Methodologies of Classical Management (PDF)

LEADERSHIP

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
P1 Define theories or methodologies of classical management and practically apply in service
industries. ...................................................................................................................................4
P2 Elaborate Role of a leader and their styles of leadership in respective industry. .................5
P3 Review the styles of management and leadership in service industry. .................................7
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Evaluate the both inside and outside organisational factors which directly affect styles and
structures of management in service industry. ...........................................................................8
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
P5 Examine the potential current leadership Hard and soft skills in respective industry. .......11
P6 Evaluate future management and leadership skills that are very much potential for
respective sector. ......................................................................................................................13
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................14
P7 Compare the various service industry in context of change management systems and
leadership style to implement the same. ..................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Leadership defined as an chain of activities related with management and coordination of
various works and activities to gain potential outcomes. Activities related to the leadership helps
to organisation to delegate roles and responsibility to each and every individual in order to
achieve defined potentials. Leader and managers are very much significant for organisation to
give motivation and direction by setting defined objectives so that personnel can give one of
their best efforts in positive manner. Respective assignment rely on the Marriott which is an
American international diversified hospitality company which manager and coordinate franchise
broad portfolio of hotels and lodging amenities to gain sustainability of market. This assignment
rely on the various kinds of theories or methodologies related to the classical management and
styles of leadership. It also includes the components which impact on the various management
styles and structures in service industry. In order to gain potentiality of future and management
and leadership skills and comparison in various industries in context of change management and
leadership while implementing changes in positively.

TASK 1
P1 Define theories or methodologies of classical management and practically apply in service
industries.
Management is one of the most essential for an organisation to organise to run all kinds
of management which is the backbone of successful organisation in order to achieve
organisational goals and objectives. In context of Marriott they have specified management team
that possess specified roles and responsibilities as per their skills and capabilities so that they can
put one of their best efforts (de Leede and Heuver, 2016.). Leadership and management are
very much important for an organisation in order to manager or coordinate various works and
activities.
There are various classical and management theories which believe on that personnel
only have physical and economic needs. Organisation not take in to consideration the social and
other kinds of satisfaction level of employees but focus on the specialisation of labour force,
centralized kind of leadership and many more (Huang and et.al ., 2016). By using respective
kind of leadership style organisation build their internal work culture that are as follows:
Scientific management theory:
In an organisation there are various ways or methods to proceed one task or duty by
considering all tasks to select or opt one of best out of it is main motive of scientific
management. In context of Marriott they follow the respective kind of theory to manager or
coordinate the each and every aspect in proper manner. There are various kinds of principles of
respective theory that are as follows:
 To evaluate the each and every aspect of tasks and opt one of best out of it so that
potential outcomes should be achieved.
 Personnel as per the principle of scientific management select one of best training and
development strategy to perform in proper manner by specifying tasks and duties.
 To gain one of best outcomes organisation have to manager or communicate with the
workers at every level of organisation to move on right path. In context of Marriott they
manage or coordinate the whole works and activities of employees so that they bring
fruitful outcomes out of it.
Bureaucratic management:

This is the another kind of classical management theory which rely one the principle to
operate the organisational works and activities in hierarchical manner of positions (.Jaca and
Psomas, 2015.). Respective principles states that all knowledge and information passes through
the definite path in order to comply with changes to gain potential outcomes out of it. In context
of Marriott they follow the principles of bureaucratic management that are as follows:
 Task specification focus on the distribution of tasks and responsibilities in order to gain
potential outcomes out of it. In context of Marriott they divide works and responsibilities
in between the people who are specialised in work to gain optimum outcomes.
 Hierarchical of authority: Respective principle of classical management theory stage that
all kinds of knowledge and information should be passes through the definite path in
order to gain potential outcomes.
 Impersonal relationships: Respective principle states that regulations should be in equal
manner for each and every employee so that they can be build sense of belongingness to
remain always competitive in the marketplace (Jiang, Chuang and Chiao, 2015.).
Administrative theory:
Respective theory is very much important for an organisation which states about various
kinds of principles of management to allocate works and responsibilities in structured format in
order to achieve organisational goals and objectives in proper manner. Their are majorly five
functions of management that are planning, coordinating, organising, controlling and
commanding works and activities in proper manner. In context of Marriott they by using
respective principles of management coordinate each and every activity as per their specilisation
in order to remain competitive in market.
P2 Elaborate Role of a leader and their styles of leadership in respective industry.
Leader is an individual who always responsible or accountable for the countless decisions
to resolve the issues or concerns that are encountered in a firm (Mesu, Sanders and Riemsdijk,
2015.). In context of Marriott they have leaders that helps to organisation in managing and
coordinating various works and activities by their crucial decisions. Here are some major role of
leader that are as follows:
Create vision:
The major role of a leader is to create vision and mission for the organisation and
communicate with their employees so that they can contribute one of their best efforts in

