Literature Review on Leadership and Change

This assignment involves a comprehensive literature review on the topic of leadership and change. It covers various sources, including books, articles, and research papers, that discuss different aspects of leading change, such as concept-based teaching methods, strategic management, and lean healthcare journey. The review highlights key findings and insights from 15 years of educational reform in Thailand, as well as improved understanding of physics processes in pedestal structures. It also explores refugia for biodiversity under climate change and the design of lectures through systemic approaches to teaching and learning. Overall, this literature review provides a detailed examination of leadership and change in various contexts, including education, healthcare, and public sectors.

Critically analyse the leadership selection and development program at General Electric

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1 The difference between the concepts of leadership and management.....................................1
2 Analysis of Behavioral Theories of leadership........................................................................3
3 Analyse the effectiveness of the leadership selection and training program at General
Electric........................................................................................................................................6
4 Contextualise the selection and training program within the previous theoretical
discussion.800.............................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Leadership plays an important role in the organisations where various decision of a leader
will help to make an effective development and growth. Development is based on the
implementations of programme for the employees and company for the rapid production and
achieve the firm mission and vision. The report on critically analyse the leadership selection and
development program at general electric. It is an American multinational conglomerate
incorporated in New York. The firm operates in different segments which includes aviations,
recent digital, energy connections, global research, health care, lightning, oil and gas, power and
automotive. The New GE Chief Executive officer John Flannery is making leadership changes
by removing the recent CFO these modifications is signal that GE trying to change strategic way
to plan for the future development in company. The main products GE deals in Aircraft engines
and electric distribution. Further the report will talk about the various difference between the
concept of leadership and management. The leadership theory which shows GE competent and
effectiveness of the leadership selection and training programme in the organisations.
1 The difference between the concepts of leadership and management.
The effective leader are made not born, if the desire and will power in the individual it
becomes leader. The good leader will develop through the never ending procedure of self
learning. Leadership is a quality of convincing individual to achieve the firm goals and
objective with the passionately as well enthusiastically. It is not similar as management.
Management is an art and science to management various task in effective and efficient manner.
The aim of the management is to accomplish the work in optimum manner. In each and every
area it required the better management which can be include education, hospitality, sports and
corporates. The major difference between leadership and management, is management is for
formal and well manager team only. On the other hand leadership is for both formal and informal
teams. The various difference between leadership and Management can be describe such as
follows:
Basis for Comparison Leadership Management
Meaning Leadership is a particular skill
of leading people.
Management is an art and
science of accomplish and
organised the different task
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with systematic way.
Basis The main basis of leadership is
thorough trust building among
the team member.
The basis of management is to
control the people and give
direction for various work.
Emphasis on The leadership emphasis on
the inspiring people.
The management emphasis on
the managing different
activities of the organizations.
Power The main power of a
leadership is to influence the
people.
The management power is rule
on the employees or group.
Focus on The leadership will focus on
encouraging changes in the
organization(Bulkeley and
Tuts, 2013).
The Management focus on
bringing stability in the firm.
Strategy Leadership will apply the
proactive strategy in every task
Management will apply
reactive strategy in each and
every work.
Formulation leadership formulates a
Principle and guidelines for
effective development in the
firm.
Management formulates
various policies and procedure
to manage organisations and
build a better system.
Perspective Leadership need better
providence and long term
perspective.
Management has small range
of perspective for the
organisations.
Leadership is the skill of leading a team of individual and encourage them into an effective
direction known as leadership. It is an interpersonal procedure which will help to convince
people to achieve set objective and goals in better way. Leadership is not a lesson which required
to taught, but an attribute which is own by various individual only. A leader is someone who
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have huge followers due to their encouraging and inspiration. Various instance of a leader which
contribute for their nation and inspire the world such as Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela
etc. Leadership is an action of guiding and directing individual to work together in achieving the
objectives. It need a better vision of thought across the areas.
In each and every business firm there are various leaders who is responsible for the task of their
groups. To achieve the common goal and objective, the worker of the firm are classified into
various group and each and every group is allocated a work which they have to finished in limed
period. The leadership will be term of goods. Share of market, brand value and cost. Therefore,
in the business environment leadership is not only bound with certain individual but firm can
also attain leadership in the market by defeating to their competitor.
