Learning Theories, Models and Principles in Education and Training

This document discusses the theories and concepts of learning and communication in education and training. It explores the application of learning theories and models to assessment, teaching, and learning. It also examines the impact of learning preferences on promoting inclusive teaching and assessment.

LEVEL 5 DIPLOMA IN
EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Learning theories, models and principles..............................................................................1
1.2 Application of learning theories and models to assessment, teaching and learning..............4
1.3 Learning preferences model..................................................................................................5
1.4 Impact of learning preferences in promoting inclusive teaching and assessment.................7
LO2..................................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Theories, principles and models of communication..............................................................8
2.2 Ways that will be applied into theories, principles and models of communication............10
LO3................................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Theories, principles and models of assessment...................................................................11
3.2 Different ways that will applied to theories, principles and models....................................13
LO4................................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Theories and models of curriculum development...............................................................13
4.2 Ways that will be applied in theories and models of curriculum development...................15
LO5................................................................................................................................................16
5.1 Theories and models of reflection and evaluation...............................................................16
5.2 Ways that will be applied to theories and models of reflection and evaluation..................17
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
Education is defined as the way to facilitate and promote the learning so that skills,
knowledge, beliefs, habits and values can be acquired. There are various methods to provide
education such as discussion, teaching, research, training and storytelling. Education is one of
the essential part of the life and is necessary for improving the quality of life and making it
easier. Both training and education are different aspects of learning and thus they play significant
role in professional development of an individual (Oxford, 2016). It is very important for the
teachers as well as learners to incorporate various models and theories for promoting learning.
The communication, learning techniques as well as assessment criteria must be chosen
effectively so that learners can be delivered the relevant and required teaching.
The report will discuss the theories and concepts of learning and communication so that
better education can be provided to learners. Another critical and significant aspect of the
education and training process is assessment of the individuals and curriculum development
processes. The study will also evaluate the application of assessment models and curriculum
development so that education process can be made more inclusive and effective. The report will
also discuss the theoretical models help educators to adopt most effective teaching strategies and
approach (Osamwonyi, 2016). It will also assess and apply the communication models and
theories of reflective learning in improving the education process.
Education helps in emphasizing on learning and teaching aspects that are to be taught to
students. It can be in the form of formal, informal and non-formal education. Different
techniques will be applied in teaching such as lecture method, storytelling etc. This report will be
mainly emphasized on learning models and theories that provide better education to learners.
Furthermore, it will include various aspect of training and education that help in getting the best
knowledge in the future.
LO 1
1.1 Learning theories, models and principles
Learning is known as the process of acquiring skills and knowledge through experience,
teaching and study. There are mainly four types of learning theories which promotes the
learning. These are described as follows:
Learning theories: The learning processes are initiated from the childhood and can last till end
of life. The most commonly applicable learning theories are:
1

Behaviourism theory: As per this theory individuals can learn by adopting specific behaviours
and by observing others. The education based upon this theory are effective in time management
and measurable goals. Contrary to cognitive theory in this type of learning instead of cognitive
ability individuals learned from their observation.
Cognitivism: This theory emphasis that individuals can learn by decision making, conscious
thoughts and all processes associated with the cognitive development (Sánchez-Prieto, Olmos-
Migueláñez and García-Peñalvo, 2016). When individuals have better understanding of the facts
then they are likely to have more consistent knowledge and learning. As compare to other
learning theories this type of learning depends upon cognitive development of individuals.
(Source: Thompson., 2012)
Constructivism: The social influences, will power of individual and consciousness are also
critical elements which facilitate the learning. This theory states that experience of people is one
of the fundamental element of building knowledge (Mangope and Mukhopadhyay, 2015). As per
the cognitive approach leaning process is based upon only well-defined and identified logics
while as per theory of constructivism learning is based upon combination of emotion, logics and
humanistic factors.
Principles of learning:
One of the principle of learning is that learning process is driven by the motivation or any
needs. The motivational theories such as Maslow's hierarchy theory of needs are also used by the
2
Illustration 1: Theories of learning

