Analysis of Tourism Research Studies

The provided assignment is a collection of research papers and studies related to the tourism industry. It includes articles from journals such as Journal of Travel Research, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, and Annals of Tourism Research. The studies cover topics like economic crisis and tourism expenditure cutback decision, carbon impact of short-haul tourism, customer relationship management in travel & tourism industry, and localizing cultural values on tourism destination websites. The assignment provides insights into the current research trends and developments in the field of tourism and hospitality.

PROJECT
Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LO1..................................................................................................................................................3
P1 Key milestones of the travel and tourism industry................................................................3
P2 Elements of travel and tourism industry................................................................................5
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................7
P3 Different factors affecting the tourism behaviour..................................................................7
P4 Different motivational models helping in influencing the consumers decision making
process.........................................................................................................................................8
LO 3...............................................................................................................................................10
P5 Recent trends in international travel and tourism industry..................................................10
LO 4...............................................................................................................................................11
P6 Factors affecting the popularity of global destination..............................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
The travel and tourism sector is growing at a very fast pace. Also the people are gaining
more knowledge of the travelling to different countries and also started developing interest in
travelling to other countries in order to have fun, leisure time, for the purpose of the business, or
for exploring new places, cultures, places of historic and religious importance and for many more
reasons (Medlik, ed., 2016). With the study of the report it will be clear that travelling has
evolved since ages back in the history and also it will discuss the development of the whole
travel and tourism industry. Furthermore it will demonstrate the different elements or the
components of the tourism and travel industry. After that it will highlights some different types
of factors which influences and impacts the tourism behaviour. Further it will show that how the
application of some models of motivation helps in influencing the decision making process of the
customers. Further it will outline and discuss some emerging and recent trends in travel and
tourism industry at the international level. At last the report will discuss and examine some of the
factors which affects the popularity of the global destination.
LO1
P1 Key milestones of the travel and tourism industry
Tourism is the transient movement of human beings to particular destination out of doors
their regular workplaces and abode, the sports undertaken at some stage in their stay in the ones
destinations, and the facilities developed to fulfil their wishes (Boniface, Cooper, and Cooper,
2016). However, the history of travel and tourism industry is divided into six stages which are
explained below:
The Empire Phase (BC to 5th century) : The Empire period have initiated from the
time of the Egyptians to the Greek and eventually came to a stop with the decline of the Roman
empire. All through the time, humans started out journeying in huge numbers for governmental,
commercialized, academic and religious purposes. Further, elements that have shape the travel
and tourism industry in the course of the Empire generation are inclusive of wealthy populace
with money and time to travel, secure and easy tour, extensively usual currencies, extensively
used language, legitimate system which protects non-public protection etc.
The Middle age and Renaissance Era (5th to 14th century): tourism nearly vanished
during the middle ages wherein travel have become risky and irregular. Thus, the journey

scenario in the course of the middle era includes transportation and security declined, less
popularity of currencies and much less information of common languages, some travel via
crusaders to Holy Lands, Macro polo’ s historical journey within the overdue thirteenth century
etc. Further, the rebirth in tour emerged slowly in the course of the Renaissance generation (14th
to 16th century) which encompasses of trade path slowly commenced to reopen, as business
activities grew and the traders ventured into new dominion and accelerated interest in travel for
trade and pleasure (Xiang, Magnini and Fesenmaier, 2015).
The Grand Tour Phase (1613 to 1785 A.D): There are various factors that influences
the travel and tourism industry in context of the grand tour era which is inclusive of trend of
luxurious tour started out by wealthy English, formed as a status symbolization and unfold for
the duration of Europe, purpose was to experience the Civilized existence and research the
humanities and sciences, further, these travelling frequently lasted for some years and boom in
travel for enterprise motives.
The Mobility Era (1800 To 1944): There are various components in this phase that
drives the development of travel and tourism industry which is inclusive of developing financial
activity, development in system of rules, manner, and speeds of travelling like roads, railroads,
steamships and Thomas cook who is a Father of Tourism evolved excursion programs for mass
tour, further it includes invention of vehicle and aircraft increased freedom to journey and at last
in this era, in 1841, Thomas cook organized the primary excursion for a collection of 570 to wait
a temperance rally in Leicester, England.
The Modern Era (1945 To Present): There are various factors of this era which have
influenced the travel and tourism industry which encompasses of Paid holiday added in the early
Nineteen Nineties made relaxation journey viable for running and centre lessons. Moreover,
during this era thousands and thousands of human beings have been delivered to global journey
for the duration of world war II, further, it also includes creation of Jet travel shortened journey
time and time, wealth, security and interest in tour caused remarkable increase of tourism and
improvement of mass tourism.
However, these above mentioned milestones have shaped the travel and tourism in such a
way that today this industry has been rapidly developing and people are investing their money in
this industry by visiting various destinations and spending their vacations on different locations.