Management is the combination of four basic terms which is man+age+ men + t that
means the techniques. In this manner, it can be refer to a method utilised buy man or individual
to deal and organized person of various age group of people who work together for achieving a
specific goals and objectives. Even though management is not relied to men itself but it
incorporated a full fledge of 5 M which included the Men, Money, Material, Machine and
Methods. The individual who manage all the activities is known as manager. The management
required to perform various function such as planning, controlling, organizing, leadership and
motivating and decision making. As the management will work to getting more revenue and save
resource of the organisation by utilising in a optimum and efficient way. It is also responsible for
the taking decisions in terms of investment of organisation finance which will help to give more
benefit for company. The management need to set the budget for the organisation and as per the
budget for the various operation activities can be perform in the organisations. Hence, the
management have the power to control the people in the organisation and direct them as per the
action plan to achieve firms objectives effective manner. So it can be easily understand the
concept of leadership and management which have huge difference with effective manner.
2 Analysis of Behavioural Theories of leadership.
In every organisations the main aspect of leader is their behaviour and style of taking
decision toward any issues arise in the firm. For that behavioural theory will be hep to
understand the leader operation in terms of what to do and how to behave. The theory had been
change its focus from trait to behaviour, it can also shift to leader to leadership which is the
pressurised way of approaching firm leadership in the year 1950s and early 1960s. The various
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structure of behaviour of the team were working as combine and tag as style(Yoder-Wise, 2014).
The theory estimated the various leadership style is better while other is not effective. To achieve
objectives,motivating employees for getting common goals in limited time, good
communication, skill of interacting in a better way, build spirit into the group members, etc.
these are the main function of behaviours of highly successful leader. The behavioural theory of
leadership is divide as such due to focus ion the study of particular behaviour of a leader in the
organisations. The person who posses the theory, a leader behaviour is the effective prediction of
their convincing leadership and better outcomes.
The behaviour focus approach give the original market power as behaviour is a situation in a way
that individual have special response to peculiar stimuli. This theory also suggest that the
leadership never seek inborn characteristic and skills. Instead of they focus on the what function
a leader have to perform in the organisations. The achievement will be define in terms of various
activities then it's must be completely easy for individual who are act in a similar manner. There
are two significant behaviour studies such as follows:
Ohio State University(1940s)
On the basis of their study on leadership the main aim is to fin out the particular trait which can
not output in any determinate outcomes, a team of individual from the Ohio state university
formulated a list of 150 statement with their forms response are considered 1800 hundred of
statement. The list have been made for measuring nine various behavioural leadership
dimension. The outcomes survey is now known as the LBDQ in full form, leader behaviour
description questionnaire. On the other side of study, the leader behaviour description
questionnaire was managed for different team of people ranging for institute candidate and their
faculty, private firm which consist army individual(Groebner, Chang, Hughes and Cziegler,
2013). The primary objectives of this study is to find out the common leadership behaviour. The
outcomes can be form in various categorised such as consideration in which people oriented
behaviour leader and initiating structure which can be task oriented leader but is not that
involvement for them.
Task oriented leaders: This are the leader who have focus on their behaviour on the structure of
the organisations, the process for operating and which need to control. These kinds of leader
more concern about their employees motivations. Task oriented leader will be the favour
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behaviour which can be in the line with the initiating, organizing, clarifying and information
gathering.
People oriented Leaders: These types of leader are focus on the behaviour on ensuring that
internal requirement of the employees must satisfied them. Also, the people orient leader will
motivate their employees by encouraging them and maintain relationship with people. These
types of leader will focus on the work and its output by determining the form various means,
leader with the individual focus have behaviour that are in line through encouraging, observing,
listening, coaching and mentoring.
University of Michigan(1950s)
This had been leader by the famous organizational psychologist Dr Rensis Liert, the study of
leadership at the University of Michigan which focus on the three characteristics of the better
leadership in which two were past observes in the Ohio state university, it shows that work and
relationship oriented behaviour are not highly importance in the globe, the perspective leadership
theory is the new concept in the study of University of Michigan.
