IoT Smart City Assignment PDF

IoT Smart City
[Name of the Author]
ABSTRACT – In every aspect of our life, the IoT or the Internet of Things is a topic of discussion, which is growing. It has an
effect on the way we live and how we work. The term Iot is related with everything that are on the internet. The IoT define the
objects that “talk to each other”. The basic definition of IoT is that it’s a computing concept that is simple and can be used for
describing how the physical objects are connected with the network and make themselves identifiable for the othet devices in the
network. In the recent time, the IoT has beed adopted by the people hugely. In the report, the main discussing topic is Smart
Cities. The cities are using the Iot in large scale are facing problems as well and the problems with the IoT will be described in the
report. The IoT domains hat can be faced the issues are transportation, energy, communication and many more. The smart cities
are provide such infrastructure that can provide the human with better benefit. The benefit the people of the smart cities get are
clean water supply, safe gas, public lighting, and many other common but important things. Along with the implementation of
these there are certain issues also generated. The report will further discussing about the major issues that are related with the
smart cities IoT.
1. INTRODUCTION
Smart cities are generally build in the urban area rather
than the rural area. The smart cities are associated with
collection of the electronic data by using different sensors or
to be describe by making the use of IoT devices for managing
the assets and have to use the resources in a efficient way [1].
The data collected by the citizens from the smart cities or
from the devices, the data are processed and analyzed for the
further use. There are benefit of the smart cities but along
with the benefit, there are certain issues that are coming after
evaluation of the smart city. There are some physical,
technical and security challenges are raise. The total process
of the urbanization is relate to the development in the
economic way.
The fact is that the internet of things has become trend
worldwide, and the process of developing the smart cities uses
many machines and the machined are fully computerized which
is connect to the internet. It can be expect that in the near
future, especially with the internet protocol version 6, the use
of IoT by people will increase the demand well. There are
many challenges that are face by the IoT smart cities. One of
the major challenge in the internet is the fear of cyber-attack.
Because of that, the data owner get confused whether he have
to store the data in the local device or in the cloud storage that
are trusted by the vendors. Right now in the market, there is no
such mechanism, which can be protect fully from being
hacked. There is always a risk of failure for the system. The
best way of avoiding the data lost in the local computer is to
use a USP or uninterruptable power supply that can help the
whole system to run even in the power supply is not present.
For any kind of emergency there must be a miniature server
installed in every house to avoid the risk.
The report will mainly discuss the usage of IoT
devices in the smart cities to help the people to get a better life.
There are many advantages and along with this, there are
disadvantages there. Different types of sensor used for the data
collection method that helps the management to store the data
and use the proper resource efficiently and effectively. Mainly
the data collected from the citizens of the smart cities or from
the devices. The collected data then analyzed and processed for
the further application. These data applied for monitoring the
traffic along the transportation system, schools, hospitals, and
in other community services. The emergence of the IOT
technology in the smart city led the big data analysis and the
technology like AI or artificial intelligence.
2. PROBLEMS OR CHALLENGES
As the cities are in the verge of becoming the smart cities
the more challenges are coming to arise which are raised by
the application that are used in the smart cities. Some of the
challenges that the smart cities are facing is listed below:
Sensors overloading: all the smart cities based on some
particular collection of data. As there are, data so there must
be a sensor, which collect the data. These sensors have the
capability of temperature measurement, analyze traffic
pattern, foot traffic, and analyze the air quality and the
integrity of the infrastructure and many more. Day by day in
the need of collecting data the amount of sensors are also
increasing. If it is continue, as this then the amount of sensors
will be overloaded when the amount of sufficient sensors are
not present.
Power: to install numerous amount sensors a lot of power
supply is required. The current resource of the power supply
is not capable of producing that much power supply for the
sensors. Without the efficient amount of power supply, the
project of smart city will remain a scientific fantasy only.
Leakage of data and privacy factor: another problem
relating to the smart city is the privacy factor and data
leakage. There are various reasons for then the smart cities
are becoming vulnerable to leakage of data and privacy.
There are various reason by which the privacy can be altered
like outsider interference. The information that are collected
are private, processed and transmitted, there are some weak
area on which the privacy of the data is compromised. The
private information includes the information of the people,
transportation location, health information and many more
other information. Therefore, a major data breach will happen
in case of any cyber-attack.
