IoT in Smart City

This report discusses the challenges, solutions and opportunities of using IoT in smart cities. It covers the benefits and issues associated with IoT in smart cities, including security, privacy, trust, interoperability, low cost, low power consumption and big data analytics. The report also provides recommendations for future research in this domain.

Table of Contents
IoT in Smart City...........................................................................................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................................................2
IOT, smart cities, network, communications etc...........................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................................................2
Problem or Challenges:.................................................................................................................................................................3
Structure of the report:..................................................................................................................................................................3
Annotated Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................4
Requirements for the Project.........................................................................................................................................................6
Modified Problem Statement........................................................................................................................................................6
Current and past techniques or technologies used to solve the problem.......................................................................................6
Challenges related to open research..............................................................................................................................................8
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................................................9
Referencing...................................................................................................................................................................................9
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IoT in Smart City
First Author Name
Affiliation
ABSTRACT
The smart city, present, and future promises economic
growth, as well as, competitiveness presented in highly
educated talent, seamless electronic connections and high-
tech industries. Other terms used for the same include
“cyber Ville,” “electronic communities,” and “intelligent
cities.”
The shift in paradigm to smart cities stems from socio-
economic factors such as economic restructuring, climate
change, pressures on the public finances, aging populations,
as well as, entertainment, and online retail. Thus, creating
and sustaining conditions suitable for learning and
innovation is an essential prerequisite in the existence of
smart cities (Dickey, 2017). In the same vein, for European
countries to achieve Europe’s 2020 goals of climate change,
innovation, employment, employment, energy, and poverty
reduction, progress in the smart city would be welcome to
any interested party, specific questions stand out. For
example, how much urban investment will be responsible
for achieving in the future? What are the factors to
consider? What are their sustainability or plans?
The competition among cities in maintaining and
attracting new residents, visitors and businesses translate to
constant attention in providing a higher quality life and a
viable economic climate. While leftists might cite tight
budgets, challenges frequented by legal systems and scarce
resources as impediments to innovative and new
technology, forward-thinking leaders see a niche in
employing big data and the analytics for more profound
insights (Rønne, 2018). They believe that these problems
can be cured by the use of the cloud to collaborate among
different agencies, mobile to gather, address and
disseminate issues as well as the use of social technologies
to better engage with citizens.
To achieve a smart city, the legal framework
should allow the use of Internet of Things (IoT) as mediums
for the city management and public administration. For
example, from 2009, the local government in Rio has been
working to overcome financial restrictions through the
introduction of innovation and management styles as those
employed by the private sector (Schuler, 2016).
At the heart of smart cities, existence is the role of
urban planning. Urban economists concur that resilience
and sustainability in regional development, urban planning
and information society is not only the thumbprint to the
projects but also the catalyst to their survival. IoT and
telecommunication companies such as Cisco, IBM, and MS
have come up with new solutions for smart cities to
facilitate smartcities (Siano, Shahrour &Vergura, 2018).
While IBM introduced its Smarter Cities as a stimulus to
the quality of life in the cities and economic growth and
development in the urban ecosystem, Cisco would laud the
Global Intelligent urbanization initiative that enables cities
all over the world to use networks as their fourth utility in
the economic development and integrated city management.
Author Keywords
IOT, smart cities, network, communications etc
INTRODUCTION
The constantly increasing proportions of urbanization have
been explicitly observed in recent times and estimates
suggest that almost 70% of the global population amounting
to more than 6 billion people would be residing in urban
areas or nearby locations by the year 2050 (Choudhary,
Sathe & Kachare, 2017).
The substantial rise in population density in urban locations
has also led to an increase in the demands for sophisticated
services and infrastructure needed for addressing the
requirements of residents. Therefore, the preferences for
smart cities could be conveniently validated in this case
owing to the credible implications for social, environmental
and economic security alongside the use of information and
communication technologies for improving awareness,
competency and interactivity of the services of the city and
its monitoring (Choudhary, Sathe&Kachare, 2017).