achieving organisational goals and objectives in positive manner. In context of Marriott their
major mission and vision is to build products and services as per the consumer demand and
needs so that they become loyal towards organisation.
Execute strategies:
The another area of importance of a leader that they build strategies and tactics in context
of an organisational goals and objectives. It is the major responsibility of a leader to analyse the
competitive environment and find out major decisions that proved beneficial for their firm in
order to remain always competitive.
Delegate and empower:
Good leader is one who surround right people in right jobs. They by giving proper
knowledge and information to their employees regarding their roles and then administer their
activities to gain potential outcomes out of them (Popli and Rizvi, 2015). They by delegating
training and development to employees by provide power and wealth in order to gain
sustainability.
In an organisation leader can select and implement various kinds of leadership style that proved
beneficial to create the culture and positive work environment within the work place that are as
follows:
Autocratic leadership style:
respective kind of leadership style centred on the boss, in which all leaders holds or carry
out all the roles and responsibilities and takes all crucial decisions by their own hand. In context
of Marriott the leader accountable for the all kinds of decisive decision making in order to
remain always competitive in the marketplace (Psomas and Jaca, 2016.). They by evaluating
each and every aspect reach at decisions after communicating with their subordinates and expect
prompt kind of decisions. Respective kind of business environment normally have little or no
flexibility that sometimes hinders self interest of employees in giving one of their best efforts.
Democratic leadership style:
In respective leadership style leader involves their subordinate in crucial decision-making
to know their views and opinions in proper manner. In respective leadership style the leader have
the final responsibility till to implement it in their organisation. The one of the most important
aspect of respective leadership style that communication passes in both upward and downward
classes of an organisation and it is most preferred kind of leadership style due to fairness,

competence and courage with honesty resides in it. In context of Marriott they opt respective
leadership style in which each and every individual participate in decision-making process by
sharing their opinions and views to remain always competitive in the marketplace.
Transformational leadership:
Transformational leadership style which all about the initiating changes in an
organisation, group level and others. It helps to motivate and inspire to others to execute more
than intended to possible (Shek and Lin, 2015.). By setting more challenging tasks and duties
for employees they expect more higher performance from them. They are more committed and
satisfied followers as they ready to accept changes in positive manner. In context of Marriott
they provide proper knowledge and information to their employees regarding importance of
change for them to remain competitive in marketplace.
P3 Review the styles of management and leadership in service industry.
For an organisation styles of management and leadership plays very much important role
and it is very much crucial for a leader and manager to opt one of most effective style of
leadership and management to build healthy culture at workplace. As mentioned above there are
various kinds of leadership and management styles that proved beneficial for organisation to gain
sustainability in business environment.
In context of Marriott which works under the democratic leadership style in which leader
involves their subordinates in the organisational decision-making by sharing roles and
responsibilities in proper manner. By using respective leadership style organisation able to
maintain the motivation level and bring innovative ideas within the organisation. Here are the list
of advantages of democratic leadership style in context of Marriott.
Advantages of Democratic leadership style:
The major reason behind the optimisation of respective leadership style that it helps to
solve the complex problems in proper way (Shin, Sung, Choi and Kim, 2015.). As democratic
leaders are very much expert in solving the practical and typical issues by using the skill of work
within the collaboration by using the consensus to getting things done. By think innovatively and
also encourage others to do in same manner enables to solve out complex issues or concerns. In
context of Marriott hotel they involve their employees their employees in decision-making
process and greet innovative ideas.
Build strong teams:

In democratic leadership style team members are supportive and strong enough in giving
one of their best efforts by allocating resources in proper manner. In it honesty flourishes and
honesty on other hand because opinions of everyone come into consideration. In context of
Marriott they share their opinions to their leaders so that create positive work relationship within
the organisation.
Foster creative environment:
Democratic leader foster or create the one of most innovative environment at the work
place that not only helps to employees in input and but also in innovative manner. Creative
designers would be succeed in respective kind of leadership style because of supportive and
nurture embodied leadership style in positive manner.
Good business fit:
Solutions derived out of respective leadership style remained for long period of time and
accurate also (Skeepers and Mbohwa, 2015). Democratic leadership style ensured that results
should be reviewed on continuous basis by examine each and every aspect related with it. In
context of Marriott leaders ensure that individuals within organisation work in well manner by
opting suitable functions by communicate properly.
So it can be said that democratic leadership style is one of best leadership style in context
of Marriott as they are leading organisation and needs changes or modifications on regular time
basis. Hence respective leadership style proved beneficial for them to greet innovation within the
organisation.
TASK 2
P4 Evaluate the both inside and outside organisational factors which directly affect styles and
structures of management in service industry.
In an organisation there are kinds of factors or components which directly influence the
management style and leadership. It is very much important to evaluate and examine the various
associated factors to lessen down the negative effects of it (Slåtten and Mehmetoglu, 2015.).
Internal factors which includes the employees, stakeholder, owner of an organisation and their
work culture are crucial factors. In external factors of an organisation consist of consumers,
political, social and technological factors which are not in control of an organisation and directly
affect on management styles and structures. By building various strategies and tactics