Privacy and the availability of the data storing and
processing despite the cloud servers that are providing
competitive advantage of stoning the data and to process the
data, there remain some threats due to various cloud servers
that are untrusted. The data are stored in the text format in the
cloud of the smart cities. The text data there are send and
stored in the cloud must encrypted. Sending cipher text to the
cloud can improve the data protection and the data gets safe
from any kind of threats. The method is capable of preventing
any kind of cloud servers that are not authorizes from
accessing the data. Encryption applied in an effective way
while performing different types of analytical operations for
the smart cities.

Regarding the efficiency of the computation overhead, another
few challenge is also possess. During Processing and accessing
of the controls are one of the major issue are raised.
Dependable control: the smart cities are consists of a
control flow that are of two way. The flow is generally depends
on the system of the control so various operations are generally
determined by the control center. The public infrastructure are
the most attractive target for the attackers that includes the
control system. Some of the major attacks methods are Denial-
of-service attacks; spoofing attacks, malicious data injection
and many more and this kind of attacks are responsible for
making the incorrect output or management disabling, control
and the operations. These all kind of malicious attacks and the
misbehaviors generally done by the third party inspections.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
The concept of making the smart city is new and
innovative too. The smart city can be call as the successor
of the digital city, informational city and sustainable city.
The literature review of the smart city concept is included
in the following points:
 The development of the culture and the society needs
to be enable by enhancing the efficiency of the
administration and the economy.
 Emphasize must be over the urban development that is
based over the business.
 The focus on the goal has to be strong by realizing the
inclusion of the social and various kind of resident in
the urban public sector,
 For the long term growth a strong focus has to be on
the role that is played by the creative industries and
the high-tech,
 A perspective has to be there of the social and the
capital relational for the development of the city,
 One of the important aspect of the smart city is to
having the vision of taking the social and
environmental sustainability.
There are many other authors those are pointed the
ingredients that is needed for the smart city composition.
The ingredients mainly includes the smart environment,
smart economy, smart people, smart connectivity, smart
living and many more. The smart city has overlapped the
definition of the informational city, digital city and the
intelligent cities. The main reason behind this is the smart
cities is they contextualizes the technology, which use to
favor the whole system, and the services that are provide
for the people of the smart cities. During the evaluation of
the smart cities, experience must be consider. The
experience will be of the environment friendly and of
livable cities, along with the sustainability and the quality
of the life. The smart cities also have to be capable of
representing the community of the technology,
interconnection , sustainability, attractiveness, comfort and
optimized operations of the serviced provided by the
municipal. This will increase the number of the suppliers
by a great amount for the smart cities. This will done by
making use of the technologies in order to manage the
urban services.
The necessary things that a smart city must have are:
 Rich environment creation of the various broadband
networks, which will support the digital application.
 In order to create the applications initiation of a
large scale participatory process is required.
Few cities are appreciating the concept of the smart
cities that they have also implemented some new
domains to get benefit and to meet the need of the city.
The smart cities divided into three dimensions. The
three different dimensions are included with the
technology, institutions and the population. These three
dimension mainly aims to develop the quality of the life,
promoting the management of the resources that are
natural. This is mainly initiate to provide various
innovative process and services to the people of the
smart cities. It can strengthen the debates and involves
the politics participation.
After considering the all aspect of the urban
sustainable development to achieve the proper balance
between the urban area development and environment
protection. This done using the vision of equity in the
process to income, shelter, basic information, basic
shelter, employment, transportation, and social
infrastructure in the urban areas. The spread f smart
cities are link with a number of factors. The factors are
below:
 Climate change.
 Globalization.
 Competition rate is increased.
 Scarcity in natural resources.
 Major part of the population in the world who
are living in the cities.
Along the smart city is in the progress there are
several aspects that the cities need to provide
services that are customizable and improvable.
A smart and sustainable city have some
certain goals that are to be achieve by the smart
cities. The goals might include the following:
 Improve the quality of life for the citizens.
 It has to be ensure that with the growth,
better employment opportunities have to
be associated.
 For the well-being of the citizens of the
society, it has to be ensure that citizens
must get the social and the community
services.
 Efficient service is to be deliver and the
services will include the basics as well as
the infrastructure like the transportation,
drainage, electricity, water supply and
many more.
 Ability of address the issues related to the
environment and the climate condition.