The perspective leadership theory is also refers as the democratic leadership style which is shoe
the most important aspect of the working life(Wellman, J., Jeffries and Hagan, 2016). The
participative leadership include the all the group member to find out the significant objective also
certain strategies and process which will help to develop as well achieve the objective of the
organisations. As per the view of these kinds of leadership it required to perceive as the best
leadership style which is primary on functioning as facilitators who is responsible to solve
conflicts for each and every individual in the organisations. This types of leadership style may be
use in the additional setting, organisations setting for the effective outcomes. Therefore, the
behavioural is the biggest loop from the trait their which estimate that leadership is more capable
of different learning instead of intrinsic. It will help to develop the leadership, the evaluation can
be based on the test which is commonly knowns as the psychometrics test(Stanleigh, 2013).
The leadership Grid:This will focus on the production and worker orientation find out in the
Ohio state and Michigan university studies. The grid based leadership bring then effective
relation and work.
This grid will uncover the various distinct behavioural style in which the person who emphasis
on neither the firms' production or people was practising for the effective development and
improve management as per the grid. If an individual emphasised involvement for individual and
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place small effort on the improving level of production which can be tag as country club
manager.
A person who importance for the involvement of production but they paid less attention to the
involvement of their mass was a task manager which will comes under the product and perish
management. The individual who brig the effective balance for production and interest for
individual was known as middle of the road manger. At the end of the people who are able to
make on the same time showcase a with huge interest for production and effective involvement
for the each and every individual which have been practising team management. As per to the
prescription of the grid team management was the top-grade leadership formulation. The focus
will be shifted for leadership theory to far from the people characteristics of the particular leader
and main target on the activity which required to observe and take necessary action of leader and
followers in certain conditions(Swayne, Duncan and Ginter, 2012). This model will assist
manager and leader to assess and understand the behavioural style of an individual effect on their
relationship with groups members and advertised commitment and contribution towards firm
objectives. Hence, the theory determine manager to identify correct balance between the various
style of leadership and assist them to decide how to behave a leader, depending on concern for
people and productivity.
3 Analyse the effectiveness of the leadership selection and training program at General Electric.
The GE want more effective employees in the organization who behave and react for the
most important aspect task accomplish in better manner. The leadership selection and training
programme at the general electric bring the development in the firm. The GE get the number one
position for its leadership on the basis of certain criteria which gives the most rapid operation in
the organisations. The aim of the leader is to develop with the employees which will help to
bring the development of the organisations. The organisation believes the employees of the GE
are main leader. Each and every worker has its own potential to accomplish the task and they feel
values in the organisations.
The GE invest $1 billion in employees development every year and the organisations think that
develop more leadership is the integral to their culture since it was come in operation(Peters,
2012). The top leader of the organisation spend valuable third of their time on leadership
development and the organisation cooperative institute in the crotonville New York become the
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most globe hub for developing innovative thought for leadership, strategy, invention and
effective performance.
The training program arrange by the GE for leadership, innovation and growth. This training
have been launch in the year 2006 the focus of the programme such as to support the CEO
Jeffrey R. the importance of growing the General electric by focusing on more expansionism
their business and form a new one making acquisitions. The various reason for the training in
which the team training more effective and faster of modification by providing employees who
are at the managerial have chance to reach agreement on the obstacles to modification and how
to handle as well take the action. The employee who are participating they were pleased
thoughtful for both the hard issues for the effective development in term of organizational
structure, ability and resources while the soft which aim of how the leadership group member
and together behave and spend their time in the organisations. The everlasting management
situation of equalization the small term and large term or at the same time managing the current
and upcoming have been addresses an explicit manner. On the other side the new theory which
require making people look at the business and themselves various way, the action of course
which forms a common language of changes(Keppel, Van Niel, Wardell‐Johnson, 2012). The
word which are used for communication in the GE business operation are also considered. It is
not an academic practices. The training was formulated so the group will be form with basic
draft of an activities plan for college modification in their enterprises and feel effective to delver
such program which was initiative by them. The rules and regulation are applied to make a
structure of any change in term of management sessions. Ether is not openly focus in the
growth of the organisations.