The prospects for smart cities are being driven profoundly
by the expanding scope of Internet of Things (IoT) which
can be considered as an integration of available internet
accessibility into a wide network of interconnected devices
and objects that are not only capable of gathering
information from the surrounding environment through
sensing alongside engaging in interactions with the physical
world but also comply with the present internet standards
for provision of services for analytics, applications and
information transfer. In this section, the problem associated
with using Internet of Things (IoT) for development of
smart cities with respect to the recent advancements as well
as the emerging challenges would be discussed.
Domain: IoT for smart cities:
Prior to discussion on the problems and challenges
encountered in the specific concerned domain, it is essential
to obtain a conceptual understanding of Internet of Things
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and its application in the case of developing new smart
cities. The general concept that is associated with the IoT is
the ubiquitous presence of different objects such as sensors,
mobile phones, actuators and Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID) tags around us. With their individual
addressing schemes, these devices would be able to
coordinate with each other for accomplishing common
goals (Choudhary, Sathe&Kachare, 2017, p 1).
The empowerment of IoT through adapting different
facilitating devices such as actuator nodes and embedded
sensors for converting the available fixed and mobile
networking infrastructures into a fully integrated network
for the future. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that form
an integral aspect of sensing-actuation support in IoT could
be integrated effectively into urban infrastructure thereby
providing a digital blueprint of the city. The information
that is garnered through WSNs could be collated across
different applications and platforms that lead to the
development of a common operating picture (COP) of the
city (Choudhary, Sathe&Kachare, 2017, p 1).
The concern for addressing the problems identified in use
of IoT for smart cities could be profoundly observed from
the benefits of IoT for smart cities that cannot be
undermined in any scenario.The applications of IoT
facilitate prolific assistance for individuals, businesses and
societies to explore new opportunities for accessing
substantial volumes of data alongside introducing new
applications and services that can contribute to reduction in
levels of power consumption, improvement in efficiency of
the society and creation of a cleaner environment (Ahlgren,
Hidell& Ngai, 2016, p 2).
One of the promising examples of the application
of IoT in moderation of urban infrastructure could be
identified in the utilization of mobile phones and smart
meters for regulating energy consumption that is
responsible for higher energy efficiency as well as
individual control. Furthermore, smart energy solutions and
smart grids could be leveraged by people for measuring,
monitoring, controlling and influencing personal energy
consumption alongside capitalizing on abilities for
independent production of energy (Ahlgren, Hidell& Ngai,
2016, p 2).
PROBLEM OR CHALLENGES:
The primary challenges that are identified in the adoption of
IoT for smart cities are vested in open research issues. The
discussion on these challenges would be explicitly
productive for facilitating research direction to new
ventures in this domain. The first aspect that should be
discussed in the case of implementing IoT for smart cities is
vested in security, privacy and trust. Since smart cities are
associated with provision of Internet connectivity to a wide
assortment of devices, security could be accounted as a
formidable issue as estimates have suggested that 70% of
IoT devices in smart cities are vulnerable to attacks owing
to factors such as insufficient software safeguards,
inadequate protocols for encrypted communication and
improper standards for authorization. Therefore, it is
essential to address specific issues in the establishment of
an IoT-based smart city which include active and competent
decentralized trust management system, privacy-aware
communication of user data, string privacy measures for
ensuring the trust and consent of users and utilization of
risk assessment frameworks for identifying existing as well
as threats of emergent attacks on the basis of vulnerabilities.
Interoperability is also a formidable challenge in
establishing an IoT-based smart city which can be defined
as the capability of different devices and networks to
engage in communication for exchanging crucial
information. The consideration of interoperability between
two devices from different domains as a major roadblock
for accomplishing IoT success by the World Economic
Forum further strengthens the necessity for addressing this
issue urgently.