teachers for promoting the learning and education. The self motivation or the intrinsic factors
like interest, challenging spirit motivates students to learn and gain education. On the other hand
extrinsic motivational factors such as appraisals, recognition and rewards from the teachers can
also encourage students to gain education (Wilson, 2018). For improving the learning
interaction and active response from the learners must be encouraged in the learning
environment. The better organisation of the various learning materials enhances the
understanding and quality of learning. The readiness or positive mind set towards learning leads
to practice or exercise for strengthening the learning outcomes. Another important principle of
learning is that belongingness with the information and conditioning by teachers or
environmental condition is also necessary factor for encouraging learning.
Integrated model of learning:
According to this model of learning best learning can be promoted only when three
dimensions namely academic, experimental and spiritual elements are effectively integrated in
the education process.
(Source: Easley, 2016)
Academic learning:
The academic learnings are accomplished by using cognitive abilities and mental
capabilities of the individuals. Thus, for encouraging learning beyond inclination or preferences
of an individual academic based learning is more suitable (Achola and Pillai, 2016). In the
3
Illustration 2: Integrated learning model

development of basic knowledge teachers and educators prefer this type of learning as instead of
experiments academic sources are used to learn.
Experimental learning:
The model also emphasises that for the continuous learning process people also learn
from their experiences and practical implementation (Jang, Kim and Reeve, 2016). The
behaviour, learning environment and reflection based learnings are considered as highly suitable
for making individuals more broad. Contrary to academic type this type of learning does not
require academic settings instead it depends upon the awareness, willingness and cognitive
ability of individual.
Spiritual learning:
The third learning aspect of this model is known as spiritual elements. The spirituality
preference helps to develop emotional and value quotient for supporting the learning process.
The fundamental value system of individuals are governed and thus they teach the ethical
learnings which contributes to the behavioural aspect of learners (Barnow and et. al., 2015). The
observational theory is more dominant in this spiritual learning and thus to a large proportion
instead of external factors it is influenced by internal stimuli.
1.2 Application of learning theories and models to assessment, teaching and learning
The learning theories are helpful in understanding the learning preferences and
requirements of the people. The teachers can use learning principles of motivation, cooperation
and well organised teaching material meet the specific needs of learner. The motivational
theories are not only applied to promote the academic education but can also be used for
organisational contexts. Within organisation the behavioural and cognitive theories can be used
to formulate suitable learning methodologies (Reinholz, 2016). The learning models are applied
in the education and teaching environment so that different factors like cultural differences,
stereotypes, disabilities and adaptive resources can be taken into account and effective learning
can be facilitated. The use of behavioural theory in teaching approaches can help learners to
adopt concepts of diversity.
By incorporating in depth understanding of behavioural and cognitive theories educators
and teachers can support the resources and techniques which facilitate the education. When
educators are well aware of the spiritual and academic gain of the learners then better choices
can be developed for better emphasis on education delivery mode and communication
4

approaches. For example to promote the learning and interest of students in the subjects teachers
must use experiments so that students can learn better with real experience. While developing
assessment and teaching plans teachers can refer to these theories for adopting the best available
resources and assessments (Goldie, 2016). They can also encourage students for following
reflective and other suitable learning techniques which can meet their long term professional
goals. The teachers must assign reflective assignments to students so that their learning can be
improved as well as their behavioural and cognitive abilities can be judged.
1.3 Learning preferences model
The learning process can be made more influencing and qualitative when learning
preferences are taken into consideration. It is very essential for the educators to deliver the
knowledge according to learning preferences of individual. The educators can use following
models to understand the learning preferences of learners.
Honey and Mumford model:
(Source: Honey Mumford, 2019)
As per this model the learning can be preferred in four different ways among individuals.
Activist approach:
The first approach is activist and such types of learners learns by performing activities
and experiencing the knowledge and event. The teachers used to provide practice session in the
classrooms so that active learning can be accomplished.
Reflectors:
5
Illustration 3: Honey and Mumford model