organisation can lessen down the effects of respective factors to gain optimum outcomes in
positive manner.
Internal factors:
In internal factors of an environment there are various factors which directly influence
management style and structure that are as follows:
Owners and shareholders:
Owners and shareholders are the business individuals who invested money and time in
organisation to reap important kind of outputs. Owners of an organisation who possess authority
to take important kinds of decisions which directly influence the management styles and
structures in Marriott to gain potential outcomes.
Employees:
Employees or personnel are the important source in an organisation that contribute one of
their best efforts by using skills and capabilities to remain competitive in business environment
(Ttalib and Rahman, 2015.). In context of Marriott, they emphasises on the needs and wants
after conducting the surveys to acknowledge major requirements of them to build belongingness
towards organisation.
Organisational culture:
Organisational culture is one of most important aspect that helps to employees in giving
one of their best efforts as it enables to motivate, encourage to give one of their best efforts
(Tsironis and Psychogios, 2016). In business environment there are various kinds of
organisational culture operates which are vary on various basis such as core values, beliefs and
habits in order to remain always competitive in business environment.
Influence of style and structures on internal environment:
Internal environment in which consist of mission statement, organisational culture and
style of leadership that are directly affect on the style of leadership and style of management.
Internal environment that influence on organisational activities, decisions and employee
behaviour and attitudes which directly impact on organisational structure and styles.
External environment:
In external environment of a business consist of the various factors which directly
influence on their management structure and styles to gain optimum outcomes:
Economic factors:

In economic factors includes the various factors such as interest rates, credit terms, bank
rates and many more factors which directly influence on their organisational structure and styles
in accomplishing organisational goals and objectives. In context of Marriott which is an
multinational company operates in different nations so economic factors affect on their business.
Social factors:
In social factors consist of the taste and preferences of consumers that affect on the
business that they have to change in their products and services in positive manner. In context of
Marriott they conduct research and development to acknowledge the taste and preferences of
consumers in proper manner (Wu and Chen, 2015). Changes in consumer taste and preferences
also changes in style and structure of organisation in order to compete in business environment.
Environmental factors:
Environmental factors directly affect the organisational works and activities as people get
aware about change in environmental factors that create chaos. In context of Marriott they
changes occurs in management style and structure in both positive and negative manner to get
appropriate results.
In external factors consist of the various factors that are not in control of organisation and
significantly influence on the current operations, growth and long term sustainability which
directly affect on management styles and structures. Organisation have matrix organisation
structure which changes as per the change in internal and external environment of a business.

TASK 3
P5 Examine the potential current leadership Hard and soft skills in respective industry.
For a leader to remain always competitive in the business environment needed some
specific skills and capabilities that distinctive from one another. In context of Marriott leader
have both soft and hard skills that are very much important for an individual that are as follows:
Hard skills:
Hard skills concern for the ability to accomplish some specific tasks or duties and soft
skills denotes about way to do a specific task or duty. In hard skills includes the specialised skills
such as technical and specialised such as software development, tax accounting or parent law
expertise. In soft skills considered the communication, leadership and team building skills many
more that are very much effective to accomplish the work in successful manner (Tsironis and
Psychogios, 2016). Here are the list of some specific hard and soft skills to remain always
competitive in the business environment.
Cloud computing:

Cloud computing is the one of most important device to deliver computing services in
which includes the servers, storage, database and networking, analytics over the internet that
helps to bring faster kind of innovation, flexibility and economies of scale in order to remain
always competitive in business environment. In context of Marriott the leader have the
knowledge of tools and technology that are advance in nature which provides stability in
business environment.
Analytical reasoning:
Analytical reasoning or leadership skills is very much potential for a leader to work with
people in order to plan and create actions plan by accessing their roles and responsibilities to
accomplish goals and objectives in positive manner (Huang and et.al ., 2016). Respective skills
are very much potential for leader and manger to systematically accomplish in business
environment to gain logical results. In context of Marriott leader possess the analytical reasoning
skills to plan and coordinate the policies for future progress.
Soft skills:
soft skills is very much important for an leader to accomplish organisational goals and
objectives in proper manner. Here are the soft skills which needed in a leader are as follows:
Communication:
communication is one of most important soft skills for a leader to communicate or share
the vision and mission of organisation to subordinates so that they can put one of their best
efforts to remain always competitive in marketplace. In context of Marriott leader has the ability
to understand the concerns of employees so that effective objectives should be achieved.
Leadership skills:
Leadership skills is very much importance for an organisation to lead the large no. of
people within the organisation (Wu and Chen, 2015). In a good leader some specific skills are
very much potential that are strategic thinking, people management, planning and delivery,
change management and communication to their subordinates in proper manner.
Change management:
Change management is one of most important skills for a leader in order to pursue
employees while they rigid to accept changes in positive manner. A leader communicate to their
subordinates about importance of change in life of an individual as well as organisation to get

