Challenges of IoT in Smart Cities: Privacy, Security, Heterogeneity, Reliability, Legal and Social Aspects, Big Data, and Sensor Networks

This paper discusses the challenges of incorporating IoT in smart cities, including privacy and security issues, heterogeneity, reliability, legal and social aspects, big data, and sensor networks. It also provides a background on IoT applications in smart cities and highlights the problems associated with them.

Running head: INTERNET OF THINGS FOR SMART CITIES
Internet Of Things For Smart Cities
[Name of the Student]
[Name of the University]
[Author note]

1INTERNET OF THINGS FOR SMART CITIES
Abstract
This paper is to focuses on the challenges of IOT in smart cities. The document is prepared in
such a way so that the readers can know about the functionalities internet of things in a smart
city in a detailed way. The use of internet of things is increasing every day; we are using IoT
in a wide range of activities due to its effectiveness and reliability. The increasing application
of the internet of things is the main reasons behind the challenges which are being faced by
the organisations that are incorporating this technology. Due to its wide acceptance different
unethical issue are associated with this technology. This report highlights all the major
problems of an IoT based smart city.

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Introduction
The prime objective of this report is to focus on the challenges of the application of
internet of things in smart cities. The four different types of modules of a smart city where
internet of things is applied are sensing, networking, analysis and control (Mohanty, Choppali
& Kougianos, 2016). The internet of things is used to connect all the possible physical
objects, this technology allows to sense different sorts of phenomena and control them in an
effective way (Scuotto, Ferraris & Bresciani, 2016). The different challenging areas where
smart cities are applied are smart buildings, smart energy grids, smart automobiles, water
distribution lines, environmental monitoring, wearable sensors, protection of security and
privacy of citizens of the smart city (Sun et al., 2016). This report will be focussing on the
different types of issues and challenges faced by the smart cities using internet of things
(Rathore et al., 2016).
Background of applications of IoT in smart city
The IOT or the internet of things can be defined as an eco-system that connects
physical subsystems or objects like the electrical devices, home appliance and other such
devices connected and operated through the internet. With the help of the Internet of things
one can control anything which can be connected to the internet and use it with the help of
the internet. In the modern generation this is one of the major development that is taking
place, using this can control anything without manual intervention. The IOT amalgamation
with cities called the smart cities is one of the major development that is taking place. This
embedded technology can help the government of a city to monitor each and every thing in a
proper manner and thus making use of the common systems very much user friendly. One of
the major advantage of this is security options. When things are connected to the sources of
internet the user can control everything remotely hence decreasing the chances of nay errors.

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As of the government is considered it can help in the proper observations of all the aspects of
the society like the hospitals, police stations, power supply stations, housing complexes and
other such common aspects. In other words it can be said that it can help in observing,
identifying and understanding a situation without human help that is autonomously. This is
one of the revolutionary idea that is been induced by many of the countries in the world.
Smart
homes
Smart
parking
lot
Healthcar
e industry
Weather
and water
systems
Transport
managem
ent
system
Environme
ntal
pollution
Surveilla
nce
systems
Demand
response
Car
managem
ent
Tracking Weather
condition
Camera
monitoring
Greenhouse
gas
monitoring
Violence
detection
Fire
detection
technolog
y
Departure
and
arrival of
automobil
es
Identificat
ion of
issues
Water
quality
Environme
nt
monitoring
Energy
efficiency
monitoring
Public
place
monitorin
g
Temperat
ure
controllin
g systems
Mobile
ticketing
Data
gathering
Water
leakage
Travel
scheduling Renewable
energy
usage
People
and object
tracking
Security
systems
Environm
ent
monitorin
g
Sensing Water
level
Traffic
jam
reduction
Air quality
monitoring
CCTV
Social
network
supportin
g systems
Traffic
congestio
n control
Equipmen
t used in
operation
theatres
Water
contaminat
ion
Assisted
driving
Noise
pollution
monitoring
Traffic
Police
Table 2: IOT application in a smart city
Created by the author