The second types of learners are reflectors and achieve better learning by observing the
events and then by making reflective actions accordingly (Balakrishnan and Gan, 2016).
Teachers can provide reflective assignments so that learning of students can be analysed and
improved.
Theorist:
Contrary to this there are learners who prefer theorist approach and thus they can learn by
exploring concepts, theoretical relations and conclusions. Instead of conducting activities for
practice as in activist approach theorist emphasis more on exploring research so that new
concepts can be evolved by developing in depth understanding of concepts.
Pragmatist:
Another type of learning preference is called as pragmatist. Such types of learner accept
learning only by trying themselves and obtaining results. The use of theories or practice sessions
as in theorist or activist approach may not suit well to pragmatist (Ismail and et. al., 2015). Thus,
teachers must give suitable time and understanding abilities to this type of learners.
VARK model:
VARK model describes the various types of learning preferences which must be analysed
by teachers and educators. According to this model the learning preferences can be visual, aural,
read/write or kinesthetic. These preferences are described as below:
Visual (V): Some learners may learn only by visualisation of the information through tools such
as graphs, diagrams, maps and flow charts. It does not include power point and emphasis on
patterns, format and shapes to enhance learning. For instance teachers must use diagrams to
promote the learnings of scientific phenomenon which gives best output and understanding only
through diagrams instead of mere theories.
6

(Source: What is Your Learning Style?, 2018)
Auditory(A): The learners with this learning preferences are provided with audio content so that
they can learn. The group discussion, audio notes by teachers are included in this category so that
learners can connect with the educator via audio. Certain concepts such as language cannot be
explained by images or text instead they require active listening. Thus, for specific types of
needs teachers must use auditory learning.
Read/write (W): This learning preference consists of information delivery mode which is
demonstrated as words (Bada and Olusegun, 2015). Thus, power point and information provided
via internet are example of this type of learning process. In this type of preference inputs are
usually text based which allows output to be in readable or written format.
Kinesthetic (K): There are learners who prefer learning only by experiencing and practising
through real world simulations. Individuals with such type of learning preferences may include
movies, case study and practical applications.
1.4 Impact of learning preferences in promoting inclusive teaching and assessment
The learning preferences models can be used to assess the suitability of teaching
methods. For instance teachers must interact with the students to know the preferred options by
the students. In addition to this the complexity of the teaching subject also serve as the basic
7
Illustration 4: VARK model

criteria for identification of the learning assessment. For instance the concepts of science can
have better learning when diagrams or visual tools are used to explain. On the other hand for the
language subjects audio tools proves to me more impactful as compare to visual aids. When
learning process is accomplished as per the needs of learners then it gives effective learning
outcomes (Conti‐Ramsden and et. al., 2018). Contrary to this when educators use standard and
uniform methods for teaching then there are high possibilities that all learners may not get equal
learning. Another critical aspect and way to achieve the inclusive teaching goals is that education
must be provided in a way that it must overcome the stereotypes and associated barriers. For this
purpose it may seem less impact to use single learning preference for all types of education or
the learning.
The use of specific types of preference is also significant in improving the teaching
practice and assessment quality (Goldie, 2016. For instance there are several concepts which
cannot be learned without experiencing them while on the other hand some concepts can be
learned only by visual inspection. Experience such events is either impossible or not safe. Thus,
for enhancing the quality of inclusive practices as well it is required that assessment and teaching
processes must incorporate different learning preferences. In order to deliver the education and
fair assessment of the capabilities it is required that learning preferences must be included into
the practice.
LO2
2.1 Theories, principles and models of communication
Interactive:- This theory will consists of both verbal and non-verbal communication. This
includes different perspective that will be emphasized through different information that is being
used by learner while communicating to other people in the company. This model states that
communication plays an important role that will help in building relation with people and helps
in gain more knowledge and skills from others.
Transactional analysis:- In this there are 3 ego states that will be changing according to mode
of communication that will be enhanced by people. It will be depend on the person to whom
interaction is enhanced as there are different ways that can be used for conducting
communication (Reigeluth, Beatty and Myers, 2016). It will help in improving mental health of
people as communication will help in building effective relation among people. If there is less
communication between people then it will impact their mental health.
8

