of tissues within body with the capability
to change shape. It is composed of the specialised cells that are called muscle fibres. Muscles,
attached to internal organs or bones and blood vessels, are dependable for movement. Practically,
all movement inside the body is the output of muscle contraction. The integrated action of bones,
joints, and skeletal muscles makes obvious movements such as running and walking. Therefore
muscular system in the body plays an important role for an individual who are interested in
sports and daily basis exercise (Asano and et. al., 2016).
There are different characteristics of Muscular system which helps human to movement
their body easily. These characteristics are muscles are attaches to bones by tendons, three types
of muscles are cardiac, smooth and skeletal, four functions of muscle contraction are posture,
joint stability, movement and heat production, muscle features such as shape, size, direction of
fibbers, number of origin, origin and insertion location and action are frequently used in naming
muscles etc. These are effective characteristics of Muscular system which will be beneficial for
those who have interested in sports and exercise. Along with this, one of the most main
characteristics of muscular system is its contractility as well as nearly all movement inside the
body is the better output of muscle contraction. Every muscle fiber is delimited by endomysium.
The fibbers are gathered into bunches covered by perimysium. A lot of bunches, or fasciculi, are
wrapped jointly by the epimysium to shape a whole muscle (Asano, Okada and Inaba, 2017).
One of the main roles of Muscular system is to permit movement. The Muscular system
can be divided into three forms of muscles which are cardiac, skeletal and smooth. The muscles
inside the body help to maintain posture, support movement and circulates flow of blood and
many other substances throughout the body. There are different roles or functions of Muscular
system in human body, especially spotters. These ate mobility, stability posture, circulation,
respiration, digestion, urination, childbirth, vision, organ protection and temperature regulation.
All these are main roles that were played by Muscular system in body. These roles will support a
person in walking, running, excising and many other activities. The muscular system’s main role
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is to allow movement when muscles contract. They resulted to gross as well as fine movement.
This will help an individual in smaller as well as larger movement such as writing, speaking and
facial expression, and walking, running and swimming. Muscle tendons make longer over joints
as well as contribute to joint stability.
Muscular system assists to keep the body in the right position when an individual is
standing or sitting. The heart refers to the muscles that drive blood throughout the body.
Breathing involves the make use of the diaphragm muscle. The muscular system permits for
movement inside the body, for instance, during digestion or urination. The urinary systems
include both skeletal and smooth muscles such as kidneys, bladder, prostate, urethra etc. Six
skeletal muscles or muscular system around the eye manage its movements. These muscles work
precisely and quickly, and allow the eye to scan the surrounding area, maintain a stable image,
and track moving objects. Muscles in the torso keep the internal organs at the sides, back and
front of the body. At last temperature regulation is a role of Muscular system that helps in
maintaining of normal body temperature. Almost 85% of the heat an individual develops in their
body comes as of contracting muscles (Main functions of Muscular system, 2018). Therefore, all
these are main roles that will be support those people who are interested in playing sports and in
exercising.
Functional anatomy of knee joints
Knee is considered as one of the largest and complex joints in the body. The main function
of knee is to join the thigh bone with shin bone. Thigh bone is known as femur and shin bone as
tibia. The smaller bone that runs alongside of the tibia and kneecap are considered as the other
bones that responsible for building the knee joint. Tibia is further known as fibula and the
kneecap as patella.
A tendon is the responsible for the connection of leg muscles with knee bones that work in
the direction of moving the knee joint. On the other hand, ligaments have the related to the
joining of knee bones and proving stability to the knee (Ateş, Temelli and Yucesoy, 2016).
. The role and function of this further provided below:
 The front cruciate ligament keeps the femur from sliding in reverse on the tibia (or the
tibia sliding forward on the femur).
 The back cruciate ligament keeps the femur from sliding forward on the tibia (or the tibia
from sliding in reverse on the femur).
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 The medial and lateral insurance ligaments keep the femur from sliding side to side.
Two C-moulded bits of ligament called the medial and lateral menisci that work regarding
shock absorbers between the femur and tibia. Whereas, various bursae, or liquid filled sacs, help
the knee to move easily.
The knee joint is a synovial joint that interfaces three bones; the femur, tibia and patella. It is
an unpredictable pivot joint made out of two explanations; the tibiofemoral joint and
patellofemoral joint. The tibiofemoral joint is an enunciation between the tibia and the femur,
while the patellofemoral joint is an explanation between the patella and the femur.
The arrangements of the bone are done in the manner that joint provides a fulcrum that works in
the direction of translating the actions of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee. The plan of the
extracapsular and intracapsular and ligaments, just as expansions of muscles that cross the joint,
give the genuinely necessary strength that counters the significant biomechanical stress brought
upon the joint. As a hinged joint, the knee joint mostly permits the movement along the one axis
as flexion and extension of the knee in the sagittal plane. This also permits the slight medial
rotation at the time of flexion and the last stage of extension of the knee along with lateral
rotation when unlocking the knee (Chen, Zeng and Yin, 2016).
