Leadership And Management Theories And Models In Healthcare Services In UK

This essay covers various kinds of leadership and management theories, models or framework and critical evaluation of the application to Post COVID 19 health related services in the UK.

Leadership And
Management For Health

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Application of leadership and management theories and models to healthcare services in UK.
.....................................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................9
REFERNCES:................................................................................................................................10
Books and Journals:..................................................................................................................10
Online-...........................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is the practice and behaviour of individuals where they influence others to
follow their ideas and concepts (Podsakoff and Podsakoff, 2019). It is very essential for an
organisation to follow effective leadership styles within their companies to manage their
employees well and enhance their performance for achieving organisational goals and objectives.
On the other hand, management is another practice of managing employees in such a manner
which will help the organisation to utilize their available resources in an appropriate way. There
are various kinds of leadership and management theories which can help an organisation to
manage their employees and utilize their available resources in a effective manner to achieve
organisational growth (Aboramadan and et. al., 2021). The following essay will covers various
kinds of leadership and management theories, models or framework and critical evaluation of the
application to Post COVID 19 health related services in the UK.
MAIN BODY
Application of leadership and management theories and models to healthcare services in UK.
Leadership refers as an art of influencing, inspiring, directing, motivating while guiding
subordinates and followers towards organisational goals and objectives. Leaders help in
communicating and sharing organisational vision to their team members so that they can
understand what they are required for in an organisation (Lord and et. al., 2020). Effective
leadership is the foundation of original and borrowed ideas to engage employees to realise the
business needs. Leadership theories signifies the qualities of a good leader. There are various
leadership theories and models like Hersey and Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory,
this leadership style states that leadership styles of leaders are affected by the circumstances and
situations around them (Raza and Sikandar, 2018). This theory further states that an effective
leader always work according to the situation and change their leadership style as per the
requirement of their organisation to manage the situation effectively (20 Types of Leadership
Models and Theories in Management, 2022). Hence, the factors of the surrounding environment
is essential for leaders to understood and make decisions according to the situation to influence
more subordinates in a better way. The main objective of this leadership theory is that it focuses
on the followers ability and capability rather than focusing upon workplace environment. Here,
leaders basically change their leadership styles and behaviours according to their followers needs

and requirements. The main benefit of this theory is that it help leaders to become more effective
and supportive for their employees (Phinhongthong, 2019).
In context of Nuffield Health Hospital which is a charitable trust of healthcare services,
they analyse the situation of COVID pandemic and its hazardous impacts upon the lifestyle of
UK population. Hence, their leaders decided to launch a programme which is named as COVID
19 Rehabilitation Programme. This programme is designed for the patients as well as for the
employees of this health care hospital who faces difficult time during the pandemic and did not
recover well due to their huge loss in this pandemic. This programme is free for participants
(COVID-19 Rehabilitation Programme, 2022). This programme help to provide advice to the
patients and employees from the experts so that they will learn a better way to live life in a better
way with effective well-being nature. These experts provide personalized advices to the
participants and help them to recover their health conditions after COVID pandemic. For
example, they suggest diets and exercises to different patients and employees of the organisation
according to their health and capability to perform exercises. Most of the exercises will help
them to make them relief from their mental stress and boost their immune system so that they
will not come in contact of corona virus again. The programme also covers advices such as
managing breathlessness, improving sleep, anxiety and low mood reliefs and eating for recovery.
Hence, here, leaders of this healthcare service analyse that their employees and patients are not
enough motivated after the COVID pandemic. Therefore, they analyse the situation and
implement a programme which can help their staff members to become motivated by
personalized advices from experts about the ways they can keep them selves healthy and fit at
their work place. Hence, the result of this programme shows a better improvement in the
common symptoms of long COVID pandemic. The improvement is shown specifically in
reduction in breathlessness and anxiety levels which further improve the quality of life (COVID-
19 Rehabilitation Programme, 2022).
Another popular leadership theory is The Lewin Theory of Behavioral Leadership,
according to this theory of leadership, it states that there bare three types of leadership style
which can be adopted by leaders. First leadership style is Autocratic, where a leader did not
involve their employees to participate in decision making process and they make the decisions
for organisational growth according to them self and order their subordinates to strictly follow
the orders (Bakari and et. al., 2018). This leadership style will help in making decision quickly.