It is being observe that when in the smart cities are
facing the environmental issues that being consider in the
smart cities then the discussion becomes political in
nature. The four major tribute that the smart cities are
mainly includes the following 1) Quality of the life 2)
sustainability 3) urban aspect 4)intelligence the above
four items will be analyzed under the following four
1)society 2) economy 3)environment and 4) governance.
In the smart cities, the wireless network act
as a major source for the collection of the information. The
information that are generate by these types of sensors often
can be overlap with being partial as well. In order to address
the challenges that are relate to the fusion of the partial data
acts as the major challenge in the research. This can be used for
the uncertain reasoning occur in the different condition. There
are merits and have the demerits for the data that are collected
by the sensor. The proposed fusion of data approach were
limited to the several devices along with their functionality the
single smart city.

There also includes some Smart city projects like the “IBM
projects SCRIB” that provide the definition of the smart cities
are having with respect to the model. This is based on the data
those are gathered from the different parts of the globe. There
are some standards that are use to describe the SCRIBE; these
standards might include the Common Alternate Protocol and
the national information exchange model or the NIEM. These
standards are use to address the heterogeneous data in the
various domain of the smart city. A large number of the sensors
are use in the different smart cities and would be associated
with exploiting the different applications. The sensors also
aims to improve the infrastructure for the human to provide
them with best possible services by using the available
resources in an efficient way. However, this projects have a
drawback which is they are not capable of providing a detailed
information about the way they are being implemented.
Additionally the semantic model of eth project also does not
specify the way in which they would be incorporating the
aspects, which are uncertain in nature. After considering all the
aspect it is suggested to use an approach, which will be
enriched semantically and will be generally inferred by the
intelligent customized application in a smart city. These
applications specially made for dealing with the various kind of
uncertainty in the heterogeneous data for the model for the
smart city. It also seen that the data, which is generated by the
IoT device have the nature that is heterogeneous.
4. Methodology
The modern wireless technologies and the wireless sensors
are implement in the system of the smart city. These will
provide flexible, powerful and intelligent supports for the
peoples who are living in the smart city. The below provided
figure shows the architecture of the smart city, that is the
extension of the, previously restricted system. The process of
integration of the sensor networks that are wireless and the
communication of the wireless services decided some of the
aims and this aims includes all the real-time high-level context-
aware customized services, environments living, which would
be much better and improved utilization of the resources, which
are available. The sensory data that are deploy in the smart
cities are associated with providing the primary data for
purpose of generating the heterogeneous information. The
information that is generally provide by the sensor nodes is
generally collected by making use of the communication
systems, which are existing. Once the collection of the data is
completed then the processing and analysis of the data is done
by means of semantic technologies of the web Dempster-
Shafer combination rule. Deploying of this architecture on the
cloud platforms can be used as a SaaS or software as a service.
Fig1: Various Components Of the smart city.
The proposed framework will be helping in numerous ways.
The system will be associated with intelligent platform for the
people are living in the smart cities. Data are collected from the
domains of the smart cities and then combined for the further
analysis provide the people with better benefit. The main steps
are that foloowes the purpose of the architecture
implementation that is described below which starts the data
collection and processing in prder to make consumable for the
people by the web. After the data conversion is completed then
the common factors are enriched semantically by making the
OWL concept. The concept is basically based on the
knowledge of the experts in the domain. Besides this at the
same level, the data that has ben collected also proceed by the
method is called Dempster-Shafer rules. This is done in order
deal with the uncertainty aspects of the model that is semantic.
The main idea includes the reorganization of the activities and
learn the new rules, which would be governing the activities.
The new rules would also be used for defining the knowledge
of the semantic models. This approach would also be used for
defining the services, which are customizable and would be
providing the feedbacks to the users at the end by means of
alerts or warnings.
Fig 2: Multi Level Architecture of Smart City
The above figure provided shows the primary sources of the
generating the information. The Raw data which are generally

sensed by the sensor nodes is sent to the Level 1 architecture of
the Smart city by using the communication service and this is
further associated with performing processing of the
information in the future. The levels have been discussed in
details in the following section of this report.
 Level 1: Collection of the data: The collected data is
stored for the purpose of further processing’s in this
level. The data is generally collected from various types
of sensors. Data is collected in different forms and is
then converted into a same format.