Articular Surfaces
The tibiofemoral joint: It is an explanation between the lateral and medial condyles of
the distal finish of the femur and the tibial levels, the two of which are secured by a thick layer of
hyaline ligament. The parallel and average condyles are two hard projections situated at the
distal finish of the femur, which have a smooth arched surface, and are isolated posteriorly by a
profound score known as the intercondylar fossa. The average condyle is bigger, thinner and
further anticipated than its parallel partner, which represents the point between the femur and the
tibia.
The patellofemoral joint: It is a seat joint framed by the enunciation of the patellar
surface of femur (otherwise called the trochlear furrow of femur) and the back surface of patella.
The patellar surface of femur is a score on the foremost side of the distal femur, which broadens
posteriorly into the intercondylar fossa (Grahn and et. al., 2017).
Joint capsule
The joint capsule of the knee joint is one of a composite sort, chiefly shaped by muscle
ligaments and their developments, framing a thick ligamentous sheath around the joint. The
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container is generally feeble and joined to the edges of the femoral and tibial articular surfaces.
The foremost part of the case includes an opening, whose edges connect to the fringes of the
patella. A subsequent hole is additionally present in the lateroposterior segment of the container
to offer section to the ligament of the popliteus muscle (Rhyu, Han and Rhi 2018).
Ligaments and menisci
The ligaments of the knee joint can be partitioned into two gatherings; extracapsular
ligaments and intracapsular ligaments. These ligaments associate the femur and tibia, holding
them set up, giving solidness, and forestalling separation (Ko and et. al, 2016).
Extracapsular ligaments are found outside the joint case and incorporate the patellar
ligament, lateral and medial guarantee ligaments, and sideways and arcuate popliteal ligaments.
Intracapsular ligaments are found inside the joint case, with the cruciate ligaments being the
most notable of this subgroup.
Patellar Ligament: It is a strong, thick fibrous band which is a distal continuation of the
quadriceps femoris tendon.
Lateral collateral ligament: is a solid ligament that begins from the parallel epicondyle
of the femur, only back to the proximal connection of the popliteus, and stretches out distally to
append on the sidelong surface of the fibular head (Skals and et. al, 2017).
Medial collateral ligament: It is the solid, level ligament of the medial part of the knee
joint.
Oblique popliteal ligament: It is an extension of the semimembranosus ligament which
starts back to the average tibial condyle and reflects superiorly and along the side to append on
the sidelong condyle of the femur (Li and et. al., 2016).
Arcuate popliteal ligament: It is a thick, sinewy band that emerges on the back part of
the fibular head and curves superiorly and medially to append on the back side of the joint
container of the knee.
Cruciate ligament: This got their name because of the way that they cross each other at
a slant inside the joint in a manner that looks like a cross or a letter X
Menisci: The menisci are fibrocartilaginous bow moulded plates found between the
articular surfaces of the femur and tibia and serve to give their compatibility and stun ingestion.
Other ligaments: This includes the other notable ligaments like ligamentum mucosum,
popliteofibular and fabellofibular ligament (Okui, and et. al, 2017).
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
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sensors for musculoskeletal humanoid Kengoro. In 2016 IEEE/RSJ International
Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (pp. 2419-2424). IEEE.
Asano, Y., Okada, K. and Inaba, M., 2017. Design principles of a human mimetic humanoid:
Humanoid platform to study human intelligence and internal body system. Science
Robotics. 2(13). p.eaaq0899.
Ateş, F., Temelli, Y. and Yucesoy, C.A., 2016. The mechanics of activated semitendinosus are
not representative of the pathological knee joint condition of children with cerebral
palsy. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 28. pp.130-136.
Chen, X., Zeng, Y. and Yin, Y., 2016. Improving the transparency of an exoskeleton knee joint
based on the understanding of motor intent using energy kernel method of
EMG. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 25(6).
pp.577-588.
Grahn, P.J. and et. al., 2017, April. Enabling task-specific volitional motor functions via spinal
cord neuromodulation in a human with paraplegia. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol.
92, No. 4, pp. 544-554). Elsevier.
Ko, C. Y., Ko, J., Kim, H. J. and Lim, D., 2016. New wearable exoskeleton for gait rehabilitation
assistance integrated with mobility system. International Journal of Precision
Engineering and Manufacturing. 17(7). pp.957-964.
Li, L., Ji, Z.Q., Li, Y. X. and Liu, W. T., 2016. Correlation study of knee joint proprioception
test results using common test methods. Journal of physical therapy science. 28(2).
pp.478-482.
Okui, M., Iikawa, S., Yamada, Y. and Nakamura, T., 2017, September. Variable viscoelastic
joint system and its application to exoskeleton. In 2017 IEEE/RSJ International
Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (pp. 3897-3902). IEEE.
Rhyu, H. S., Han, H. G. and Rhi, S. Y., 2018. The effects of instrument-assisted soft tissue
mobilization on active range of motion, functional fitness, flexibility, and isokinetic
strength in high school basketball players. Technology and Health Care. 26(5).
pp.833-842.
Skals, S., Jung, M. K., Damsgaard, M. and Andersen, M. S., 2017. Prediction of ground reaction
forces and moments during sports-related movements. Multibody system
dynamics. 39(3). pp.175-195.
Online
Main functions of Muscular system, 2018. [Online] Available
through:<https://www.nmortho.com/what-are-the-main-functions-of-the-muscular-system/>
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