Investing in the future and developing an exit plan for business
Verified
Added on 2022/12/26
|21
|5816
|162
AI Summary
VERY IMPORTANT
Please follow carefully all the specifications mentioned in the assignment brief and in the unit handbook and make sure all the Pass criteria are covered in order to achieve all the LOs. Use the layout provided
Contribute Materials
Your contribution can guide someone’s learning journey. Share your
documents today.
Investing in the future and developing an exit plan
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................3 TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3 AnalyseKeyconsiderationsforevaluatinggrowthopportunitiesandjustifythese considerations within The Canvas Cafe......................................................................................3 Evaluate the opportunities for growth applying Ansoff's growth Vector Matrix.......................5 TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7 Assess the Potential sources of Funding available to business and discuss benefits and drawbacks of each source............................................................................................................7 TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10 Design a business plan for growth that includes financial information and strategic objectives for scaling up a business...........................................................................................................10 TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12 Assess exit or succession options for a small business explaining the benefits and drawbacks of each.......................................................................................................................................12 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
Introduction SMEs refers to Small and Medium sized Enterprise, it is a business in which employee are fewer than a limit (Rauch, Dallasega and Unterhofer, 2019). In UK 99% of businesses are small and medium sized business. There are three types of SME Business they are Micro SME, Small SME, Medium sized SME. The Micro business perform functioning of activities with less than 10 employees and have less than turnover of€2 million. Small businesses re working with less than 50 employees and have turnover less than €10 million. The Medium size business have less than 250 employees and their turnover must be less than €50 million.These are the strength of employees to qualify SME.The growth of SME is important as it creates a lot of employment opportunities for people. Planning helps the business to identify their goals. The Chosen organisation for this project is The Canvas Cafe which is situated in London, UK. It is a Vegan Cafe and an event space which supports the positive social change through innovative projects in area. The Cafe is a mobilisation Hub that opens a gate for people to show their creativity and passion in projects. The Canvas Cafe host 60 community events such as yoga session, mental health drop session and environmental workshops. This project consists growth opportunities, sources for funding available in business, a plan for business growth, exit and succession plan for small business. TASK 1 Analyse Key considerations for evaluating growth opportunities and justify these considerations within The Canvas Cafe. For analysing the growth opportunities there are several factors such as resources, capabilities, core competencies, innovating capabilities for new product of Organisation. The resources, capabilities and core competencies of The Canvas Cafe is that they offer 100% Vegan food which makes them competitive in the market. They serve the foods without harming animals. In UK there are few cafe which serves 100% Vegan foods to the customers. The Canvas Cafe have a capability to compete with its competitors as they perform the activities of Charity in which they provide foods to homeless people which makes them unique from other Cafe and with the help of this they can gain the competitive advantage in Market. They consumes wastage of food and make effectively use for the peoples who need the food. For promoting their business they can go through with advertisement in which they can create an awareness among
the customers to reduce wastage of food and help to distribute food to people who have no food to eat. With the help of this advertisement through social media or ads in television they can gain the loyalty of customers and attract more customers towards the Shop. To assess the resources, capabilitiesandCorecompetenciesVRIOmodelissuitablemodeltoevaluategrowth opportunities. VRIO Analysis VRIO Model is generally conducted to analyse internal environment of organisation. The analysis consist resources and capabilities of firm to lookout whether they can compete with their resources or not for sustaining competitive advantage (Spina and Spina, 2020). VRIO refers to valuable, rare, inimitable and organisable. It is a resource based view model that ascertains Cafe's Internal characteristics and its performance. Illustration1:VRIO Analysis §§ (Source:VRIO Analysis, 2021) For analysing the growth opportunities The Canvas Cafe must conduct VRIO analysis- Valuable- The most valuable resources for The Canvas Cafe is their employees as they are the one who leads business without them they cannot run their business smoothly. The employees are key element of any organisation. The Canvas Cafe ensures that their employee must feel happy with the services offered by the Cafe. It is the responsibility of cafe owner to fulfil the requirements and needs of their workers as they are more valuable for the business. Rare-