Institutional:- These are institutions that have certain rules and guidelines that will be providing
to people as it helps in improving behaviour and skills that will be needed in enhancing
communication for the purpose of achieving goals in the company. There are different courses
that will help in improving skills and knowledge that will work collaboratively. Therefore, these
theories will help in enhancing communication at the workplace.
The various theories and models can be used by teachers to improve the communication. Some
key theories are as follows:
Shannon and weaver communication model:
This model aims at improving communication by addressing concepts and issues related
to noise, source, communication channel, encoding and decoding and information. As per this
model the information transmitted from senders must be properly transmitted to the receiver
through appropriate channel. The breakthrough in this path may lead to barriers in
communication (Wheelahan and Moodie, 2017). For example if teachers are not a suitable
language acceptable by the learners then there will be improper decoding of the message and
learners will not receive the information accurately. It will have an adverse impact upon learning
efficiency.
(Source: Communication theory, 2019)
9
Illustration 5: Communication model proposed by Shannon Weaver

Schramm model of communication:
According to this theory communication is an iterative process which continues in a
circular loop. There is continuous exchange of information between sender and receiver through
suitable means of encoder, decoders or interpreters. For enhancing the education and learning
process this type of communication model is more suitable. The learning is enhanced when
learners have equal response and interaction with the teachers. The active communication is
helpful in enhancing the quality of learning as regular improvements are made on the basis of
feedbacks of interaction continuity.
(Source: Communication theory, 2019)
2.2 Ways that will be applied into theories, principles and models of communication
There are different theories and models that will applied into teaching, learning and
assessment as lesson plan is being used for providing teaching to students. As they are prepared
lesson planning according to models of teaching that will be used by various institution. In
addition to lesson plan will be depend on the model and theories that encourages the learners to
equally participate in the communication instead of acting as listener only. Non-verbal
communication will enhance that there will different aspects that will enhancing teaching for the
future (Giles, 2016). These models will help in gaining understanding to learners and their
involvement in various activities of communication.
The use of Schramm model in the delivery of lessons can help teachers in assessing the
performance and understanding level of the students. When teachers regularly interact with the
10
Illustration 6: Schramm communication model

students then learners gain better understanding as their problems are easily resolved thorough
continuous interaction. In addition to this communication model by Shannon Weaver can be
used by teachers to assure that they are using proper medium and channel of communication
(Rahman and Mu’taman Jarrar, 2015). For instance if learners are not able to learn via audio
tools then teachers must identify their needs and alternative sources must be selected so that
improved outcomes can be obtained.
LO3
3.1 Theories, principles and models of assessment
Assessment can help in providing improvement in learning of student. It helps in
improving grades that enhance study of students and growth for the future. It plays significant
role for students to achieve objectives in its education field. It may have negative impact on
motivation when it is not performing well in the company. If it is not taken seriously then it will
impact study of student in the future.
There are different stages of assessment such as screening, diagnosis, planning of
individual programs, monitoring and evaluation of program are as under:-
Screening:- This is being done for getting information about the child its developmental status
and problems that will be help in selecting the best child for learning. It is providing a first look
of child its nature and understanding regarding learning process in different institutions. It is
important for the parents to understand need of screening. This process is used when there are
large number of children and from that children is chosen from that group after doing proper
screening child will be given proper diagnosis.
Diagnosis:- After screening of child diagnosis is being done that will include taking interview,
observations, test that will help in providing knowledge of child as it is suitable for the institution
or not (Petronio, 2017). It is conducted by members of team that will help in selecting child for
the future course of action. Interview of family is also being conducted that will help in getting
more information regarding child.
Planning of individual programs:- After diagnosis if there is a need then it will help in
assessment for proper planning for that different program is being conducted that will help in
gaining more knowledge related to child. This includes physical development that will help in
building communication abilities and language.
11