The primary cause for issues with interoperability could be
identified in the lack of universal standards. The possible
measures that could be implemented for addressing the
issues with interoperability is to recognize the issues at
different levels such as platform, network, device or
application and utilization of a holistic and competent
approach for facilitating connectivity to numerous IoT
devices. In the case the example of standardizing FIWARE
and oneM2M could be presented as a prolific initiative for
addressing interoperability issues arising in context of the
collaboration between the largest standardization bodies of
the world such as OMA, ETSI and 3GPP.
The operation of IoT devices is profoundly associated with
the requirement for a continuous source of energy thereby
leading to the challenge of cost and battery life. The
possible approach that can be implemented in this case
would be the implementation of devices that provide the
feature of low power consumption at lower costs
(Mehmood et al., 2017, p 21).
The advances in this context could be realized only through
progress in the domain of micro-electronics and wireless
communication. Continuing with the problems that might
arise in establishment of IoT-based smart cities, the other
noticeable issues include Big Data Analytics and
connectivity in IoT (Mehmood et al., 2017, p 22).
The prominent challenges that can be observed in this case
include references to the requirements for respecting the
privacy of users during data analysis, provision of
infrastructure for collection, storage and analysis of a
considerable amount of data, provision of connectivity to
high-mobility devices and ensuring connectivity among the
extensively deployed devices even in the lack of
communication networks (Mehmood et al., 2017, p 23).
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STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT:
The following report would comprise of four different
sections that are initiated with the executive summary for
the report. The executive summary would include definition
of the purpose and scope of the report alongside the
technologies that would be discussed in the report as well as
the recommendations based on information discussed in the
report.
The introduction section would provide an initial
benchmark from where the report would progress. The
significant section in the report is the Literature review that
briefly explains the issues that might arise in
implementation of IoT for smart city development such as
interoperability, security, connectivity, low cost and low
power consumption as well as big data analytics. The
discussion in the literature review would also be used to
outline specific solutions to the presented problems.
Finally, the report would present a discussion on the
research findings leading to a relevant conclusion for the
report.
LITERATURE REVIEW
According to research conducted by Nanni, Benetti&
Mazzini, (2017) Internet of Things offers cities new
opportunities to use data to manage the traffic, reduce
pollution, better utilize the infrastructure and protect
citizens' safety(Nanni, Benetti& Mazzini, 2017). IoT help
cities to make the several digital opportunities, the Smart
City Internet of Things are a fully integrated scalable and
modular framework to effectively deliver as well as to
manage smart city services. Saadeh, Sleit, Sabri &
Almobaideen, (2018) states that the “fully integrated”
approach meets the essential requirements of a shared,
secure and scalable interconnected environment – each
'thing' can communicate with each other to make
tomorrow's cities smart, secure moreover the sustainable. It
is easy to see that cities can benefit from technological
advances in the use of the Internet of Things(Saadeh, Sleit,
Sabri&Almobaideen, 2018). It's also easy to see that as the
city continues to grow and more devices are added to the
infrastructure, the amount of data will be huge. In order to
manage these needs and make full use of new technologies,
cities will need information management systems.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chambers, J., &Elfrink, W. (2014). Future of Cities,”
Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2014-10-31/futu
re-cities
The author of the article explains the integration of the
Internet of Things into everyday life, that is, the integration
of urban infrastructure will significantly decrease costs and
generate millions of dollars in value. In this article, authors
cite two successful "smart" cities in Barcelona, Spain and
Songdo, South Korea, which integrate various IoT
equipment and projects into numerous urban infrastructure
projects that reduce costs, reduce emissions, and save
energy and energy funds. The author seems to be a
supporter of the IoT management city, and the advantages
that the private and public sectors can bring if IoT devices
are integrated on a larger scale.
Articl Hu, J., Yang, K., Marin, S., & Sharif, H. (2018). Guest
Editorial Special Issue on Internet-of-Things for Smart
Cities.IEEE Internet Of Things Journal, 5(2), 468-472.