Another leadership style in this theory is Democratic, where a leader allow the equal
participation of their subordinated in decision making process and ask their employees to put
their point of view and suggestions in front of management team. Hence, here, leaders and
employees both work together to make decisions. This leadership style will help to build a better
relationship between management team and their subordinates and reduce conflicts. The last
leadership style according to this theory is Laissez-faire, where a leaders ask their subordinated
to work according to themselves and make decisions by their own whatever they feel better for
organisation and for them self (Tuczek, Castka and Wakolbinger, 2018). Here, leaders did not
interfere what their subordinates are doing. This leadership style is adopted in those
organisations where the employees are self motivated and deliver excellent work without the nee
of any supervision (20 Types of Leadership Models and Theories in Management, 2022). on the
other hand, there are few disadvantages of adopting laissez-faire leadership style within an
organisation such as when this style is adopted then the employees will take only those decisions
which are beneficial for them self and they ignores the perspective of organisational growth.
In context of Cambridge University of Hospitals (CUH) NHS Foundation Trust, their
staff members require the modification in their PPE kits and masks so that they will protect their
health from getting affected by the corona virus through their COVID patients. Hence, the
management team allow the participation of their staff members to analyse what kind of PPE kit
they need to perform their work effectively. Their suggestions are considered as important and
the management team order to prepare the PPE kit for their staff members according to their
choice after analysing that the requirement of their staff members are legal and help the hospital
to work better. They suggested for respiratory protective equipments. As a result, its infection
control committee implemented a change in respiratory protective equipment for staff on
COVID-19 wards, from FRSMs to FFP3 respirators (Upgrading PPE for staff working on
COVID-19 wards cut hospital-acquired infections dramatically, 2021). Hence, this shows that
the mentioned hospital is performing democratic leadership style within their hospital where the
management team and staff members all together make decisions and implement effectively for
the growth of their hospital to improve the performance of their staff members. On the other
hand, there are few of the decisions which are taken by employees according to them self due to
their expertise and high motivation. For example, the staff members are authorized to make
decisions to manage the patients treatment according to them self without asking any superior

authority. Therefore, this is the condition of Laissez-faire leadership style in which employees
and subordinates makes decisions by their own. Whereas, some decisions are taken by senior
authority only and they did not involve the participation of their staff members. For example, in
case Cambridge University of Hospitals hire any new doctor then they will not consult with their
staff members about this and order the staff members to coordinate well with new doctor and
follow his/her decision effectively.
Management models will help an organisation to analyse the ways and techniques to
manage their teams of employees and their available resources appropriately to achieve
organisational goals and objectives. In general, management theories are the set of rules,
regulations, principles and guidance to manage an organisation or business effectively
(Sulieman, 2019). In context of healthcare services, it is essential to follow appropriate
management practices to manage staff members. A single mistake can ruin the brand image of
the hospital and it may ban the hospital. Hence, effective management is essential for the
hospitals to follow and treat their patients effectively and in a well organised manner. There are
many benefits of management theories within the healthcare services of UK such as it increases
productivity of staff members. When staff members of an healthcare service are managed
effectively and assigning them the task according to their expertise will help them to work in
better conditions which results in better quality. It also helps to increase collaboration and
objectivity between staff members.
There are various management theories like Scientific Management Theory, which is
developed by Frederick Taylor. According to this theory, there must be some strict rules and
regulations within the workplace to create discipline and to stick toward the task only. Here,
managers are supposed to force their employees to work harder to achieve organisational goal.
According to this theory, the management team perform those practices which will only help in
organisational growth and they treat their employees as a machine that will work according to
organisational need at anytime at any place (7 Types of Workplace Management Theories, 2021).
This theory further states that managers must focus on the training of their employees so that
they will become more productive for the organisation. Here, managers assign task according to
the expertise of the staff members and supervise them to ensure that they are efficient in their
roles or not. This theory ignores the humanity of the individual and it promote strict managerial
behaviours at workplaces (Dahlgaard-Park, Reyes and Chen, 2018). This theory is not much