The requirement of this training programme for identifying the effective leaders from the
organisation. The firms seemed to be making an outstanding improvement in the GE revenue,
exclusive of acquisition which have been enhancing up to 9% in the year 2017, grade their most
consistent year the organisation had meet our surpassed the important objectives of developing
organically at more than twice or thrice faster than the world GDP. The initiative which is
ecomagaination or the processing result to fresh water and physical phenomenon problems. The
Imagination breakthrough which means the stretch innovative thought into the effective to
become $1 billion business have been living up to own name. They are already making the
billions of dollar revenue with the practices(Hrebiniak, 2013). The GE focus on the research and
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development for the establishes the rapid development in the employees which will help to
encouraging leadership in the firm which can get benefited in succession planing for various
leader who are putting effort for huge growth of GE which can only be maximised when the
employees' performance will increase due to providing different training initiative by the
organisation. The value of the team training at GE is to make the certain improvement in the
employees which will help to create new idea and make a positive environment of the
organisation. The GE is providing training to its employee for achieving sale target and
marketing folks customer segmentation techniques a portion of an impact to form the
organisations for effective customer services. The selection of leadership is based on the
capabilities and potential for taking rapid action for the development(Groebner, Chang, Hughes
and Cziegler, 2013). This can be the most important aspect for the GE to find out the most
important to be the part of the organisation which will be taking into consideration in which the
training programme are most effective in consideration of entry level training session are the
integral part of talent development strategies and often have the better bridge between the
academic and the business. It is important for GE to select effective leaders and provide better
training to them for implementing effective development of the firm.
4 Contextualise the selection and training program within the previous theoretical discussion.
The selection and training program in the contextualise manner in which the GE focus on
the overall development. There various types of training can be given by the organisation. This
can be on the job training and off the job which will help to make an overall development of the
employee of the GE centre toward the off the activity in which they had shape a preparation
foundation for making powerful best pioneer of the association invest important third of their
energy in authority improvement and the association helpful establishment in the crotonville
New York turn into the most globe centre for creating imaginative idea for initiative, system,
development and successful execution of the workers in the associations(Fullan, 2014). These
are the most essential viewpoint for the GE which need to put exertion for recognize the
principle potential in the workers to known certain capacities perform for higher parts and duty
in the association however the GE centre around the innovative work for the builds up the quick
improvement in the representatives which will help to empowering administration in the firm
which can get profited in progression planing for different pioneer who are putting exertion for
colossal development of GE which must be boosted when the workers' execution will increment
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because of giving diverse preparing activity by the association(Doppelt, 2017). The estimation of
the group preparing at GE is to make the specific change in the representatives which will make
new thought and make a positive domain of the association. The attempts for the association to
give at work preparing strategy which isn't compelling for their associations. The way GE focus
to their client and give trainings for the most imperative viewpoint in the associations is select
administration for the different capacities. The determination of initiative depends on the abilities
and potential for making quick move for the improvement. This can be the most critical
viewpoint for the GE to discover the most vital to be the piece of the association which will
contemplate in which the preparation program are best in light of passage level instructional
course are the necessary piece of ability advancement methodologies and regularly have the
better extension between the scholarly and the business(Bulkeley and Tuts, 2013). The viable
advancement can be made for the association which required to be founded on the preparation
and improvement division. The preparation and improvement is goes under the human asset
advancement which need to bring a few issues which is representatives execution diminish in the
event that it isn't received for them to upgrade the workers' execution in the associations. The
most ideal approach to make and indispensable part for the firm is to make an appropriate
advancement of representatives is a definitive point of GE. Thus, there are different preparing
and advancement, for example, Initial appraisal of the representatives by the human asset
workplaces of the association will assess the prerequisite of preparing which will decide new
labourer first in the primary year which is an imperative viewpoint for suited to the few
occupation position for GE. The training programme in the GE is based on the requirement of
firm which they could use in the future development and growth of the organisations. Therefore,
GE achieve the top brand value due to its leadership and management of the different roles and
responsibilities in the organisation which taken and important development for the firm. The
next step is training which is the continue process for the worker with the help of in-house
training(Broto and Bulkeley, 2013). This condition of learning will provide overall development
of growth in the employees abilities and skills. This will help to determine the potential worker
which can be turn into managerial position for the organisation. The training programme in the
GE is based on the requirement of firm which they could use in the future development and
growth of the organisations. Therefore, GE achieve the top brand value due to its leadership and
management of the different roles and responsibilities in the organisation which taken and
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important development for the firm. In the organisation the rapid development is due to their
decision taken by the leaders. The leadership selection and training programme at the general
electric bring the development in the firm. The GE get the number one position for its leadership
on the basis of certain criteria which gives the most rapid operation in the
organisations(Broadbent and Brady, 2013). The aim of the leader is to develop with the
employees which will help to bring the development of the organisations. The organisation
believes the employees of the GE are main leader.