As the IoT began to leave its mark in the technology
industry furthermore not only completely changed
consumer goods, however also completely changed all
aspects of human life (authors suggest that things from
street lights to cars to the seaport will eventually be "smart,
IoT importance lies, according to authors point out, in cloud
computing and the sensors inbuilt in technology. Whereas
the smart gadgets have the ability to "communicate" or to
simply communicate with different smart gadgets, they
likewise have ability to collect and to observe data (as
opposed to sensors) and examine the real-time data. The
following is a painful example of the author's ability to
monitor and analyze real-time data through the smart
infrastructure novelty.
Articl Saadeh, M., Sleit, A., Sabri, K., &Almobaideen, W.
(2018). Hierarchical architecture and protocol for
mobile object authentication in the context of IoT smart
cities. Journal Of Network And Computer Applications,
121, 1-19.
Smart technology deployment like smart technologies,
smart chips, and smart phones has promoted in the smart
cities development. It includes diverse smart systems, for
example, smart homes, and smart gadgets. These intelligent
systems must be connected to a large number of unique and
smart objects in a largest IoT network. Trusted
communication between the IoT objects is a fundamental
goal of IoT security. In this article, the authors have devised
architecture to address diverse IoT issue or challenges for
instance scalability, heterogeneity, and mobility. In
addition, the architecture is also supported by associability
of the proposed signature verification protocol which is
completely based on hierarchical elliptic curve uniqueness.
The authors conclude that proposed architecture supports
the design of the Internet of Things in smart cities more
than its competitive architecture.
Nanni, S., Benetti, E., & Mazzini, G. (2017). Indoor
monitoring in Public Buildings: workplace wellbeing
and energy consumptions. An example of IoT for smart
cities application.Advances In Science, Technology And
Engineering Systems Journal, 2(3), 884-890.
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In this article, the authors present the outcomes of deeply
monitoring activities, where the IoT framework acts like a
catalyst for smart city solutions, focusing on sustainable
health in the workplace. The main finding of this paper is
the innovative aspects of the solution (sensor network
architecture is extremely simple, easy to install, real-time
finding of parameters in a straight line related to the power
consumption, furthermore accessibility of the
environmental parameter measurements, as well as light
while providing power consumption And contextual
information on the relevance of working conditions makes
it an ideal choice for seamless integration and intensive
monitoring activities within the platform.
Ganesh, E. (2017). Development of SMART CITY Using
IOT and BIG Data. International Journal Of Computer
Techniques, 4(1). Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314615260_De
velopment_of_SMART_CITY_Using_IOT_and_BIG_D
ata-
In this article, the authors conclude that the main concept of
smart cities is to get the right information at the right place
and on the right equipment, making city-related decisions
easier and providing citizens with faster, faster ways. In this
paper, the authors propose an IoT-based system to
implement smart cities, promote governments and citizens,
and make real-time decisions based on current urban
scenarios. The author concludes that in order to process
large amounts of data, we use the Hadoop ecosystem and
Spark at the top level at a very high speed. Existing
intelligent system data sets are used to test and evaluate the
efficiency of the system. In the future, we plan to use a
practical intelligent system deployment system to test the
actual implementation and feasibility of the system.
Ali, M. I., Gao, F., & Mileo, A. (2015, October).
Citybench: A configurable benchmark to evaluate rsp
engines using smart city datasets. In International
Semantic Web Conference (pp. 374-389). Springer,
Cham.
The selected resource help in acknowledging in-depth
knowledge about the specifications of an IoT enabled
system. The resource gives the readers a huge amount of
knowledge associated with the use of different engines
which works on the principals of internet of things. The
resource also provides the details of the smart city data sets
which are associated with the different engines. The two
states of art used by the RSP engines are discussed in this
paper. There are different aspects of this resource which
helps in understanding the features of the IoT enabled
system. The complexity of the structure of the IoT enabled
systems can be identified with the help of this report. The
application of the different functions of internet of things
can be identified with the help of this resource. At the same
time it can be also said that this resource have plenty of
limitations as well. The resource is only limited to one
specific IoT enabled system rather than comparing the
features of all the similar types of IoT enabled system. The
other drawback of this paper is that this paper does not help
in identifying the futuristic issues of the chosen engine.
Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., &
Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities.
IEEE Internet of Things journal, 1(1), 22-32.
The main reason behind selection of this paper is that this
paper considers the application of internet of things as a
whole rather than specifying or concentration on a specific,
it feature of the resource is very much useful as this feature
help in having a perception about the different IoT enabled
systems as a whole. The resource helps in having an idea
about both the positive and negative issues related to the
different IoT based technologies. The papers provides huge
amount of knowledge about the issues of the smart
applications. The issues are described in a detailed way in
this paper and are used by citizens of the smart to mitigate
the risks associated with the smart applications. The
resource provides in depth knowledge about the application
of IOT such as the large number of devices and
technologies in smart cities. The resource helps in
understanding an urban IoT based system which is
described in this paper in details. Like every other paper
this paper also have numerous drawback and limitations.
The paper is written in a generalized format with no
complex keywords which is the most intriguing part of this
resource; the simplicity of this resource is an advantage for
the readers of this paper.
Tönjes, R., Barnaghi, P., Ali, M., Mileo, A., Hauswirth,
M., Ganz, F., ... & Puiu, D. (2014, June). Real time iot
stream processing and large-scale data analytics for
smart city applications. In poster session, European
Conference on Networks and Communications. sn.
The foremost determination of this paper is that it focuses
on the real time applications which are increasingly used in
the smart cities all around the world. The application of the
smart application in the smart cities arises different types of
problems and complexities which are the main point of
discussion this paper. The paper also focuses on the ethical
issues of the real time applications as well as the
networking securities associated it. The paper broadly
discusses about the complexities of the bigger organizations
which deals with huge amount of essential data. The
security of those data is really important for those
organizations and can have positive or negative impact on
the growth and productivity of the organization. The
resource provides in depth knowledge about the complex
operations performed by the smart city applications such as
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the stream processing and big data analysis. The resource is
helpful for the readers to understand the effectiveness of
IoT in smart cities. The paper also focuses on the issues
related to the big data analysis such as the privacy issues.
There are different types of challenges for the organizations
of big data analysis and this resource can be effectively
used for mitigating those challenges. The challenges related
to the big data analysis can be purposefully solved with the
help of the internet of things.
Navghane, S. S., Killedar, M. S., & Rohokale, D. V.
(2016). IoT based smart garbage and waste collection
bin. Int. J. Adv. Res. Electron. Commun. Eng, 5(5), 1576-
1578.
The main reason behind the selection of this article is
effective methodology which it proposed regarding the
waste management in the smart cities. The resources helps
in understanding the issues related to the waste collection
methods. The paper also highlights the importance of the
application of internet of things in smart cities. The
effectiveness of the chosen methodology is also mentioned
in this paper. The paper helps in realizing the importance of
human intervention in the automated system. The prime
benefit of this paper is that it focuses mainly on a specific
application of internet of things. Every minute details of the
internet of things in waste management are detailed in a
professional manner in this resource. Like every other
resources, this resource also have many limitations. The
prime limitation of this resource is that it do not highlight
any specific equipment which are used in the smart cities
for waste management.The selected resources help in
having a perception about the wastage collection methods
used in the smart cities. The application of the internet of
things in the wastage collection departments of smart cities
are briefly described in this paper.
Hefnawy, A., Bouras, A., & Cherifi, C. (2016, March).
Iot for smart city services: Lifecycle approach. In
Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet
of things and Cloud Computing (p. 55). ACM.