potential outcomes from them. In context of Marriott leader plan and coordinate their
subordinates in proper manner.
P6 Evaluate future management and leadership skills that are very much potential for respective
sector.
To remain always competitive in business environment it is needed to adopt some future
management and leadership skills that are very much potential for achieving organisational goals
and objectives. Here are the future management and leadership skills that are needed in Marriott.
Big vision and mission:
In today's competitive world all manager and leaders required to be vision and mission
that sustain for long time and should be future oriented (de Leede and Heuver, 2016.). In
context of Marriott it is required to think in future prospect and communicate with their
subordinates so that they can put one of their best efforts to remain competitive in business
environment.
Data driven decision making:
respective skill for future is very much potential in hospitality industry in which leader
and manager have to collect data and information that gives potential outcomes in order to take
relevant decisions to remain competitive in marketplace. Data security is one of most fierce
subject in today's world so it is very much potential in today's world to collect important
information from the data and statistics to build products and services accordingly (Wu and
Chen, 2015). In context of Marriott they accumulate important information that are relevant to
take in major decision-making in context of future stability. To achieve respective skills and
capabilities needed a potential talent with some specific set of skills and capabilities by using
strategies and tactics that are as follows:
Way of accomplishment of skills by talent management strategies:
Here are the various strategies of talent management that are as follows:
Training and development:
Training and development is one of most potential way to provide knowledge and
information to employees after accessing gaps in performing well. In respect organisation have
to evaluate major areas of improvement and then build effective strategies to get potential
outcomes out of them. In context of Marriott they provide training to their employees to build
qualities of a leader in them.

Access cultural fit:
The culture of the firm is very much important for an organisation to build environment
in which employees can fit in best manner. By preparing one of best job description so that an
employee can get appropriate knowledge and information regarding culture of an organisation
and changes occurs in future. In context of Marriott by using talent management strategies and
tactics they give proper knowledge to employees regarding best fit in a specified work culture.
TASK 4
P7 Compare the various service industry in context of change management systems and
leadership style to implement the same.
Change management is an systematic approach which provide assistance in transition or
transformation of an organisational procedure, goals, technology and so on. Within an
organisation main motive behind is to implement strategies for effecting modification,
controlling changes and assisting people in adapting changes (Shek and Lin, 2015.).. In simple
term, change management is explained as chain of activities related to administration of entire
modification in operations atmosphere till activities accomplishment. Within service industry
there are numerous change management as well as leadership is totally distinguish from each
other. For understanding overall concept of change management in effectual manner Marriott
international operating in hospitality sector is compared with Thomas Cook group who perform
within Travel and Tourism sector. There comparison are as follows :-

Basis Marriott International Thomas Cook group
Change management
system
Marriott International will implement
Lewins's Change model within their
working when changes take place.
Because it involve three steps which
help in implementing changes within
more effective manner these are
freezing, unfreezing and refreezing.
Change management system
adapting by Thomas Cook
group is different from Marriott
International. Because they
didn't implement any type of
system and focus on market
analysis which help them in
identifying current demand as
well as effectiveness of there
strategies.
Leadership style Marriott is adopting autocratic
leadership style within their working.
As per this style, manager not
involve their staff members in
decision making process. Thus, they
take decisions by their own without
any discussion with others. This
result in demotivation of employees
and give negative impact on working
of company.
On the other hand, Thomas
Cook group implement
democratic leadership style
within their working. In this
they involve their staff members
also in decision making. Such
practices result in motivation of
staff and accomplishing goals in
effective manner.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that management and leadership is very
much important for an organisation to lead and inspires other to give one of best efforts. There
are various classical management theories that impact on organisation works and activities that
are adopted by the organisation. In an organisation there are soft and hard skills that are required
to gain sustainability in the marketplace. With the help of future management and leadership
skills organisation can potential outcomes in positive manner.

REFERENCES
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Organisational structure, 2019. [Online]. Available through.
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Marriott International, Inc. – Organizational Complexity, 2019. [Online]. Available through.
<https://hnkroll.wordpress.com/2017/02/26/marriott-international-inc-organizational-
complexity/>.