CONCLUSION
From the report Critically analyses the leadership selection and development program at
General Electric it can be easily concluded that the Leadership is the expertise of driving a group
of individual and energize them into a powerful bearing known as Leader. It is a relational
technique which will persuade individuals to accomplish set target and objectives in better way.
Initiative isn't a lesson which required to instructed, however a characteristic which is claim by
different individual just while the administration will work to getting more income and spare
asset of the association by using in an ideal and productive way. Management is an art and
science of accomplish and organised the different task with systematic way. It is likewise in
charge of the taking choices regarding speculation of association fund which will give more
profit for organization. The behavioural hypothesis will be help to comprehend the pioneer
activity regarding what to do and how to act. The hypothesis had been change its concentration
from quality to conduct, it can likewise move to pioneer to administration which is the
pressurized method for moving toward firm authority in the year 1950s and mid 1960s.
Assignment situated pioneer will be the support conduct which can be in the line with the
starting, sorting out, illuminating and data gathering. The preparation was detailed so the
gathering will be frame with essential draft of an exercise get ready for school adjustment in their
ventures and feel powerful to delver such program which was activity by GE. Consequently, The
GE put $1 billion in workers improvement consistently and the associations feel that grow more
authority is the essential to their way of life since it was come in task.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Broadbent, C. and Brady, J., 2013. Leading change in teacher education in Australia through
university-school partnerships. The European Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 2301.
Broto, V.C. and Bulkeley, H., 2013. A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100
cities. Global Environmental Change, 23(1), pp.92-102.
Bulkeley, H. and Tuts, R., 2013. Understanding urban vulnerability, adaptation and resilience in
the context of climate change. Local environment, 18(6), pp.646-662.
Doppelt, B., 2017. Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for
business, government and civil society. Routledge.
Fullan, M., 2014. Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John
Wiley & Sons.
Groebner, R.J., Chang, C.S., Hughes, J.W and Cziegler, I., 2013. Improved understanding of
physics processes in pedestal structure, leading to improved predictive capability for
ITER. Nuclear Fusion, 53(9), p.093024.
Hallinger, P. and Bryant, D.A., 2013. Synthesis of findings from 15 years of educational reform
in Thailand: Lessons on leading educational change in East Asia. International Journal of
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Harding, H., 2012. Teach for America: Leading for Change. Educational Leadership, 69(8),
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Hrebiniak, L.G., 2013. Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. FT Press.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2015. Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate
change (Vol. 3). Cambridge University Press.
Keppel, G., Van Niel, K.P., Wardell‐Johnson,, 2012. Refugia: identifying and understanding safe
havens for biodiversity under climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21(4), pp.393-
404.
Nazir, M. and Naqvi, I.I., 2012. Designing Of Lectures through Systemic Approach to Teaching
and Learning, a Model for (SATL) MethodologyConcepts play a vital role in enabling chemist to
deliver. The recently developing concept based teaching methods are likely to play a pivotal role
towards the efforts for promoting understanding of chemical concepts and assimilation of vital
theoretical foundations of chemistry. AFM Fahmy and JJ Lagowski are the leading figures in a
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worldwide derive towards concept building of young generation .... Pakistan Journal of
Chemistry, 2(1), pp.46-57.
Peters, L., 2012. The rhythm of leading change: Living with paradox. Journal of Management
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Stanleigh, M., 2013. Leading change. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 36(2), p.39.
Swayne, L.E., Duncan, W.J. and Ginter, P.M., 2012. Strategic management of health care
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van der Voet, J., Kuipers, B. and Groeneveld, S., 2015. Held back and pushed forward: leading
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Wellman, J., Jeffries, H. and Hagan, P., 2016. Leading the lean healthcare journey: driving
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Yoder-Wise, P.S., 2014. Leading and Managing in Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
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