Paraphrase This Document
Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
The Rare about The Canvas Cafe is that it doesn't harm animals to serve food for Human beings. The Cafe not only offers food they also offer kindness and compassion to the people who are in genuine need and also provide Home cooked meal for people who are homeless. The Cafe offers 100% vegan foods to Customers. Imitable- The Canvas Cafe food recipe are Imitable which cannot be pursue by other Cafe. The Cafe's valuable, rare and costly to imitate resources can achieve competitive edge in market. The Canvas Cafe have to make their recipes imitable which cannot be copied by their competitors. Organisable- It is important to organise the resources to gain competitive advantages. The Cafe must manage its process, policies, structure and culture to realise its potential for imitating resources and capabilities. PESTLE Analysis Pestle analysis is conducted to analyse the environmental factors which can affect the performance of Cafe (Griffiths, Fenton and Fletcher, 2019). Political Factor- ThegovernmentcreateanimpactonregulatoryframeworksofCafe,itincludes cleanliness of kitchen, storing standards, transporting produce and requirement of labours in Cafe. They also ensure that customers didn't get poor quality nutrition. Economical Factor- Nowadays, people spend their money on luxuries as a result revenue of the Cafe get high due to customers cook less and eat from outside. Social Factor- The Social factor can affect the Cafe negatively or positively as people are more health conscious. They consider organic food instead of any junk food this might affect the menu of Cafe as both type of customers get cater whether spicy or organic food. So, The Canvas Cafe can increase their customer base by providing both type of food. Technological Factor- The new Technologies can create an impact on cafe, they have to take care of their accounts and operation by using manual register. People are going towards online food delivery
platform so The Canvas Cafe have to tie up with Online food delivery platform so that they can target large customer base. Environmental Factor- The Cafe's External and internal environment must be clean on regular basis and place should be hassle free so that customer get attracted towards the cafe and can reach easily. The Canvas Cafe must use recycled material and follow the food waste management policy. Environmental factor could impacts the expansion and customer base of Cafe. Legal Factor- The Canvas Cafe have to follow the laws and they have to work under it the laws are consumer protection laws, employment law, health and safety laws and patent laws. The cafe should know what is legal and what is not legal while conducting business. Evaluation: VRIO Analysis is used to identify Resources, competencies and core competence of The Canvas Cafe. Through this analysis it is identified that The Cafe has rare resources which makes it different from its competitors. They offer Vegan product without harming animals. The Cafe also serve foods to people who are Homeless. The Pestle analysis is used to identify the impacts of External environment on The Canvas Cafe. From the analysis it is been concluded that they have to focus on attracting customer so that the Cafe growth can increased. There are various environmental issues which can create an impact on Outlet they have to work and maintain the place so that customer feel safe and Healthy. The Political Factor can also influence The Canvas Cafe as there are many protocols which they must follow for running their business successfully. So, these analysis helps to find out the Competitive advantage and techniques to increase growth. Evaluate the opportunities for growth applying Ansoff's growth Vector Matrix. Ansoff Growth Vector Matrix Ansoff's matrix is used for strategic planning where the company can apply this model to look out the growth opportunities for Firm by developing new products or services (Van Hijfte, 2020). This Model is used to analyse and plan strategies for increasing profit and productivity of The Canvas Cafe. Ansoff Growth Vector Matrix is also refers as product or market expansion matrix. The matrix shows four strategies that helps The Canvas Cafe to increase their growth and customer base so that they can compete with their competitors.