Monitoring program:- After completion of program child's progress will be measured and
checklist is prepared for measuring its performance. If progress of child is according to it then it
will help in growth of it for the future (Khalil and Elkhider, 2016).
Evaluation of program:- After monitoring final evaluation is being done that will help in
monitoring this systematic procedure that will bring effectiveness among children.
Criteria referenced and norm referenced assessment
Criterion references assessment:- This assessment mainly focus on student's performance that
will be checked by measuring their skills and knowledge. In this it is being evaluated that student
is having proper knowledge about assessment or not so that it will help in enhancing
performance in the future.
Norm- referenced assessment:- This will include comparison of student performance with
other student of same age and having same assessment. Its curve is bell shaped as comparison is
being done between students.
VACSR Model
This model is mainly emphasized on Valid, authentic, current, sufficient and Reliable.
Valid:- This principle is related to valid assessment as assessment that is being provided to
students will be valid and it will be useful for them in the future.
Authentic:- It means this model will emphasize that assessment will be authentic as there will be
no mistake so that it will trouble students to learn from it. The assessment methods used by the
teachers must not cause any harm to learners instead it must inspire them so that regular
improvements in the learning process can be made.
Current:- According to this principle current assessment will be provided to students so that it
will help in gaining good grades in examination as it is updated according to the latest changes in
syllabus (Goad 2017). The use of out dated assessment method may not give effective results in
terms of learning outcomes. In order to make learning advanced current assessment tools must be
used.
Sufficient:- Assessment that is provided to students will be effective so that it will help in
gaining knowledge and development of skills for the future.
Reliable:- It will be reliable to students that are learning from the assessment that is being
provided for studying. If assessment will be reliable then it will be helpful for future.
12

3.2 Different ways that will applied to theories, principles and models
There are different ways that will be applied to assessment for providing different
perspective that will help in bringing reliability for the future. In this different stages will be
followed such as from screening to the last stage of evaluation of program in the future. These
assessments help in gaining knowledge regarding child that will help in selecting child that will
be providing different perspective for the future course of action. Learning plays an important
role in company that will benefit for child. Reliability and versatility is an essential part that will
bring efficiency in the future. There are different ways that will include methods of assessment
such as oral questioning as it will be asked to provide different aspect that will be related as
asking questions from the child that help in facilitating different perspective as there are various
sources of communication that provides different aspects for the child. Written questions will be
given to them so that it will help in getting idea that child is educated or not. Different strategies
is followed to evaluate various perspective that will be helpful in gaining various knowledge for
different perspective in the future (Trenholm, 2017). Differentiation will also lead to provide
specification related to selection of different assessment methods that will help in meeting
individual needs.
VACSR model indicate different perspective that will help in effective learning for
students. This will be applied in teaching as it provides reliable data and information to students.
The teachers must assure monitoring tools so that valid and reliable assessment of the students
can be performed. The use of current assessment tools helps teachers to make fair judgement of
learners so that their learning abilities can be judged appropriately.
There are different ways that will enhance different perspective for the future. Providing
assessment will help in getting knowledge regarding their to students that will be help in gaining
good marks for students. It is important in analysing different perspective that will help in
learning different styles that will be helpful for students (Lyons, 2019). This model also helps in
evaluating performance of students.
LO4
4.1 Theories and models of curriculum development
Curriculum development refers to the process of development of an individual that will
include different levels as it helps in gaining knowledge for the future. This is providing learning
13

to the people that are providing skills and knowledge that will be beneficial for the future of
action.
Product and Process model
This model defines that a planned curriculum is made that will be implemented on
people. Different processes and procedures are been followed for maintaining transparency while
applying this model for development of an individual for future. This model is mainly
emphasized on providing different aspect that will be carried out as there are different features
that will be creating different models and helps in learning and having different aspects in
teaching, learning and enhancing knowledge for attending various perspective in learning. This
will emphasize in providing development that will be creating different segments in the future
(Suedfeld, 2017). In this model two aspect product and process that will mainly emphasize on
various types of learning-styles that will be developing and communicating as there are different
outcomes that helps in learning and motivating students that will be creating various challenges
that will be faced while learning various aspects of students. It will help in developing
curriculum that will be helpful in the future course of action.
Taba curriculum development model:
As per this model curriculum development must have inductive approach so that teachers
are aware of requirements of the students. The needs of the students are prioritised in this model.
The model also stated that after evaluation of the learners needs teachers must formulate the
learning objectives so that suitable learning content can be selected and organised. It helps in
organisation learning activities on the basis of learning experience.
14Illustration 7: 7 steps in Taba model