The main reason behind selecting this resoucr is that it
gives indepth knowledge about the services provided by
internet of things in smart cities. The resource gives in
depth knowledge about the application of IOT in different
types of activities in smart cities. Different aspects of the
society which are accessed by the IoT enabled devices such
as population control and scarcity of resources are
discussed in this paper. The paper highlighted about the
connectivity issues of smart cities. The author of this
resource have structured this paper is such a way that it help
us in understanding the IOT enabled technologies
associated with smart cities such as the short range
communication technologies. However it can be found that
he paper however failed to discuss the challenges of those
technologies. The environmental aspects of the internet of
things are also discussed in this paper. At the same time the
environmental aspects of the IoT based technologies should
also be highly considered as these help in achieving
dynamic wastage collection contributing to the smart city
ideologies. The optimization of the garbage truck fleet and
their routes are identified in this resource. The issues related
to dynamic scheduling model are not discussed in this
paper.
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT
Based on the literature, the requirements for the project are
security concerns of smart cities, privacy concerns of smart
cities and implementation of IoT in smart cities security
concerns of Smart cities are selected to work with.
MODIFIED PROBLEM STATEMENT
The main challenges identified when using the Internet of
Things in smart cities are attributable to open research
issues. There are many opportunities for the implementation
of the Internet of Things, but we cannot ignore the threats
and difficulties we face. Since the Internet of Things is
expected to have a major impact on our lifestyle, we need to
make sure we understand the risks and challenges involved.
Security and privacy are considered to be the main threats
to our implementation of the Internet of Things. While
many people discuss different opportunities for the Internet
of Things, everyone agrees that security must always be
achieved. Everything is managed online, which means
anyone with access to computers and the Internet can
control it.
CURRENT AND PAST TECHNIQUES OR
TECHNOLOGIES USED TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM
More importantly, the Internet of Things will be a key
innovation to solve this problem. In addition, support
technologies have reached maturity, allowing the actual
implementation of the IoT solutions moreover the services,
starting with field trials, with the hope of helping to
eliminate the uncertainty that still hampers the large-scale
adoption of the IoT paradigm. With the advent of personal
data, the security and privacy of communications and
services are lost, and unnecessary communications become
paralyzed. As new devices and heterogeneous networks
diversify, the overall problem is further exacerbated. Users
are faced with various methods and devices for accessing
the digital world and can no longer be assumed. Urban IoT
systems require a set of link layer technologies due to their
inherent large deployment area. These technologies can
easily cover a broad geographical area while supporting a
large number of small flows generated by very high
aggregation. For such reasons, the link layer technology for
realizing the IoT system is divided into constrained and
unconstrained technologies.
Taxonomy
Presenting a classification of IoT based smart cities; this
section catalogues the literature by depending on network
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types, communication protocols, standardization efforts,
chief service providers & many more.
 Serviced providers – The innovation of IoT is
becoming popular day by day and its application
over smart cities will grow by billions of dollars
by the year 2020. The annual growth will be
around 16 billion. Internet of Things carries
immense potential of enhancing the revenue for all
service providers (Mehmood et al., 2017). This
communication paradigm is avant-garde that many
renowned service providers have started
discovering. Ericsson, Orange, Nokia are some
service providers that can out forward numerous
platforms for the applications related to smart city
such as e-healthcare, ITS, home automation,
logistics & a lot more.
 Communication protocols – An Iot based smart
city is bound to depend on manifold
communication protocols for the transportation of
data between backend servers & devices. Some of
the short range technologies are Wi-Fi, ZigBee,
WiMAX, Bluetooth, etc. These technologies are
utilized in vehicular communication, e-healthcare
& metering. The wide range communication
technologies are LTE, GSM, and GPRS. These
technologies are utilized in mobile e-healthcare,
infotainment services, V2I, smart grid, etc. The
protocols and the various radio technologies can
be utilized for:
 Backing up smart city applications for
ensuring interoperability among
numerous operators
 Radio technology is equipped with star-
based communications that presents a
scalable worldwide network for
discovering smart city applications with
consumption of low power.
 Network types – Network topologies are required
for smart city applications for establishing
autonomous environments. These capillary
networks render services over minute ranges.