Illustration2:Ansoff Matrix (Source:Ansoff Matrix, 2021) The four strategies of Ansoff matrix are analysed below- Market Penetration- Market penetration Strategy means when The Canvas Cafe sell their existing product to existing market. For increasing the customer base Cafe have to cut the prices, invest in marketing, improve their distribution network and enhance their production capacity so that more customers get attracted towards their product. With the help of this strategy the Cafe could increase their market shares. The Canvas Cafe must know their food quality and their power to compete which helps them to get current and potential strategic positioning in Market (Galavotti, 2019). The advantage which can be gained by The Canvas Cafe if they choose Market penetration for increasing their growth is that it brings increase in sales by improving customer base. There is also a disadvantage of Market penetration, The Canvas Cafe can face the initial loss and difficulty also arises in case of price penetration. Product Development- Product Development means developing a new product and selling it in existing market. In this strategy The Canvas Cafe can develop new products it could be any food ingredient which could attract more customers and must be unique. The Cafe can also make some changes in existing food product which helps to provide better value to customers. For producing a new product the cafe have to research on needs and requirements of customers. They can also form a
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
partnership with other Cafe to gain access in each others brand. The pros and cons of using product development strategy is that they can create new product which helps in gaining more revenues. The disadvantage which The Canvas Cafe can face is failure of product. Sometimes the product may not give expected result and anticipate heavy loss due to poor performance of product. Market development- In this strategy The Canvas Cafe can enter new market with existing product. They can target to different customer segment and expand their outlet in other local area. Market Development Strategy helps to reach new customer base by locating their business in other local area. This Strategy is Successful when they offers a food which is unique and innovative that attracts customer to buy it. When the Canvas Cafe use this Strategy they can earn huge profit and their growth can also be increased. Thus, this strategy helps The Cafe to improve its position in the market. The advantage of Market development strategy is that the Cafe can gain new customers which helps in increasing growth of Business. The Canvas Cafe can face a risk in market development they need a huge investment for expanding their business if new location doesn't pay off, the capital get wasted. Diversification- Through this strategy, The Canvas Cafe can enter into new market with new product. For implementing this strategy the Cafe have to take risk which helps them to gain profit. The Diversification are of two types related and unrelated diversification. With the help of this strategy The Canvas Cafe can enhance their profitability and productivity by tapping into new location. Advantage of Diversification strategy is to get an opportunity for more return and it also helps to minimise the risk of loss which can ascertained in other outlet. The disadvantage or risk of using diversification strategy is that it reduces the quality of food when the Cafe diversify their location with new product. The Canvas Cafe must use Market Development strategy for increasing their growth, it will be suitable for them to increase customer base and locate their business in new area. By using this strategy the cafe can earn huge profit and improve their competitive position in the market. With the help of market development strategy the Cafe can grow their business and could reach to new customers in effective manner. If The Canvas Cafe implement the market
development strategy in successful manner they can gain the competitive advantage and their profit margin also increased. TASK 2 Assess the Potential sources of Funding available to business and discuss benefits and drawbacks of each source. Sources of Funding Each and Every Business requires fund to run smooth functioning of activities for achieving profit. Organisation needs sources of funding to enhance their growth. Generally fund is taken to invest in the new project, it could be for short term or long term purpose (Feyzullaev et. al., 2021). The various ways through which The Canvas Cafe can raise the funds are- Retained Earning- Retained Earning is one of the method for raising the fund. Through this method The Canvas Cafe can maximise their profit by selling their product higher then its actual cost. It is the part of profits which is not distributed among shareholders as dividend. This profit is re-invested as Retained Earning and paid as Dividend. These funds can be used to grow the business and invest in producing new product. Retained earning is mentioned under balance sheet at the end of each accounting period under shareholders equity section. Benefits of Retained Profit Stability in Finance- Retained Earning helps to strengthen the Financial position of The Canvas Cafe and give them Financial stability. It is easily available Cafe doesn't need the help of owners and shareholders in case of any urgency. Enhance share value- Retained Earning helps to increase the share value of The Canvas Cafe. When the Cafe use retained earning for meeting their financial requirement the cost of capital gets cheaper than other sources of funding which helps in increasing value of share. The shareholders can grab this opportunity to achieve higher return on investment rather than earning profit (Amira, Muzere and Tsafack, 2021). Drawbacks of Retained Earning Over capitalisation-
If Cafe will use retained earning more and more it will lead to over capitalisation. The Canvas Cafe will have insufficient source of finance for increasing their growth. Low dividend- Retained earning doesn't allow owner to enjoy the benefit of actual earning. It also reduces the current rate of dividend which creates dissatisfaction and affect the market value of shares. Bank Loans- Mostly this source of funds are used by the Small and medium sized Businesses. The Canvas Cafe can borrow money for certain period of time and repay the amount in an agreed schedule. The benefits and drawbacks of bank loans are as follows- Benefits The benefits of bank loans are as follows- Low Interest Rates- Banks offer low interest rates which is lower than other alternative financing options such as venture funding, credit cards, etc. Unrestricted Fund- Bank loans are unrestricted the Cafe can use the borrowed amount for whatever they required as compare to venture capital and angel investments. Drawbacks- The Drawbacks of Bank loans are as outlined below- Long Process- If The Canvas Cafe apply for bank loan they need to provide paperwork and have to visit again and again to meet with loan officer for getting approval of loan. Tough to Qualify- It is very difficult to obtain bank loan, The Canvas Cafe must have a substantial record or any collateral such as equipments or Real estate. Crowdfunding- Crowdfunding is a modern method to raise fund for running small ventures. With the help of Crowdfunding the small amount of money is collected from large sources (Chakraborty and Swinney, 2021). Through Social media or web based programs The Canvas Cafe can raise funds from various people.