 Level 2: Processing of the data: In this level the
information which has been gathered form the previous
level is then summarized before the analysis of
transmission and fusion fusions in the next levels by
suing the web related technologies. The main purpose
includes the conversion of the collected data into a
common format, which might include the Resource
Description Framework or the RDF. This is one of the
most common ways, which can be used in order to
change the data on the web, and this is also associated
with facilitating the sharing of heterogeneous data and
the integration for the various smart cites [37]. This is
also associated with defining the metadata about the
resources present in the web. Along with this various
software also might use the RDF for the purpose of
reasoning the operations in an intelligent way.
 Level 3: Reasoning and Integration of the data:
Semantic web technologies is associated with exploiting
the domain specific data which is based upon the
concepts as well as the relationship that exists between
the concepts. Web ontology language or the OEL is
generally used for the purpose of publishing the
ontologies. OWL is an RDF graph is built by making
use of the RDF and the ontologies. This is associated
with allowing the classification of the individuals or the
concepts, which are based upon the different classes.
This also provide two types of properties, this can be
used in order to form various relationships that exists
between the different classes, and this includes the
property of the data and the property of the object. After
the classification of the data is completed, then it is
further enriched with the experts of the domain and the
uncertain reasoning’s. here the Dempster-Shafer would
be used for recognizing the activities and learn the new
rules in the domain that is perticular of the discourse
The Dempster-Shafer is used for combining the data of
the sensors from various smart cities. This would
greatly help in the learning of the new technologies by
making use of uncertain reasoning, which would be
assisting in the process achieving an intelligent smart
system. SPARQL is an RDF query language which is
used for the purpose of query, retrieving and
manipulating the data or the record which are stored in
the format of RDF. After the database that is expressed
in the form of RDF triples then the SPARQL would be
enabling the query and retrieval of the data in the same
format. Initially this level would be motivating towards
the fusion of information at low level. The new rules,
which would be learnt by this extraction process of the
context information at the high level from the raw data
of the sensors, would be stored. This would be used for
building up of the knowledge in the architecture of the
Smart city.
 Level 4: Alerts and control of the device: The data
which has been obtained from the level 3 would be
utilized by different web applications for various
operating condition which are intelligent in nature. The
data, which has been inferred, can be utilized in various
ways, which might include the input or the output,
messages, alerts and the warnings.
A very important role is played by the communication for
achieving the concept of the smart city. The figure which has
been provided below is associated with showing the
communication services which are existing and this is used in a
Smart city infrastructure which might include the 3G, LTE,
Wi-Fi, WiMAX and many more. The main aim includes the
connection of all sort of things, which would be helping in the
making of the life of the citizens more comfortable as well as
safe [38]. The combination of the smart city and the
communication technologies would be associated with making
the cities much more secure and provide a convenient
infrastructure for living in a better way.
Fig 3: The communication system in a Smart city
The figure provided below shows the customized services
present in a smart city. This can be better understood by the use
of an example that is in case of the eth vehicle and the domains
combination health of the data sensor is done in order to
measurements of the impacts of the driver on those health
parameters on driving conditions.
For cases which involve the environment an administration
domain, the low-level information which is collected from eth
environment domain and includes thing like the temperature
and eth water level would be helping in driving the
customization of the high-level information. Whenever a high-
level customized information is combined with the services
related to city administration then it would be greatly helping in
the saving of lives. In a similar way for the industrial sector, the
context-aware services would be obtained by means of
heterogeneous fusion of the data and this would be greatly
helping in the creation of a safe working environment by the
workers of the factory.
5. Conclusion
A revolution has taken place in the Smart city concept and has
evolved totally into a new era assisted by recent developments
in the ICT, which has combined the wireless networks of the
sensors and also the computer networks. The main aim of this
report includes the addressing of some of the services, which
are customizable in a Smart city environment. This is generally
done by making use of the semantic modeling and the
Dempster-Shafer theory. Along with this by making of the
Dempster-Shafer, approach in the architecture of smart city
would be helping in addressing the various uncertainty aspects
in the smart city and this would also help in focusing on the
important areas of the environment of the smart city. It has

been seen that that the IoT is associated with bringing various
changes in the daily lives of everyone. Which is initially
responsible for helping in making the lives of people much
easier and more comfortable. Various technologies and
applications are used in the smart cities for performing various
functions the usefulness of IoT is innumerable. However, with
the benefits there also exists some disadvantage of the IoT
while using it in the smart cities. It can also be concluded that
the real application of the IoT in the smart cities is still in its
infancy phase. However, the potential of the IoT has been
identified which initially not makes it much more hard to
imagine the services that would be provided in the future.
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