WPANs, WLANs & BANs are some of the
examples of wireless networks. Home automation
& e-healthcare services are some of the application
areas. Applications such as waste management,
ITS utilize WANs, mobile communication &
metropolitan area networks.
Activities of standard bodies – The device interoperability
requirement by smart city applications is a highly vital one
along with deployment of manifold IoT devices. Smart city
applications can then only be facilitated on a huge scale
when renowned government bodies like oneM2M, IETF,
OMA & 3GPP participate for developing the standards.
 Offered services – Within the arena of Iot there
are manifold services that help in influencing city
administration with decrease in operational costs.
Smart lighting, waste management & waste are the
offerings.
 Requirements – There are diverse applications
within the sphere of IoT in a smart city that again
leads to vast requirements. IoT based applications
& solutions are always anticipated to be highly
secured, flexible, low cost, Quality-of-Service,
multivendor interoperability, etc. These requisites
can be fulfilled with the implementation of new
techniques. For instance, huge IoT traffic can be
managed with traffic modeling. This combined
modeling approach is better than conventional
approaches where IoT devices can access networks
individually for putting out & receiving messages.
Internets of Things open source platforms
Multi-vendor interoperability can then only be achieved
when information is shared with the help of open source
realizations (Ilunin, 2018). There exit open communities
that render rapid development platforms just for smart
cities.
 OCEAN – Open alliance for iot standard is a
worldwide alliance that brings in open source
realizations for smart cities that are based on
Internet of Things standards. With this the
commercialization of platforms, services &
products will also take place for the extensive
acceptance of IoT standards. The source code will
be released by OCEAN as open source that will
lead to the collaboration of developers & vendors
for fabricating high end products under the
Application of sensory
in IoT smart city
Air pollution,
Fire Detection
Water quality,
Smart parking,
Waste management
treatment
Traffic congestion and
golf course conditions
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worldwide partnership that will lead to the
establishment of IoT bionetwork for smart cities.
 OM2M – This project will distribute an open
source execution of SmartM2M & oneM2M
standards. This initiative will facilitate the
operation of heterogeneous devices & vertical
applications by offering a M2M service platform
for independent service development of underlying
network. Thereby it offers SCE or Service
Common Entity that can be functional in M2M
device or in any server.
Smart home in a smart city
Network interconnected
Internet with high speed broadband
Highly automated
Light control
Improve comfort
IoT synergies
Few case studies are presented here by manifold enterprises
with contemporary IoT synergies for smart city
implementation (Zanella et al., 2014). The objective is to
offer a summary of recent deployments of IoT-based
solutions for handling city related challenges.
 Chicago – The focus of this project is on
community engagement and infrastructure
management for handling challenges related to
transport, economic development & crime in
Chicago, US. By associating with IBM, more than
300,000 smart Internet of Things devices has been
deployed by Chicago for backing up smart grid
functionalities. The goal of this project is reduction
of energy waste. Nearly one hundred and seventy
million USD can be saved. An analytics platform
has been fabricated by this project on Cisco
technology which helped in the reduction of crime
rates inside the city. The model that has been
created carries 31 variables for preventing rodent
infestations. Buildings that will become vacant in
the near future can be identified with the help of
Analytics incorporation. Apps are also developed
with the use of data sets for notifying citizens
about unnecessary situations within the city.
 Busan Green u-City – An omnipresent city,
Busan Green u-City is a smart city that is IoT
enabled in South Korea. It has employed a cloud
based infrastructure for enhancing local business
prospects, efficiency of city management and
many more. This private-public cooperation has
taken place among Cisco, Busan city government,
largest telco of South Korea, various technology
suppliers & KT. The estimated investment amount
is 452 million USD. This cooperation was started
with the primary goal of delivering an enhanced
transportation system, increased job opportunities,
e-healthcare services, and enhanced information
accessibility via numerous devices &
communication sources.
