[PDF] Management and leadership Assignment

MANAGEMENT AND
LEADERSHIP

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Management and leadership both are the important and elementary aspects of an
organization. This report will be covering all its basic considerations and aspects with respect to
organizational environment. This report will include important leadership and management
styles and theories that can be applied within organizations. it will include management,
leadership as well as some motivational theories that will reflect the importance of management
and leadership within any organization.

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................4
Historical development of Management and leadership..........................................................................4
MANAGER.................................................................................................................................................4
Definitions...............................................................................................................................................4
LEADERS...................................................................................................................................................4
Definition................................................................................................................................................4
MANAGEMENT THEORIES....................................................................................................................5
Taylor scientific approach.......................................................................................................................5
Henry Fayol Administrative theory.........................................................................................................5
Howthorne Studies..................................................................................................................................6
LEADERSHIP THEORIES.........................................................................................................................6
System theory:.........................................................................................................................................6
Contingency theory:................................................................................................................................6
Situational theory:...................................................................................................................................6
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES..................................................................................................................7
Maslow’s theory:.....................................................................................................................................7
Herzberg’s theory:...................................................................................................................................7
Mc Gregor’s X and Y theory:..................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Historical development of Management and leadership
Development of management and leadership include different type of evolved theories
that has supported organizations to increase the productivity of employees (Armstrong, 2016).
Leadership theories evolved from 1930s from the development of traits, Behavioral, contingency
and Situational leadership theory. On the other hand, management started with the development of the
theories such as scientific administrative, behavioral management theory and other theories. With the
development of management sciences, process of management received supports for further development.
MANAGER
Definitions
Manager is an authoritative body of an organization responsible to control, plan and
organize resources to achieve desired goals and objectives (Peachey and et.al., 2015).
Characteristics
Mangers are highly characterized for maintaining positive culture within company with
providing them high level of team work and cohesiveness within the organization.
Roles
Managers inhibit an interpersonal, informational and decisive role within any company,
where he plays a role of resource allocator, Negotiator, disturbance handlers and spokesperson
for a team.
LEADERS
Definition
Leader is an individual who leads a team within an organization and increase the
productivity of team members and solve their grievances by maintaining direct contact with
them.

Characteristics
Leaders are characterized by quality of communication, listening and motivating they
inhibits for leading a team.
Roles
Role of leaders is to act as supporter and motivator for team members and guide them to
perform business tasks in appropriately.
Various styles that are followed by leaders are:
Autocratic style can be described as where employees tend to be the least participative
and make decision making process by leaders (Rawat and et.al., 2016). Democratic style is one
of the most suitable style where leader use to be highly participative, supportive and consider all
the need of taskforces or team. Laissez-faire style of leadership tends to be the most flexible one
where employees are not interrupted and occasionally supported or guided by leaders.
Transformational leaders are inspires employees and tend to increase their productivity by
getting highly involved and supported.
MANAGEMENT THEORIES
Taylor scientific approach
The theory was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor that has laid emphasis on the
scientific aspect of each mane grail functions that are performed within organizations. According
to this theory, every managersial functions must be assessed with the components of scientific
methods and approaches. As per the theory there must be specified logical method need to be
applied during implementation of any business operations (Peachey and et.al., 2015). For
example, organizations like HSBC bank highly follow the principles of Taylor theory to enhance
its capitals, employees’ productivity. It is also adopted by military or defense organizations
where scientific methods are used to select, train, evaluate the taskforces or team.

Henry Fayol Administrative theory
As per this theory, 14 specified principles need to be followed by managers to strengthen
their business activities and organizational processes (Kapucu and Ustun, 2018). Henry Fayol
developed systematic approaches for managers which include4s proper work decisions,
specifications of responsibility and authorities, provision of discipline, equity, remuneration and
motivation to employees all must be followed by managers in any organization. For example,
principles of centralization and division of work can be applicable within large organizations for
proper work delegation and smooth communication.
Howthorne Studies
As per this theory, Elton Mayo specified certain elementary psychological needs of
employees that are highly motivating by nature. This theory included the fact that recognition
and attention from executives and appreciation in front of subordinates and peers are the most
effective element in increasing the productivity.
LEADERSHIP THEORIES
System theory:
As per this theory, leaders use to think organization as a whole system that needs to be
regulated smoothly (Jaques, 2017). This theory implies high importance on the open and close
environment and feedback loops.
Contingency theory:
This theory depends upon effectiveness of the leaders’ choice to resolve any issues by the
selection and suitability a significant method of leadership as per the situation and its severity. This theory
laid emphasis on proper selection of leader as per the situation (Küpers, 2016). For example, in case of
handling any issue related to marketing, a marketing manager need to be selected as the post of leader that
may be for a temporary basis.
Situational theory:
It is highly based on the capabilities of leaders to align leadership style based on the
willingness and capabilities of task force. Leaders need to handle each and every situation by
application of suitable style as per the capabilities of employees (Kapucu and Ustun, 2018). For

example, at times of crises or conflicts, leaders are required to apply the most suitable method to
resolve the issues after assessing the abilities of employees.
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES
Maslow’s theory:
Sir Abraham Maslow derived a pyramid of human needs that are important motivational factors
that must be provided by managers or leaders (Xu, Loi and Ngo, 2016). As per this theory, an
individual can be highly motivated within organization by providing them all the essential components
from basic needs to recognition.
Herzberg’s theory:
As per the Herzberg theory of motivation, organizations need to assess and deliver all those
factors that highly increase motivation level of employees. For example, managers need to provide
financial as well as other rewards such as recognition, appreciation to employees to increase their
productivity.
Mc Gregor’s X and Y theory:
As per this theory, the theory X and Y are two opposite perceptions that managers have.
Theory X refers to the managers having negative ideology for employees in terms of
productivity. Similarly, theory Y refers positive ideology of a manger for its employees in terms
of their productivity and way of performing tasks.
CONCLUSION
This report has summarized certain important considerations related to leaders and
managers that is important to follow within workplaces. This theory has focused upon the fact
that selection of appropriate leader and mangers for performing business activities is the
elementary function of organization. It has also mentioned that mangers must focus on specified
theories for achieving desired results. Along with it, report has also focused on motivators and
satisfiers that need to be distinguished and employees’ needs must be fulfilled as per their
requirements.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Armstrong, M., 2016. Armstrong's handbook of management and leadership for HR: Developing
effective people skills for better leadership and management. Kogan Page Publishers.
Dayan, R., Heisig, P. and Matos, F., 2017. Knowledge management as a factor for the
formulation and implementation of organization strategy. Journal of Knowledge
Management. 21(2). pp.308-329.
Jaques, E., 2017. Requisite organization: A total system for effective managerial organization
and managerial leadership for the 21st century.
Kapucu, N. and Ustun, Y., 2018. Collaborative crisis management and leadership in the public
sector. International Journal of Public Administration. 41(7). pp.548-561.
Küpers, W., 2016. A handbook of practical wisdom: Leadership, organization and integral
business practice. Routledge.
Peachey, J.W. and et.al., 2015. Forty years of leadership research in sport management: A
review, synthesis, and conceptual framework. Journal of Sport Management. 29(5).
pp.570-587.
Rawat, P.S., and et.al., 2016. Women Organization Commitment: Role of the Second Career &
Their Leadership Styles. A Review of Economic & Social Development. 54(3). p.458.
Xu, A.J., Loi, R. and Ngo, H.Y., 2016. Ethical leadership behavior and employee justice
perceptions: The mediating role of trust in organization. Journal of Business Ethics. 134(3).
pp.493-504.