popular in today's world but beside this it is even followed at some places to maintain discipline
and ethical values for the organisations. AAH Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Is one of the most popular
pharmaceutical company within UK since 1970s. It manufacture medicines and deliver it to
different clinics and hospitals for the treatment of patients all over the UK. Their managers,
strictly train their employees because it will not be tolerated that any worker will perform any
unethical practice by knowingly or even by unknowingly in producing medicines because it is
most sensitive sector where errors and mistakes are not allowed. A minor mistake can impacts
bad upon the health of various patients. Hence, this organisation is following scientific
management theory secondly, they deliver the medicines at any time to any shop. Hence, their
delivery drivers which are the employees of the company's itself are required to be ready to get
order at any time for delivery from the factory or warehouse of AAH pharmaceutical company.
Hence, few of the workers are treated as machines in few healthcare services sector and this
situation even become more sensitive after COVID pandemic because here, the staff members of
the healthcare services are not supposed to delay in the treatment of COVID patients because if
they do it so then it might even cause death of the patient. Hence, a strict level of management is
must after COVID pandemic. Secondly, training sessions are also important for the staff
members so that they will avoid any kind of error or mistakes within the organisation. In context
of any healthcare company, it is essential to follow few strict rules and guidance to become
organised in better ways.
Another popular management theory is Human Relations Theory, which is developed
by Elton Mayo. According to this theory, the managers must focus on maintaining good
relationship with their employees by providing them those facilities which will directly or
indirectly improve their performance within the organisation (Hewett and et. al., 2018). Here,
Mayo states that a satisfied employees will always perform better to achieve their organisational
goal and a employee will get satisfied when their needs and wants are fulfilled appropriately. The
main aim of this theory is to change working conditions of the staff members like lightening,
creak time, working hour per day and many others to make their employees more satisfied and
make them believe that they are important asset for the organisation (7 Types of Workplace
Management Theories, 2021). Every test in the changing of working environment is resulted in
greater performance of employees. For example, when Elton Mayo tested the performance of
employees before changing break time and after providing them appropriate time for break, then

he concluded that the employees mental health is getting improved and they are becoming more
sufficient to work better in the organisation by using their resources in appropriate place where
they are actually required. When the reason of high performance is asked by the employee for
the research then they convey that they feel happy and satisfied that their organisation value their
existence and the company provide importance to their employees (Boselie, Van Harten and
Veld, 2021). Hence, Elton Mayo finally concluded his theory by giving statement that the
improvement in the performance of employees are not basically due to the changes at workplace
but they improvement is due to their satisfaction that their management team pay attention for
their requirements and needs which make them feel happy and valued in the organisation.
In context of Bedford Hospital, their management team focuses to provide various kinds
of benefits to change their working environment and make it positive. They are having various
benefits like e pension scheme, access to affordable housing, flexible working hours and many
other benefits to staff members for their well-being such as sports, gym and social club. For
employee retention, Bedford Hospital allow 33 days holiday allowance plus bank holidays after
ten years of service (Working At Bedford Hospital: Career And Development, 2019). All these
benefits will help them to satisfy their staff members and make them happy to feel that their
organisation is valuing them and their work. The hospital have bright lightening system and so
that their staff is able to perform their task without any error. They also have flexible working
hours and staff members are divided into two shifts, first is day shift and second is night shift.
This hospital ask their staff members before allotting them task that which shift they are happy to
work. This makes them feel happy that the hospital are concern about their needs and wants.
They are also focused to provide effective training sessions to their employees so that they will
enhance their skills for improvement in their performance. Hence, the staff members of the
mentioned hospital and their management team is having better relationship and this relationship
is build after focusing on those factors which help the staff to become happy and satisfied. On
the other hand, fulfilling the needs and wants of staff members will also help to retail talented
employees within the hospital. For their health and well-being, the hotel is focused to provide
them gym and sports facilities plus social club facilities to make them mental relief from work
burden which is increased after COVID pandemic.