Paraphrase This Document
Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
Benefits of Crowdfunding Crowdfunding is one of the successful method of raising funds by owner. The benefits of crowdfunding are as follows- Easy way to raise funds- Crowdfunding is easy way to raise funds, the owner have to search for investors who is interested in Cafe. The Canvas Cafe have to contact to potential funders through various locations. Crowdfunding is efficient and effective approach, owner have to use videos and reward system to raise Fund on social media platform. Opportunity to refine new idea- When The Canvas Cafe begins crowdfunding campaign they have to make sure that investors must interfere in their business plan. This helps to improve the new idea and enable Cafe to think whether new product will satisfy the needs of customer or not. Drawbacks of Crowdfunding There are several drawbacks of crowdfunding they are as follows- Fees- The Crowdfunding platforms charges a fees for raising funds, the amount is minimum but it reduces some percentage of amount which is getting through investors. Takes lot of time- For raising fund through crowdfunding the Cafe need lots of time, money and efforts than only the campaign will get successful. The Canvas Cafe needs to create videos which must be convinced to investors and make persuasive content for selling their new product. The most suitable method which The Canvas Cafe must use for raising funds is Bank Loan as it is secured method at low interest rate. The cafe also have an evidence of raising fund which they can use any time without any interference of Bank. Through bank Loan cafe can use the money for expanding their business. They can take the loan and return the money at the given time. It is one of the easiest method to collect money for business purpose. It is most suitable because it is easiest and safe method for raising fund. The amount which will be provided by bank in terms of loan will be at low interest. As comparison to crowdfunding and retained earning, Bank loan is most appropriate method which can help the business to take money safely under certain terms and condition.
TASK 3 Design a business plan for growth that includes financial information and strategic objectives for scaling up a business. Executive Summary Growth is a key factor for businesses to lead and expand to new levels and earn best through resources available to them in accordance to their business objectives (Masciocchi, 2019). In regards to a small business organisation a company needs to make growth plans for attaining success and recognition in market. Hence, the business plan is for The Canvas Cafe where the hospitality brand is planning to open another brand in London in a new market with their same offerings. In the sections below varied areas are determined and examined for the growth plan of opening another branch. Company Description The canvas Cafe is located in London, UK. The Cafe serves 100% vegetarian food, it is also an event space in which innovative projects are conducted. The Canvas Cafe is Hub in which people can come and show their creativity and talent. It also host 60 community events such as mental health drop session, yoga session and environmental workshops.A place filled with happiness and blissful food and love. The cafe offers best recipes of food with vegan ingredients. A key purpose is to unite people with food and flavours they have never recognised with the authenticity of British Culture. The objective of Cafe is to develop a new branch in London and increase customer size by 5% an upcoming year. They are also looking forward to increase their sales by 10% in the next 6 months of the launch of cafe. SWOT Analysis StrengthsWeaknesses Vegan offerings Unique recipes Lack of marketing Lack of funds OpportunitiesThreats Expansion in new local areas Innovative vegan recipes Increasing competition COVID-19 Pandemic Product and Service Description