Further, today travel and tourism industry is providing various services to the people which are
necessary during the holidays like transportation, accommodation, other amusing services etc.
which in turn has led to the development of travel and tourism industry (Cohen and Cohen,
2018).
P2 Elements of travel and tourism industry
There are various elements of travel and tourism industry that will captivate the travellers
to visit various destinations, thus, it attracts them by providing the basic services that may be
needed during their journey.
Accessibility: Accessibility refers to reachability to the area of destination through
diverse way of transportation. However, transportation must be normal, relaxed, cost-efficient
and secure. Further, there are numerous way of transportation like airway, railways, surface like
road transportation and water transportation etc. and these transportations have to be there for all
types of travellers and destinations. Further, there are three basic transportation services
available namely:
a) floor: Transportation in land via roadways or railways. it is the most inexpensive
manner of transportation.
b) Air Transportation: Transportation via airlines to travel for long routes and hours. It
has helped a lot as humans can tour long distance in addition to they can tour through high
mountains.
c) Water Transportation: It includes the conveyance through water. It made essential
contribution to tour and travel industry in nineteenth century after the innovation of shipping
generation (Gupta,2017).
However, this component is depended on the accommodation and attractions as people
only prefer to travel if they are satisfied with the destinations and the facilities provided their.
Accommodation: it's miles an area wherein vacationer can locate meals and refuge
supplied and the individuals are able to afford for those services. Further, there are various kinds
of accommodation from a seven star luxurious hotel to an everyday finances' elegance hotel.
Moreover, the travel and tourism industry provides two basic types of accommodation:
a) Serviced lodging: It refers to the offerings furnished by way of the hotel, lodge and so
forth. exclusive lodges are established to provide lodging & meals services to the visitor.

b) Self Catering : It refers to the site which provide accommodation but no longer the
offerings of hotel. Further, it provides meals & settlement in return of money per day. E.g. young
people Hostel, Dharmasalas, Pati-Pauwa, visitor holiday villages and so forth. However, this
component is interlinked with the accessibility as if the visitors don not have any accessibility of
transportation to reach the destination then their will be no meaning of accommodation.
Attractions: This element is considered as the maximum essential basic component of
travel and tourism industry. However, attraction means something that creates a preference
among the individuals to journey in a selected holiday spot or enchantment. Further, within
attraction, locale is every other primary thing of tourism which can be used to encompass the
holiday destination and what it provides to the vacationer (McCormick, 2016). Thus, the holiday
spot may also provide natural sights. However, attractions are interlinked with the accessibility
and accommodations as if these are services are properly provided then only the travellers will
be attracted to visit the destination (Stone and et.al., 2018).
Amenities: facilities that are provided to travellers are very crucial for the development
of travel and tourism industry. Thus, they're needful resource to the traveller centre. For a
seashore inn centres like swimming, seafaring, yachting surf using and such other centres like
deeming activity and amusements are a vital function. Thus, there are two types of facilities like
natural and man made wherein seashores, sea-bathing, fishing, hiking, trekking, viewing and so
on. are come underneath the previous class and diverse sorts of entertainments and centres which
cater for the unique desires of the tourists come under the latter category.
Scenic attractiveness: without any question scenic points of interest are very essential
factors in travel and tourism industry which is inclusive of surroundings together with
mountains, lakes, body of water, glaciers, forests, deserts, is strong components attracting human
beings to visit them. For examples, tons and hundreds of vacationer are captivated by way of the
northern slopes of the Alps in Switzerland and Austria and the southern slopes at Italy and
additionally Himalayan. Thus, which attracts the travellers to visit such destinations without
bothering about the money (Singh,2017).
Weather: great weather with pleasant sunshine is one of the maximum crucial attractions
of any visitor area for the development of travel and tourism industry. However, specifically
accurate weather plays an important function in making a holiday satisfactory or an ugly
experience. Further, vacationer from international locations with extremes of weather visit Sea