 Milton Keynes – This smart project is
synchronized by Open University whose objective
is the development of a data hub surrounded by the
city that handles & amalgamates data that is
acquired from manifold smart devices. The project
also focuses on the control of carbon emissions
CHALLENGES RELATED TO OPEN RESEARCH
The adoption of the Internet of Things for smart cities will
bring forth advancements but there will be open research
challenges & issues as well (GoodWorkLabs: Mobile App
and Software Product Development 2016, 2018). By
throwing light on these challenges, new directions can be
offered to researches in the upcoming time.
 Interoperability – The ability by which two
diverse devices interact with each other for
information exchange is known as interoperability.
IoT devices that are incorporated in smart cities
come from wide-ranging domains like intelligent
transport, smart metering, monitoring and a lot
more. Interoperability is something that will be
responsible for connectivity amidst devices in a
smart city. But this is an obstacle for IoT success
as well as per World Economic Forum as there is a
lack in universal standards. Solving these calls for
the identification of these issues at varied levels
such as device, platform, communication, network,
application, etc. The challenges can be addressed
IoT based smart city classification
Comm
unicati
on
protoco
ls
Serv
ice
pro
vide
rs
Network
types
Activi
ties of
stand
ard
bodie
s
Offe
red
serv
ices
Requi
remen
ts
Wi-Fi SK
Tele
com
BANs 3GPP e-
heal
thca
re
Low
power
consu
mption
GPRS/
GSM
Ora
nge
Mobile
networks
One
M2M
Ener
gy
met
erin
g
6LoWP
AN
Eric
sson
,
Nok
ia
W
PA
Ns
E
T
S
I
Secur
ity
Traffic
modeling
Bluetoo
th
Tele
foni
ca
W
L
A
Ns
I
E
T
F
Smart
trans
porati
on
Minimal
cost
8

with an intelligent approach for offering easy
connectivity to many IoT devices.
 Big Data Analytics – It is one of those research
directions that have a major role to play in IoT
based smart cities. Smart cities with the potential
of connecting many devices will offer massive
data amount for analysis. Both from user private
data and surrounding environments, this data can
amalgamate information. Intelligent techniques
will be required for this data analysis. For
example, information can be easily analyzed with
the help of deep learning algorithms whose
production is done by devices that are locally
connected. Major challenges that must be
addressed are:
 The need for offering computation power
for extracting new knowledge from data
 Respecting user privacy while data
analysis is being done
 Need for adequate infrastructure for
collecting, storing and analyzing huge
data amounts
 Presence of data anonymity for
confidential data
 Security – All IoT devices require security that
has to be maintained at all costs. Security truly
becomes a critical challenge as all smart cities
offer Internet connectivity to various devices. The
devices can be at risks due to vulnerabilities like
poorly encrypted communication protocols,
inadequate authorization and a lot more. The
designing of a successful smart city based on IoT
calls for the addressing of the following issues:
 Presence of robust privacy measures for
ensuring the consent and trust of the user
 Fabricating efficacious security solutions
for guaranteeing data authenticity. With
this, a secured communication can also be
offered between cloud-dependent
application centers & IoT devices
 Designing a sufficient and active
decentralized system of trust management
 User data must be offered with privacy
aware communication
 Studying the freshly emerging attacks
with risk assessment that are based on
threats and vulnerabilities. One of the
risks assessments has also been put
forward by ENISA that recognizes the
probable emerging attacks.
CONCLUSION
This paper carries the facts about the recent trends in IoT
based smart cities model. A classification has been carried
out for the Internet of Things enabled cities that are based
on service providers, protocols, standard bodies & network
types. Based on this study, we can conclude that
applications of smart city depend on wireless technologies
like LTE A/LTE, WAVE, 6LoWPAN & a lot more.
Researchers can also benefit from the study as we have
spoken about open Internet of Things platforms. Some case
studies of recent IoT deployments are also presented for
revealing the augmenting development towards IoT
deployments. The last but not the least, open research
challenges are also addressed like low cost, security,
interoperability, big data analytics that require considerable
attention and concern from various research communities.
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