The products or services offered by The Canvas Cafe are Vegetarian products. They offer food such as tofish, chips, americano black, arancini and many other recipe which attract customers. The employees of the Cafe are humble and polite their services are also excellent. Marketing analysis The Market position of Canvas Cafe is differentiation they offer the products different from its competitors. Most of the Cafe serves vegetarian and non vegetarian food but The Canvas Cafe offers 100% vegan food to customers. Strategy and Implementation According to the strategy discussed in task 1 is Market development strategy that is effective in Business expansion. The strategy of Market development is designed to accomplish the long termaim of The Canvas Cafe. With the help of this Strategy they can enhance their customer Base by targeting new people in new market. By Marketing development strategy the growthof Cafe getincreasedby introducingnewproductstonewtargetaudience.For implementing this strategy The Canvas Cafe have to discover new uses of products to promote new customers and expand their business in new market. Customers want products that can fulfil their needs and requirements. If the Cafe have successfully implemented market development strategy they can gain competitive advantage in Market. By implementing this strategy the Cafe have various advantages they can create new customer base with increase in their revenue and growth. The Canvas Cafe can expand their business by using Marketing development Strategy as it is suitable strategy that helps in earning huge profit with increase in its position in Market. Organisation and Management The organisation structure of Cafe is systematic there activities are conducted in such a way that leads to achieve the goals and objectives. The organisation structure is well managed that helps in increasing morale and efficiency of employees so that they can contribute in increasing profit and growth of the cafe. As a role of Marketing director the duty is to evaluate the marketing strategy and plans. The Canvas Cafe is providing a great ambience to their customers. They are creating a network of activists, creative and positive participant. The inter- departmental teams helps to increase the productivity of the business as they collectively work together to achieve the Mission and vision of Cafe. Daily operations
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
The daily operation is to look out the operational activities of Cafe. The employees work together for achievingthe target.The daily activitiesare creatinga report of activities, employees, suppliers and various other. The daily operation activities can be improved by keeping regular check on the activities which is been conducted in Cafe. Estimated cash flow: Month mont h 1 mont h 2 mont h 3 mont h 4 mont h 5 mont h 6 mont h 7 mon th 8 mon th 9 mont h 10 mont h 11 mont h 12Total INCO ME Cash Sales 1500 0 1672 5 1864 8 2079 3 2318 4 2585 0 2882 3 3213 8 3583 439954 4454 9 4967 2 3511 71 Credit Sales82009143 1019 4 1136 7 1267 4 1413 1 1575 7 1756 9 1958 921842 2435 4 2715 4 1919 74 Busines s Loans 9000 00 9000 00 Income from other sources540060216713748583469306 1037 6 1157 0 1290 014384 1603 8 1788 2 1264 22 Opening balance00 0 Total 9286 00 3188 9 3555 6 3964 5 4420 4 4928 8 5495 6 6127 6 6832 376180 8494 0 9470 9 1569 566
Advertising£10,500.00 Repairs/Renewals£13,680.00 Motor & Travel£47,100.00 Consumables£31,901.83 Accountancy/Legal£40,800.00 Loan Repayments£60,000.00 Bank Charges£1,690.00 Depreciation= Other Expenses£104,000.00 Total Overheads£528,381.83 Pre - Tax Net Profit-£54,437.12 Add Non Trading income£- New Business Support£ 1,026,421.61 Less Personal Drawings£6,650.00 Profit Surplus£965,334.49 TASK 4 Assess exit or succession options for a small business explaining the benefits and drawbacks of each. Exit or succession options for a small business It is a plan for transferring the ownership either to any other company or investors. If the organisation is enjoying their business, a time comes when they have to leave due to certain issues (Wansley, 2019). SME can fail due to many reasons, the business starts with an idea of developing product but due to lack of understanding business plan the owner of Cafe can face heavy loss. The other reason though which SME can exit their business is facing huge competition. If The Canvas Cafe faced failure to understand the competition in market it will create an impact on its business model. There is a succession option when the cafe provide too