(Source: Mhzn, 2019)
4.2 Ways that will be applied in theories and models of curriculum development
There are different ways that will applied as various theories and models will be
providing as in it inclusive differentiation that will be helpful in providing education to students
in different manner as it will not similar from students as it is providing various practices that
will providing different learning as it is important for every aspect that will help in gaining
knowledge regarding learning for future in the company as it is available for different students
that will help in gaining more knowledge related to different aspects that will be creating various
aspects for students to gain learning as it is important for the development under curriculum
development regular skills will be developed so that it will help in meeting requirements of the
company (Romiszowski, 2016). There are certain legislation that has greater impact on practice
that will be help in gaining different perspective for the future. It is important in adopting
different abilities or needs that will be bringing changes in the company. Differentiated approach
will be used in evaluation that will help in learning various aspects that will be providing
different learning style as it is necessary in various development program that help in facilitating
these strategies as process and product development will be evaluating for the future course in
the company (Kulju and et. al., 2016). As sometimes several barriers will occur that will create
disruption in achieving objectives and helps in getting involved more learning and different
models that will bring curriculum development. It is important for an individual to bring
transparency in work that will be facilitating various aspects as there are different learning for
the future. Learning will be enhanced by teaching to either small or large group of people to
whom learning is being provided for future growth.
LO5
5.1 Theories and models of reflection and evaluation
Gibbs reflective cycle
This model of reflection emphasized on six stages such as description, feelings,
evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan. This will be explained by taking an example of
an individual that is related to different segments and different styles of communication. It is
related to presentation that will be given by an individual.
15

Description:- This is emphasizing on describing its experience while giving presentation in from
of people that will be a part of communication (Chung and McBride, 2015). If communication
of an individual is not good then it affects presentation as it is necessary to enhance
communication that will bring more opportunities for an individual as it is important to
understand various aspect that will be creating different aspects for the future course of action.
When learners are asked to describe their level of understanding or the experience with particular
subject then both learners and teachers can get the idea of area in which improvement is
required.
Feelings:- This is related about thoughts that will be creating differences among employees as
while giving presentation it gets hesitate in giving presentation and gets nervous in between so it
is providing different perspective that will be create problem in the company. Through the
reflective process teachers can get feedback which describes the negative and positive aspect of
the learning process. It helps in encouraging learning process with better communication and
efficiency.
Evaluation:- In this stage both types of experience that will bring impact on communication
between an individual as there are both positive and negative aspects that will influence
communication between people as there are different approaches that will be providing and
settling down into the company for future (Zhu, Rooney and Phillips, 2016). Negative impact
will demotivate an individual that will create conflict among people as it is different from
learning concept that is followed into the company. This aspect can be used by the teachers to
promote the experimental learning. However it also has drawback that it can demotivate
students and they may fear to learn things which remind them of bad experience. The reflective
learning will assist teachers in evaluating such factors which influence the learning quality.
Analysis:- From this concept it will be analysed that an individual will be able to for doing
various aspect that will be provided for the future. As it will be analysed that due to presence of
many people during presentation it will get nervous and providing different perspective for an
individual to carry out operations for different learning.
Conclusion:- From this model it can be concluded that an individual has presented its thought
that will be carrying out for the future purpose for an individual as it is important in providing
experience that will enhancing it and provide different aspects that will be help in gaining
experience as it get nervous while giving presentation in front of many people.
16