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Challenges of IoT in smart cities
o Privacy and Security: It is a foremost point of discussion in the IoT based systems in
a smart city (Höller et al., 2014). Systems using IoT are vulnerable to significant
vulnerabilities such as data leakage, multitenancy, cross side scripting and side
channels, effective measures should be taken to cope up with those issues (Boulos &
Al-Shorbaji, 2014). Maintenance of the security of those advanced systems is also an
important parameter regarding the usage of IoT in smart cities as the attackers are
always using advanced improvised techniques in the cyber-attacks (Fortino &
Trunfio, 2014).
o Heterogeneity: This is one of the major challenges of smart cities (Avijit &
Chinnaiyan, 2018). Effective procurement report is very much important for
maximum utilization of the IoT based systems (Stankovic, 2014).
o Reliability: Organisations involving a huge amount of smart systems are prone to
reliability issues which should be taken special care of by the organisations using the
technology (Botta et al., 2016).
o Legal and social aspects: The service provided by different kinds of IoT based
system are based on different national and international laws which are needed to be
followed in order to be completely secure from the external attacks (Jalali, El-Khatib
& McGregor, 2015).
o Big data: This is the biggest challenges of an IoT based smart city (Gonzalez &
Rosillo, 2015). The service provided by the IoT based system should be monitored as
much as possible as essential information is transmitted to open source networks
which can be easily hacked by professional hackers (Ejaz et al., 2017).

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o Sensor networks: All the IOT based systems uses the sensor networks to enable the
systems for different types of activities such as measuring, interfering, understanding
environmental indexes (Zanella et al., 2014).
o DR barriers: There are different kinds of barriers which can have an impact on the
IoT based systems (Li, Da Xu & Zhao, 2015). The three key set categories of DR
barriers are as followings:
 Framework barriers: The applications of framework barriers are in the
suitable electricity market, regulation and policies of organizations and
communication limits (Centenaro et al., 2016).
 Providers barriers: It includes convincing the customers and making
incentives for effective function of the advanced IoT based system in a smart
city (Alur et al., 2016).
 Customer barriers: The issues related with customers regarding IoT are lack
of knowledge and huge investment required (Bonomi et al., 2014).
Problems of IoT in smart cities
o Hacker attacks: There are different types of problems in IoT based smart city (Hui,
Sherratt & Sánchez, 2017). Different types of cyber-attacks lead to data loss for the
organisations, use of malicious software’s, phishing attacks are very much harmful
and one of the key problems of a smart city (Wang et al., 2016).
o Data ownership risk: Storage of data in local server or in cloud server has numerous
kinds of issues associated with smart cities (Jin et al., 2014). A centralized control
system which used for data storing application processing and application storage
have numerous issues related to the internet of technology as any single fault may
lead to entire system failure (Ranjan, 2016).

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o Data hacking: This is the unethical problem of IoT based smart city (Mehmood et al.,
2017). This is the other type of problem in a smart city which incorporates the internet
of things due to its vast associated with different types of networks (Bonino et al.,
2015).
Public trust: The other vital problem regarding smart cities is public trust (Vlacheas et al.,
2013). IT is an important problem regarding the usage of the different kinds of activities, as
many people are unaware of the new progresses in the field of science and technology (Perera
et al., 2014). Digital disruption is the other type of challenge faced in a city using the internet
of things (Ahlgren, Hidell & Ngai, 2016).
Review of Literature
Communication of IOT in smart city
According to Centenaro et al. (2016), this paper highlights the importance of the
connectivity of the IOT enabled system in smart cities. The authors of this journal help the
readers to know about the different mechanisms of short and long-range communication and
the type of network used in it. This journal focuses on the different types of wireless
connectivity along with the transmission technologies involved in it. This paper fails to guide
us the challenges related to the connectivity issues.
Smart city architecture
As discussed by Gaur et al. (2015), all the IOT enabled systems such as the healthcare
industry and transportation industry use variety of domains which deal with huge amount of
data uses wireless sensor networks. Utilization of resources is done in a more way with the
help of these smart systems. This paper fails to give us the issues related to the incorporation
of those theories in the architecture such as the compatibility issues.
Media-based surveillance system