CONCLUSION
From the above information it is concluded that leadership practices will help to
influence subordinated to follow the idea and concepts of the leader. On the other hand,
management is the process of managing employees and available resources in a better ways to
achieve organisational goals and objectives. It is essential for healthcare services to adopt
effective management and leadership practices for the survival and growth of their hospitals and
clinics. It is also concluded that there are various kinds of leadership theories like The Lewin
Theory of Behavioral Leadership, Hersey and Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory and
many others. The Lewin Theory of Behavioral Leadership consist that leaders are supposed to
manage their leadership style according to current situation and circumstances. It is also
concluded that there are three basic leadership style such as autocratic, democratic and free-rein.
There are few management theories such as human relation theory, scientific theory and many
others. In context of human relation theory it suggest that changing working environment can
help to satisfy employees to work better and in a productive manner.

REFERNCES:
Books and Journals:
Aboramadan, M. and et. al., 2021. Linking authentic leadership and management capability to
public hospital performance: the role of work engagement. International Journal of
Organizational Analysis.
Bakari, H. and et. al., 2018. Moderating role of cynicism about organizational change between
authentic leadership and commitment to change in Pakistani public sector
hospitals. Leadership in Health Services.
Boselie, P., Van Harten, J. and Veld, M., 2021. A human resource management review on public
management and public administration research: stop right there… before we go any
further Public Management Review, 23(4), pp.483-500.
Dahlgaard-Park, S.M., Reyes, L. and Chen, C.K., 2018. The evolution and convergence of total
quality management and management theories. Total Quality Management & Business
Excellence, 29(9-10), pp.1108-1128.
Hewett, R. and et. al., 2018. Attribution theories in human resource management research: A
review and research agenda. The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 29(1), pp.87-126.
Lord, R.G. and et. al., 2020. Implicit leadership theories, implicit followership theories, and
dynamic processing of leadership information. Annual Review of Organizational
Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, pp.49-74.
Phinhongthong, S., 2019. The factors which drive company's performance based on maslow's
hierachy of needs and hersey and blanchard's situational leadership theory.
Podsakoff, P.M. and Podsakoff, N.P., 2019. Experimental designs in management and leadership
research: Strengths, limitations, and recommendations for improving
publishability. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), pp.11-33.
Raza, S.A. and Sikandar, A., 2018. Impact of leadership style of teacher on the performance of
students: An application of Hersey and Blanchard situational model. Bulletin of
Education and Research, 40(3), pp.73-94.
Sulieman, M.S., 2019. Roots of organizational knowledge in classical management theories: A
literature review. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 10(10), pp.8-15.

Tuczek, F., Castka, P. and Wakolbinger, T., 2018. A review of management theories in the
context of quality, environmental and social responsibility voluntary standards. Journal
of cleaner production, 176, pp.399-416.
Online-
20 Types of Leadership Models and Theories in Management, 2022 [Online] available through:
<https://futureofworking.com/20-types-of-leadership-models-and-theories-in-management/>
COVID-19 Rehabilitation Programme, 2022 [Online] available through:
<https://www.nuffieldhealth.com/about-us/our-impact/healthy-life/covid-19-rehabilitation-
programme/>
Upgrading PPE for staff working on COVID-19 wards cut hospital-acquired infections
dramatically, 2021 [Online] available through:
<https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/upgrading-ppe-for-staff-working-on-covid-19-wards-cut-
hospital-acquired-infections-dramatically/>
7 Types of Workplace Management Theories, 2021 [Online] available through:
<https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/types-of-management-theories/>
Working At Bedford Hospital: Career And Development, 2019 [Online] available through:
<http://www.bedfordhospital.org.uk/careers.html/>