beaches looking for best climate and sunshine, thus, because of this many spas and hotels along
the ocean coasts has been constructed which have attracted people to visit the places .
LO 2
P3 Different factors affecting the tourism behaviour
The tourism behaviour is a concept which studies that how a the tourist or the consumer
behaves, what is his attitude and thinking at the time of travelling to the other places. It studies
how the person or the traveller behaves or reacts at the time of travelling. There are many factors
which affects and influence the behaviour and thinking of the tourist or traveller. Some of these
factors affecting the tourism behaviour are discussed below-
 Social factors- these are the factors which includes components like culture, society,
traditions, customs prevailing in the society's and the attitude of the whole society. This
may be referred to as a theoretical framework or model in which the individual has
developed himself. Also the travelling is majorly affected by the social factors because
before travelling the people takes into consideration the societal factors. For example if
the person is from a middle class level than he will not spend much in shopping at the
time of travelling. Similarly if the person is of higher class then it will go for premium
shopping. Also if the another example is that if a person goes to such place where there is
only non- vegetarian food is available and if the person is purely vegetarian then he will
not go to such places again.
 Religious factors- many a times the these factors also affects the tourism and travel
business. Many a times people who love history and places of religious importance loves
to travel to the place of religious importance and are much attracted towards such places.
The presence of the religious factors increases the travelling because the tourist and
travellers are more attracted to places of religious importance because people who have
interest in travelling to such places get satisfaction and inner peace by travelling to such
places. And because of this reason the travelling and tourism is at boom to such places.
 Environmental factors- these are the factors which relates to the environment of the
country where the people go for roaming and travelling and exploring the places of
different types (Tigre Moura, Gnoth and Deans, 2015). The environmental factors
includes two major factors which can either hamper or foster the travelling to those
places that are beautiful scenery and the good climatic conditions. If the climate is good

and pleasant then more tourists will be attracted towards those places. On the contrary if
the weather and the ambience of the place is not good and enjoyable then tourism will be
less to such places.
 Technological factors- this factor also has a great impact on the travelling industry. If
the country's technological part is weak then the tourism will also be weak and low.
Before planning for the trip the consumer or the tourist do a detailed study of the place
where he is planning to travel (Ward, 2014). He do a study for knowing the details of the
place like the facilities provided by them, the major attractions of the place, the latest up
gradations of the places and many more factors. Like for example if the person is
planning to travel to some place and during the study about that place he finds out that
there the hotels does not have option of online bookings and online payments then the
person might change his plan to travel to that country.
P4 Different motivational models helping in influencing the consumers decision making process
Tourism and travel sector is gaining importance because of numerous advantages
and the benefits which it brings for the country. Tourism and travel sector plays a very crucial
and vital role in enhancing, appealing and supporting the economy of any country. For this the
country’s economy employs various different types of models and techniques of motivation that
influences the consumer’s decision making process.
For this the model used by different companies are as follows-
Maslow need hierarchy model
 Physiological needs – these are the needs which are the foundation or basic to every
human being. Without the fulfilment of this need the person cannot go further in the
pyramid of fulfilling the other needs. This includes travelling for the purpose of buying
the groceries, shopping for the apparels, going out for having food and ea tables etc.
 Safety needs – This needs work for keeping oneself safe from the harms like shelter,
health, safety and safe environment (Eugenio-Martin and Campos-Soria, 2014). For
fulfilling the safety needs it includes travelling for the work, exercise for maintaining the
health, travelling for the medical aids etc.
 Social belonging needs – The humans have a right to feel a sense of acceptance and
belongingness within the different social groups irrespective of the fact that whether the
group is small or large and what is the structure of that group. For the accomplishment of