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As discussed by Memos et al. (2018), this paper proposes a future framework which is
used in smart cities for integrating multiple information and communication technology in
big business organizations. This paper has stated all the possible privacy issues related to this
framework. The security challenges of the IOT network architecture is described in a
professional way in this paper.
Information Framework in smart city
According to Jin et al. (2014), this paper helps in understanding about the better
utilization of the ICT technologies in smart cities where huge amount of data processed
regularly. The framework proposed in this paper considers data from sensory level to the
network level such as the cloud-based systems. However, the issues related to the different
considered levels are not discussed in this paper.
Next-generation big-data technologies
As stated by Strohbach et al. (2015), this paper focuses on the efficient handling of
the essential data in an organization with the applications of the machine learning algorithms.
This paper helps in dealing with the infrastructural costs associated with the big data
technologies. This paper helps in examining the relationship between the big data analysis
and IOT. The high-level requirements towards the big data framework are presented with the
help of a case study in this paper which helps in knowing the challenges with it in details.
IOT-based Smart Cities
According to Arasteh et al. (2016), the writer discussed the different types of IOT
enabled systems in smart cities. The motivations and applications of the different types of
technologies are discussed with great importance in this paper. The most striking feature of
this paper is that it discusses practical experiences and challenges related to the different
smart systems which are used in the different sections of the society in smart cities.
Internet of Things for Smart Cities

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As discussed by Zanella et al. (2014), the application of the different types of
heterogeneous end systems is discussed in this paper. Along with that, the complexities
related to the associated of the large variety of devices are explained in details in this paper.
The protocols and architecture related to the urban system is discussed here. Technological
solutions are also provided in the paper which helps in knowing the issues related to the
urban system.
Application of IOT in tourism in smart cities
As discussed by Nitti et al. (2017), this paper focuses on the application of IOT in
tourism industry. All the features of the IOT enabled system such as the flexibility and
authorization control used in the tourism industry are described in this paper with prime
importance. The problem related to the manageability of the devices are discussed with
priority in this paper. However, it can be said that this paper do not discuss the issues related
to the application it only focusses on the positive aspects of the tourism devices.
Smart city based on IOT
According to Petrolo, Loscri & Mitton (2014), the prime objective of this paper is to
focus on the application of IOT in academic and industry fields with the help of specific
platforms. This paper highlights the different types of cloud services which are generally
implemented in the different type of activities in smart cities. All the probable challenges of
the IOT echo systems are described in the paper which helps the readers to know more about
the issues of the academic and industry fields.
The role of big data in smart city
As stated by Hashem et al. (2016), the writer of this paper focused on the evolution of
the different types of IOT based programs in smart cities. The paper highlights the use of
different IOT based technologies such as the network services in the smart cities. The mission
and vision of the big data are discussed in this paper along with that the author proposed a

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business model of big data and the different challenges associated with it. The drawback of
this paper is that it focuses on the models more than the practical application of the big data
in smart systems.
Annotated bibliography
Tönjes, R., Barnaghi, P., Ali, M., Mileo, A., Hauswirth, M., Ganz, F., ... & Puiu, D.
(2014, June). Real time IOT stream processing and large-scale data analytics for smart
city applications. In poster session, European Conference on Networks and
Communications. sn.
The foremost purpose of this section of the document is to focus on interconnected
echo system in smart cities. The aggregation and streaming problem related to the echo
systems are highlighted in this paper. The processing of the large scale IOT data stream is
discussed in this paper.
Bates, O. E. G., & Friday, A. J. (2017). Beyond data in the smart city: learning from a
case study of re-purposing existing campus IOT. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 16(2), 54-
60.
This report focuses on the effectiveness and efficiency of the energy information
system in smart cities. The different sections of the energy information system such as a
building management system and energy monitoring system are evaluated in this paper. All
the opportunities related to this system is properly described in this paper.
Ganchev, I., Ji, Z., & O'Droma, M. (2014). A generic IOT architecture for smart cities.
The prime objective of this unit of the paper focuses on the application of IOT in
different sections of the society such as environment, agriculture and healthcare. The prime
attribute of this paper its examination of IOT infrastructure in smart cities. All the issue
related to the application of OIT in smart cities is described in this paper.