much credit to customers. At that time the business have to sold, acquired or left in the hand of new management. There are various methods of exit or succession they are as below- Liquidation- Liquidation means closing of business by selling all its assets. This strategy is used when business cannot sold by other method due to dependence on owner or poor performance (Schell, Wolff and Moog, 2020). Liquidation generates low returns and value of customers cannot be recognised in the sale of Business. Benefits of Liquidation In Liquidation exit strategy there is no need of any negotiation. The owner need not to worry about transfer of control. It is very easy and natural strategy through which things come to end. Drawbacks of Liquidation The Cafe will no longer be able to sell their products and will be restricted to use the same name of business again in Future. The employees will also loose their jobs in outlet and Business reputation or trading license of Cafe will be lost. Merger or acquisition With this strategy The Canvas Cafe can merge or acquired by other company who have similar goals same as the cafe. In this exit strategy the owner of Cafe can negotiate the price of sell from purchaser. Benefits of Mergers or acquired by another business The owner can negotiate the terms, details of merger or acquisition and prices of selling the outlet. They can also have a break from the business. Drawbacks of Mergers and Acquisition It is time consuming and costly process and also the employees job cuts due to new management take over. Sell to another Business- In this strategy The Canvas Cafe can sell their Cafe to another business. The Business purchase the other business due to any reasons whether it would be using new acquisition for expansion, realising synergies or buying out for competition (Mihaylov and Zurbruegg, 2020). Benefits of Sell to another Business
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
The Benefit for selling to other business is that the Cafe can make sale and profit quickly as the competing business is motivated for purchasing the cafe for expanding their organisation. Drawbacks of Sell to another Business The other competitors can pretend to buy the Cafe to get access of their customer list or Financial information. They can also purchase to reduce the competition and after buying Cafe they may fold the business. From the above Exit or succession strategy, Liquidation strategy is the suitable strategy for The Canvas Cafe as it is the best option to sell the assets, paying debts and close the business. TheCafemustuseliquidationstrategybecauseitissimpleandcanbeaccomplished immediately. CONCLUSION Fromtheaboveinformationitisbeenconcludedthattherearevariousgrowth opportunities which organisation must implement to expand their business. For expanding business, the Firm Needs Fund, they can raise the fund from various methods.The company have to identify the suitable method of raising the fund. A Business Plan must be made for growth, securing investment and achieving objectives of organisation.
REFERENCES Books and Journals Amira, K., Muzere, M. L. and Tsafack, G., 2021. Ambiguity and Retained Earnings.Available at SSRN 3762676. Chakraborty, S. and Swinney, R., 2021. Signaling to the crowd: Private quality information and rewards-basedcrowdfunding.Manufacturing&ServiceOperations Management.23(1). pp.155-169. Feyzullaev, М. А and et. al., 2021. Small and Medium Business: Current Status and Sources of its Innovative Funding. InSHS Web of Conferences(Vol. 93). EDP Sciences. Galavotti, I., 2019. Mergers and Acquisitions as Strategic Decisions. InExperience and Learning in Corporate Acquisitions(pp. 91-124). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Griffiths, M., Fenton, A. and Fletcher, G., 2019. 4.1 Competitor analysis.Strategic Digital Transformation: A Results-Driven Approach. Masciocchi,B., 2019. How to make a business plan. InStudies in Surface Scienceand Catalysis(Vol. 179, pp. 465-484). Elsevier. Mihaylov, G. and Zurbruegg, R., 2020. The relationship between financial risk management and succession planning in family businesses.International Journal of Managerial Finance. Rauch, E., Dallasega, P. and Unterhofer, M., 2019. Requirements and barriers for introducing smartmanufacturinginsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.IEEEEngineering Management Review.47(3). pp.87-94. Schell, S., Wolff, S. and Moog, P., 2020. Contracts and communication among family members: Business succession from a contractual view.Journal of Small Business Management, pp.1-34. Sirera Martín, T., 2019. A business plan for Dynamico. Spina, L .J. and Spina, J. D., 2020. Cooperative Strategies to Sink Competitors. InHarnessing Change to Develop Talent and Beat the Competition. Emerald Publishing Limited. Tseng, J., 2020. How do finance companies' advantages affect competitive strategies in short‐and intermediate‐termloanmarkets?Atheoreticalanalysis.InternationalJournalof Finance & Economics. Van Hijfte, S., 2020. Company Strategy. InMake Your Organization a Center of Innovation(pp. 15-37). Apress, Berkeley, CA. Wansley, M., 2019. Beach money exits.J. Corp. L.,45. p.151.