the needs of the social belonging it includes travelling for the social events, for providing
the religious services etc.
 Self – esteem needs- The esteem represents and demonstrates the typical feeling of
human desiring to be accepted and valued by others (Alfandi and Alkahsawneh, 2014).
For fulfilling the self-esteem needs the person can travel to work for status, independently
going for the adventure seeking etc. Self- actualization needs – This level of need refer to what a person’s full potential is
and the realization of that potential. For self-actualization need to be fulfilled the person
can travel for restlessness, variety seeking, curiosity etc.
Reinforcement theory of motivation
This theory of motivation was developed by B.F. Skinner. This theory was evolved with
the intention of achieving the desired level of motivation among the employees so that the
employees work to their fullest capacity and potential. This theory of motivation deals with the
two reinforcement approaches that is positive and the negative approaches are used to reinforce
the desired behaviour. This theory is based on the principle of Law of Effect which states that if
the for a positive consequence the individual tends to repeat the action. On the other hand for the
negative consequences the individual tends to stop that action or the behaviour.
This theory works and concentrates on the statement that how an individual deals or
behaves and reacts when he takes an action or do something. This theory is applicable in the
travel and tourism sector also along with application in an organization or a company (Cárdenas-
García, Sánchez-Rivero and Pulido-Fernández, 2015). If the tourist behaves positively while his
trip then it means that he is fully satisfied with the trip. Similarly if the traveller has negative
feedback after his trip to a certain place then it means the he is not happy and satisfied with the
place he went to explore. It means that now he will not travel to that place any more and on the
other side if he is satisfied with the place then he will again travel to that place and will
encourage others to travel to that places.

LO 3
P5 Recent trends in international travel and tourism industry
In this today's busy world everyone wishes to relax and spend some quality time with
their friends, families and the loved ones. In the present globalised world now there are no
restrictions or boundaries. Every person can travel to any corner of the world wherever he wishes
to go without any problem or restrictions. Because the travelling has gained much importance
and popularity at this point of time so it has been developed much at high level. Many new
changes and developments have been taken place in the travelling sector.
Earlier the travelling was done only with the purpose of doing the business that also in
the same country. Further it expanded and the travelling shifted across the countries but for the
reason of doing business only. Further the person started travelling for the purpose of their
interest like going to place of historic monuments and religious importance, or for spending
leisure time with their families or for exploring new and exciting places (Johnston, 2014).
Because of this increase in the travelling habit of the people there have been many changes and
developments have been made in the travel and tourism industry. These recent trends and pattern
in the travelling and tourism industry at the international level are discussed in the below points-
 Growth of luxury travel- Now- a- days the standard of living has been improved of the
people. This increase in the standard of living is due to the reason that the income of the
person has increased and also because of the increase in the foreign trade the people
living in the domestic country are much attracted towards the foreign culture and style of
living of the residents of the foreign countries. So now people travelling to other
countries looks for holiday packages of the luxurious hotels and resorts. This has resulted
in the increase in the level of the luxury tourism. For this the hotels provides various
types of facilities like personalized and customized services for the customers, superior
and premium quality infrastructure, good food, reliable and tested transport services and
facilities to the customers coming to the hotel.
 Choosing less travelled place- it is the recent and the most latest trend in the travel and
tourism industry. The people who loves to travel have now developed a new habit of
travelling to such places which are not much popular or which have not been travelled
and explored by much people. Now- a- days people are giving importance to places and
countries which are less travelled and explored by the people. There can be many reasons