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Kim, T. H., Ramos, C., & Mohammed, S. (2017). Smart city and IOT.
The foremost objective of this journal is to focus on the properties of the smart
systems in monitoring, managing and control devices certain systems. The paper highlighted
the importance of the interconnections of the different types of echo systems of the smart
cities. The threats associated with the systems are also discussed in the paper.
Byun, J., Kim, S., Sa, J., Kim, S., Shin, Y. T., & Kim, J. B. (2016). Smart City
Implementation Models Based on IOT Technology. Advanced Science and Technology
Letters, 129(41), 209-212.
The prime determination of this section of the paper is to focus on the implementation
of the service models which dedicatedly works to maintain and manage essential data
associated with a business organization. This paper focuses only on the integration of the IOT
implementation models with in the cloud services.
Requirements of the project
Based on all the discussed papers it can be said that there are plenty of aspects related
to the use of internet of things in smart cities such as
o Connectivity issues of IOT in smart city.
o Challenges of architecture in smart cities.
o Problems related to Media-based surveillance system in smart cities.
o Importance of framework
o Challenges of big data technologies.
o Challenges of different smart systems.
o Complexities of smart devices.
o Manageability of the devices.

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o Challenges of the IOT echo systems.
o Challenges of IOT based technologies.
o Problem of large scale IOT data stream.
o Problem of energy information system.
o IOT infrastructure issues in smart cities.
o Problems related to interconnections of the different echo systems.
o Issue of implementation of the service models in smart cities.
Methodology and Proposed Solution:
IoT or the Internet of Things is generally considered to be another information and
industrial wave after the invention of the personal computers, in many cities it has been seen
that the Io is put forward as a long term national strategy which have moved forward so as to
enter the substantial implementation period after the conceptual stages ate the service level
have been completed. Dependency of the different IoT applications upon different
architectures are responsible for preventing the co-building of the IoT technology along with
preventing the convergence and openness of the IoT technology.
IoT platforms are capable of serving the generic architectural foundation for
developing that smart cities and one such model has been depicted in the figure provided
below. The core element of this includes the Integrated Information centre that is generally
operated by the IoT service providers. From the figure it is clearly understandable that the at
the bottom the centre is linked to a set of services and the services mainly includes the water
supply, electric energy, city fire protection and security, intelligent transport, fee and tax
payment services central heating and gas supply and commercial and tourism services
(Kitchin, 2015). Besides this the supplementary platform which is present in the architecture
is responsible for supporting the various kind of services which mainly includes the data

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centres and cloud computing, an application centre, a management centre, an evaluation
platform of an urban e-government, mobile service platform, internet infrastructure and a
mobile service platform.
Fig 1: The Generic IoT architecture that is to be used by the smart cities.
Classification of the IoT platforms is possible into four different groups and this
mainly includes the e-Government-related, enterprise-based, company-based, and pure
business-oriented platforms. The different platforms that are to be used for designing the new
system are described below:
1. e-Government IoT platforms: Promotion of the e-Government information system is
possible by evaluation and making improvements in the management. For doing so
the local or the regional or the national government should be associated with the
employment of more management intelligence and this is mainly to be done by
making use of the IoT platforms which encompasses all the areas which are relevant.
Some of the IoT services that helps in development of the smart cities includes the