Action plan :- This is the last stage that will be providing different aspects as it will have to
improve presentation skills by practising more and more that will help in earning various aspects
while enhancing communication in the company (ten Cate and et. al., 2015). There are various
strategies that will be followed for enhancing presentation skills of the company.
5.2 Ways that will be applied to theories and models of reflection and evaluation
Taking feedback from other employees that will help in reflecting different perspective
that will help in gaining more knowledge and skills development of an individual. Reflection
method will help in providing different strategies that will cover during different perspective for
the future course of action (Leppink and Duvivier, 2016). Feedback in learning process helps in
learning different activities as it is impossible in providing effective learning. There are various
method that will be using in providing reflection as it helps in gaining different perspective and
apply various concepts and philosophies that will providing different aspect for the future. There
are different opportunities that will be providing methods and theories that will affect learning
for future. Through reflection model learners can identify their mistakes and drawbacks during
learning process which help them in learning new things.
Reflective model help in improving communication between people that will be able to
create various perspective for the future course of action. There are various segments that will
create difference in individuals for future. As they are providing different perspective that will be
enable in taking account various perspective for the future course of action. There are different
ways that will reflect changing environment and has greater impact on providing different
perspective for an individual. That will be creating differences in various aspect that will be
ready to do work (Goldman and Pellegrino, 2015). Reflective approach will be providing that
will help in enhancing communication for an individual for future. There are different segments
that will be creating different opportunities that will come and it has to take various aspects that
will be followed by an individual in the company.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it can be concluded that different theories and models will be
applicable for learning in education and training. There are different models that will be
providing different theories that will include learning, behaviour and cognitivism theory that will
be emphasizing in providing various channels that will be helpful for future of action. The
learning theories are very helpful in understanding the learning preferences and requirements of
17

the people. It is very essential for the educators to deliver the knowledge according to learning
preferences of individual otherwise learning may not be delivered as per desired objectives. The
use of specific types of preference is also significant in improving the teaching and assessment
quality while teaching. Transactional analysis and linear theory will be taken into account for
providing this type of learning that will help in gaining more knowledge in the future. From this
it will be observed that models and theories are essential for applied in business for the future.
From the above report it can be summarised that there are different models and theories
are used for establishing understanding in students for the purpose of completing their
assignment that are taught by teachers. They mainly emphasize on learning principles that are
used while teaching to students. Different communication models and theories are applied for
enhancing communication between students and teachers. VACSR model is used that help in
enhancing education and training in among students. All these models and theories lead
emphasize on learning that is provided to students in the future.
18

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Achola, P.P. and Pillai, V.K., 2016. Challenges of primary education in developing countries:
Insights from Kenya. Routledge.
Bada, S.O. and Olusegun, S., 2015. Constructivism learning theory: A paradigm for teaching and
learning. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 5(6), pp.66-70.
Balakrishnan, V. and Gan, C.L., 2016. Students’ learning styles and their effects on the use of
social media technology for learning. Telematics and Informatics, 33(3), pp.808-821.
Barnow, B.S. and et. al., 2015. Effective services for improving education and employment
outcomes for children and alumni of foster care service: correlates and educational and
employment outcomes. Child & Family Social Work.20(2). pp.159-170.
Chung, S. and McBride, A.M., 2015. Social and emotional learning in middle school curricula:
A service learning model based on positive youth development. Children and Youth
Services Review.53. pp.192-200.
Conti‐Ramsden, G. and et. al., 2018. Education and employment outcomes of young adults with
a history of developmental language disorder. International journal of language &
communication disorders. 53(2). pp.237-255.
Giles, H., 2016. Communication accommodation theory. The International Encyclopedia of
Communication Theory and Philosophy, pp.1-7.
Goad, L.H. ed., 2017. Preparing teachers for lifelong education: the report of a multinational
study of some developments in teacher education in the perspective of lifelong
education (Vol. 8). Elsevier.
Goldie, J.G.S., 2016. Connectivism: A knowledge learning theory for the digital age?. Medical
teacher, 38(10), pp.1064-1069.
Goldman, S.R. and Pellegrino, J.W., 2015. Research on learning and instruction: Implications for
curriculum, instruction, and assessment. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain
Sciences. 2(1). pp.33-41.
Ismail, S. and et. al., 2015. A Comparison of the work-based learning models and
implementation in training institutions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 204.
pp.282-289.
Jang, H., Kim, E.J. and Reeve, J., 2016. Why students become more engaged or more
disengaged during the semester: A self-determination theory dual-process
model. Learning and Instruction, 43, pp.27-38.
Khalil, M.K. and Elkhider, I.A., 2016. Applying learning theories and instructional design
models for effective instruction. Advances in physiology education. 40(2). pp.147-156.
Kulju, K. and et. al., 2016. Ethical competence: A concept analysis. Nursing ethics.23(4).
pp.401-412.
Leppink, J. and Duvivier, R., 2016. Twelve tips for medical curriculum design from a cognitive
load theory perspective. Medical teacher. 38(7).pp.669-674.
Lyons, K., 2019. Social work in higher education: Demise or development?. Routledge.
Mangope, B. and Mukhopadhyay, S., 2015. Preparing teachers for inclusive education in
Botswana: The role of professional development. Journal of International Special Needs
Education, 18(2), pp.60-72.
Osamwonyi, E.F., 2016. In-Service Education of Teachers: Overview, Problems and the Way
Forward. Journal of Education and Practice. 7(26). pp.83-87.
19