for the less attractiveness and popularity of these places because of many reasons such as
unawareness of the place, lack of conveyance facilities, may be high costing and
expensive and many other reasons.
 Obsession with solo trips- this is the major development or the latest trend in the travel
and tourism industry. In the recent time the concept of solo holidays and trips is very
much in fashion and is in very high demand. By keeping in mind this latest trend or the
pattern many travelling companies have started customizing different packages keeping
in mind the obsession and love of people for the solo trips (Filimonau, Dickinson and
Robbins, 2014). The reason behind the popularity of the solo tours and trips is that the
person travelling for the solo trip can give time to themselves, can have personal time and
space, can enjoy and explore the trip as the person wants and can do what he wishes to
do.
 Wellness trips- Now- a- days the people are becoming more health conscious and
understanding the importance of being healthy and active. Even for promoting the
message of healthy and stable life many people travel to promote and encourage other
people to live a happy and healthy life. For this all the interested people forms a group
and then travels to many different places on bicycles and promotes the message of living
a healthy life.
LO 4
P6 Factors affecting the popularity of global destination
There are various factors that impacts the popularity of the destinations which are inclusive of
environment, economy of the nation, historical or cultural factors, research about the destination,
religious etc.
Environmental conditions: This factor majorly affects the popularity of the destinations
as travel and tourism industry develops more rapidly when the destination have pleasant climate.
However, in contrast, any unsought modifications in the environment such as high winds,
torrent, drought, and immoderate climate can affect the destination more unfavourably. For
instance during summer months, people prefer to go on holidays to colder destinations like hill
stations where they feel relax, thus it will impact the popularity of the destination which are
famous for summer seasons(Moutinho and Vargas-Sanchez, 2018).

Economy: while an economy of the country is facing monetary inclemency and while
people are experiencing unemployment issues, destinations in travel and tourism industry is
affected adversely. However, on the opposite, whilst a country's financial system is doing
properly and people can manage to spend money on various destinations which in turn leads to
the progress in travel and tourism industry. Thus, popularity of the destinations are affected by
the economic factor the country.
Cultural factors: The location or holiday spot of journey impacts the popularity of the
destination which in turn affects the travel and tourism industry. However, if the destination is of
incredible historic or cultural importance then travellers will genuinely want to go to the area for
seeing monuments, mansions, forts, historical architecture, artistic creation, caves, antic
paintings and utensils, apparel, guns, adorns, and other allied background. for instance, the
famous places of historical and cultural significance are Taj Mahal (India), Pyramids of Gaza
(Egypt), started town (Burma), Acropolis (Athens, Greece). Thus, these places have gained
popularity as they have significant cultural and historical structures.
Research : There are travellers who go to different destinations with the objective of
survey and expedition. Thus, want for studies promotes the popularity of the destinations.
However, Archaeologists, Scientist, Biologists and Zoological observer, Architects, and those
studying Arts and Cultures seek locations which have high-quality importance inside the field of
research. Thus, the destinations which these qualities will affect the destinations.
Technology- Technological factors also affects tourism destination because if a traveller
wants to explore new cities or countries than GPS accessibility is required to know routes and to
access location. Further, technology also play an important role in finding new places and for
gathering information about popularity of a particular tourism place. Technology also benefits
travellers in booking tickets or accommodation. Without technology a traveller is not able
transfer money if in any case there is a lack of funds than technology plays an essential role. As
with the access of internet one can transfer funds by using Net Banking. Thus, technological
factors affects business of destination places(Knežević Cvelbar and et.al., 2016).
CONCLUSION
This report briefly summarizes about the key milestones of travel and tourism industry
and these milestones have shaped the industry. Further, the project have highlighted about the

different elements of travel and tourism industry which is inclusive of amenities,
accommodation, accessibility and attractions. Moreover, the assignment have outlined the factors
that will affect the tourism behaviour of travellers and along with that it have commented on the
models of motivation that have influenced the decision of travellers. On the flip side the report
have highlighted about the emerging trends in the international travel and tourism industry.
Eventually, the assignment have outlined about the factors that affects the popularity of the
famous global destinations.

REFERENCES
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