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controlling of traffic, security of the citizens, protection of the environment and many
more. Besides this the e-Government IoT is also considered to be the supporting
foundation that is responsible for facilitating the economic development of the smart
cities, along with improving the management (Albino, Berardi & Dangelico, 2015).
This concept is to be supported by the public welfare scheme which in turn is
responsible for promoting the development of the e-Government towards the IoT. In
addition to this there is also a need of relevant information so as to prevent the effect
of “Information Island” and to make sure that security of the information and network
is maintained.
This are the type of platforms which are not having the capability of becoming
the common business model for the generic IoT operating platforms. The major
reason lying behind this is due to the existence of their public-welfare properties and
the different social attributes. The IoT platform is not having the value of making
business investments and are also not capable of attracting the venture capital. This is
generally determined by the Economic development rules. Along with this, they also
cannot be realized by the government or pubic administration in an independent way.

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Fig 2: Classification of the IoT platforms associated with top-down design elements.
2. Enterprise-based or company based IoT platforms: For the purpose of making sure
that the competitiveness and the service assurance is being improved it is necessary to
make sure that the enterprises or companies which are market oriented are requiring
an independently funded IoT projects. This is to be done so as to make sure that there
is efficient production of the management, warehousing, transportation, marketing,
distribution and supply chain management. In addition to this the autonomous
enterprises and companies dependent upon the IoT platforms are generally used for
the purpose of internal management that the corresponding enterprise or companies
are having along with making sure that they are supported by the investments made
independently.
This type of IoT platforms are generally responsible for serving the society
which includes the end-users and many more. This is done when their final products
entre the millions of households. So it is important to integrate the information
resource management in the market management.
3. Business-oriented IoT platforms: Use of a pure business-oriented IoT might be
responsible for becoming an important facilitator and stimulus that would be affecting
the modern economy. This is done by means of attracting the various kind
investments along with the development of certain strategic industry sectors. It is
necessary to involve all the end users along with the terminal equipment’s for the
purpose of accelerating the entire economic development along with optimizing and
integrating the information of the market resources. This involvement is necessary as
this helps a lot in building the modern industry and this are generally established on
the valuable IOT business model and platforms. For example when the RFID or the

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radio frequency identification is used in the product logistics then it might be
associated with the realization of automatic acquisition of various informations like
the information related to logistics recognition of the logo and many more. Besides
this it wuld also be associated with the reliable delivery of the cargos, safe customs
and tracking visualizations. For the generic IoT platform the IoT integrated
information centre plays a vital role as they helps a lot in unifying various
organizations along with the implementation and planning of the various integrated
IoT application market so as to attract the commercial capital investments. All this
information systems are generally operated by the IoT service providers which might
be transformed to another major player along with the different type of existing
service providers. Besides this the existence of the IoT business model along with the
validation of this IoT business models would be associated with motivating the
investments for future development of the suitable generic IoT platforms.

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Fig 3: Different type of IoT Platforms
Conclusion:
From the above report, it can be concluded that there is different type of issues related
to use of internet of things in a smart city. All the risks and challenges can be mitigated using
efficient risk management techniques and these will lead to greater efficiency and
productivity for the organization where these technologies are incorporated.This paper is
associated with discussing about the various visions and goals of IoT in smart cities. Various
operations inside the cities are generally facilitated by the various group of service providers
who are associated with the usage of their own IoT business models, architectures and
operating platforms as well. The methodology which has been selected includes the
categorization of the IoT along with the usage of the top down architecture. All this has been
described in brief in the report. The usage of the generic IoT platform is best suited for the
development of the smart city and managing the various operations inside the smart city. This
platform is associated with the utilization of the IoT application technology within the city
region so as to adjust and enhance the structure. This in turn helps in achieving a high-end
development strategy in the market of IoT applications. This IoT platform is associated with
promoting the creation of the IoT terminal industry cultures which is responsible for
attracting more commercial capital investments in the IoT related modern service and for the
manufacturing industries.

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