Oxford, R.L., 2016. Teaching and researching language learning strategies: Self-regulation in
context. Routledge.
Petronio, S., 2017. Communication privacy management theory: Understanding families.
In Engaging theories in family communication (pp. 87-97). Routledge.
Rahman, H.A. and Mu’taman Jarrar, M.S.D., 2015. Nurse level of education, Quality of care and
patient safety in the medical and surgical wards in Malaysian private hospitals: A cross-
sectional study. Global journal of health science.7(6). p.331.
Reigeluth, C.M., Beatty, B.J. and Myers, R.D. eds., 2016. Instructional-design theories and
models, Volume IV: The learner-centered paradigm of education. Routledge.
Reinholz, D., 2016. The assessment cycle: a model for learning through peer
assessment. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 41(2), pp.301-315.
Romiszowski, A.J., 2016. Designing instructional systems: Decision making in course planning
and curriculum design. Routledge.
Sánchez-Prieto, J.C., Olmos-Migueláñez, S. and García-Peñalvo, F.J., 2016. Informal tools in
formal contexts: Development of a model to assess the acceptance of mobile technologies
among teachers. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, pp.519-528.
Suedfeld, P., 2017. Models of attitude change: Theories that pass in the night. In Attitude
Change (pp. 1-62). Routledge.
ten Cate, O. and et. al., 2015. Curriculum development for the workplace using entrustable
professional activities (EPAs): AMEE guide no. 99. Medical teacher.37(11).pp.983-1002.
Trenholm, S., 2017. Thinking through communication: An introduction to the study of human
communication. Routledge.
Wheelahan, L. and Moodie, G., 2017. Vocational education qualifications’ roles in pathways to
work in liberal market economies. Journal of Vocational Education & Training.69(1).
pp.10-27.
Wilson, J.D., 2018. Student learning in higher education. Routledge.
Zhu, Y., Rooney, D. and Phillips, N., 2016. Practice-based wisdom theory for integrating
institutional logics: A new model for social entrepreneurship learning and
education. Academy of Management Learning & Education. 15(3).pp.607-625.
Online
Communication theory. 2019. [Online]. Accessed through
<https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-
communication/>
Communication theory. 2019. [Online]. Accessed through
<https://www.communicationtheory.org/osgood-schramm-model-of-communication/>
Easley., B., 2016. Integrated learning model. [Online]. Accessed through
<http://bryaneasley.com/integrated-learning-model-2016/>
Thompson., K., 2012. The five major theories of how people “learn”: a synopsis. [Online].
Accessed through <http://www.bioteams.com/2012/11/05/the_five_major.html>
Honey Mumford., 2019. [Online]. Accessed through
<http://thepeakperformancecenter.com/educational-learning/learning/preferences/
learning-styles/honey-mumford/>
What is Your Learning Style? 2018. [Online]. Accessed through <http://techworldinc.com/what-
is-your-learning-style/>
Mhzn. S., 2019. Taba model of curriculum development. [Online]. Accessed through
20

21

22

23

24

25