Optimization and Management Techniques

The provided assignment is a collection of research papers and studies that focus on optimization and management techniques. It includes topics such as daily reservoir operation schemes, labor and management cooperation, multi-agent decentralized energy management systems, and more. The papers explore the application of optimization and management techniques in various fields, including energy, logistics, healthcare, and finance. The assignment appears to be from a academic or professional setting, where students are required to analyze and apply optimization and management techniques to real-world problems.

Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
a) Compare various characteristics and roles of manager and leader....................................1
b) Function of manager and role of manager in various situational contexts........................3
c) Different theories and models of approach........................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
1. Approaches related to operations management and role of managers and leaders............5
2. Role as store manager.........................................................................................................7
3. Importance of operations management..............................................................................8
4. Identify and assess key factors of business environment on TESCO................................9
5. Business environment factors and its impact on decision-making...................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Management and operation is defined as process which comprise activities executed by
top personnels to produce things in according to wants and needs of individuals. Every
organisation need to use resources that is funds, material and manpower efficiently to accomplish
goals and objectives within specified time. Given assignment is based on TESCO which is
popular retail store established in United Kingdom. Clothing, home products and various luxury
items are provided by company which help executive to have large customer base and enhance
sales and profitability (Johnstone, 2016). This project specifies comparison of different
characteristics and roles of manager and leader. Apart from this, various theories and models of
approaches used by leader in different situations. Operations management has importance and
value which help firm in achieving business objectives. Thus, seniors assess factors which are
present in business environment; their impacts operational management and decision-making of
managers and leaders.
TASK 1
a) Compare various characteristics and roles of manager and leader
Executive formulate goals and objectives which are used to design system and constitute
departments such as human resource, finance, operation, marketing, sales, IT, research and
development. Each segment comprises head whose duties is to frame strategies and provide
duties to members in according to their skills and knowledge. It is a responsibility of manager to
give aims and instruction to staff to make them perform tasks effectively. Besides this, leader
provide guidance and motivate employees to inspire them and complete activities within define
deadlines (López and et. al., 2015).
Role of Manager: These are various functions that are performed by superior of TESCO
are stated below: Decisional role: Executive involves management and members in decision-making
process which help them to take proper decisions and select alternatives which provide
advantage to TESCO firm. Interpersonal role: Manager coordinate and interact with staff to make them dedicated;
thereby make them perform tasks in proficient manner.
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 Informational role: Manager duty is to give proper instructions and direction to members
in context to tasks given by administration. It aids TESCO to perform activities and
deliver quality items and services to people.
Role of Manager: These are various purpose that are performed by leader of TESCO are
defined beneath:
Supporter: Leader provide guidance and instruction to members to make them perform
tasks effectively. In TESCO, employees are able to influence customers and make them purchase
things by providing them information about variety of items, its features and benefits.
Friend, philosopher and guide: In TESCO, leader construct relations with subordinates
which help them to acknowledge issues and disputes faced through them; thereby give them
effective solutions. Along this, they even provide instruction and guidance to make employees
perform activities in proper manner. This benefit firm to sustain competent and skilled people for
longer period (Liu and et. al., 2015).
Representative of company: Leader plays essential role as they make staff members
perform activities and manufacture quality things in according to needs and wants of people. In
TESCO, conferences and seminars are conducted by superior to inform employees about
modification that are made in system and structure. Apart from this, subordinates are also
acknowledged about taste and preference of people. This help company to attract customers and
satisfy them by giving them products in according to their demands.
Similarities between manager and leader: These are functions which are common for
manager and leader are as follows:
 Administer work of employees and provide them duties in according to their skills and
abilities. Manager and leader conduct meeting and conference to improve capabilities of
members and make them perform tasks effectively.
 Design structure and implement appropriate tools and techniques in system in context to
wants and needs to individuals. This help TESCO to provide quality items and services to
customers; thereby satisfy them and make them loyal towards firm (Zhang and et. al.,
2016). Manager and leader provide guidance and instruction to subordinates in according to
duties and tasks assigned by seniors. With help of performance appraisal, superior
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examine outcomes of workers to anticipate deviations from standards. This benefit
TESCO to provide products in according to demands of people.
Difference between manager and leader: Both management and leadership have various
distinctions which are stated below:
Manager Leader
Management responsibility is to frame
strategies and provide duties to members in
respect to their capabilities.
Leader duty is to keep members dedicated and
make them perform task in according to plans
and program of seniors.
Develop training and development programs to
increase abilities and capabilities of staff.
Conduct seminars and sessions to provide
knowledge and guidance to employees.
Manager need to utilise funds, material and
manpower in efficient manner to accomplish
goals and objectives.
Leader motivate and inspire members to retain
them for longer period.
b) Function of manager and role of manager in various situational contexts
Organisation exist in environment which is change and keeps on changing with time. It is
essential that administration design system and implement adequate tools and techniques which
help TESCO deliver appropriate items and services in market. Management responsibility is to
formulate strategies and take decisions which benefit company to attain objectives and enhance
market position. These are various situations which require to be managed and regulated by
manager and leader are as follows (Wu and et. al., 2015):
Decision making: Administration conducts meeting and conferences to select alternatives
and make choose things which help TESCO to deliver goods on the basis of preferences and
tastes of people. Superiors and staff are involved in process of decision making, so that
appropriate judgements and timely selections are made by seniors (Rastegar, Fotuhi-Firuzabad
and Zareipour, 2016).
Function of manager: TESCO store has home products, clothes and various luxury
items; so it is necessary that management appoints members and provide them information in
respect to products. Along this, they even require to frame strategies and conduct performance
appraisal to acknowledge abilities of staff on basis of outcomes and results generated by them.
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Employees opinion and suggestions are taken which help manager to take appropriate decisions
and select things in according to demands and preferences of people.
Role of leader: Employees feel valuable and connected with firm, if they are involved in
decision-making activities. In TESCO, leader constructs relations with staff to acknowledge their
issues and problems faced through them; thereby offer them valuable solutions. It aids superior
to sustain competent and capable individual for long time period which deliver items in
according to taste and preference of customers.
Risk taking: This is another tactic which defines that executive invest funds in business to
conduct appropriate activities and generate revenue. But, as market has large number of firms
established in every industry which makes it difficult for administration to maintain TESCO
image and share. Along this, customers taste and preferences keeps on changing with time. This
require that superior make modification in system and deliver creative and innovative things to
customers (Jabbari-Sabet, Moghaddas-Tafreshi and Mirhoseini, 2016).
Function of manager: Internal and external factors are examined by management of
TESCO to have accurate and complete information about system abilities and market situation.
Stakeholders, government, technology, social, environment, competitors and customers are
various elements which directly or indirectly influence on business activities. Thus, manager
design system and make it function effectively which benefit company to deliver things in
according to needs and wants of people.
Role of leader: Superior need to anticipate difficulties and problems that TESCO faces
while making system function in according to market conditions. Leader constitute relations with
members which help them acknowledge issues and conflicts faced by staff. This benefit them to
motivate employees and make them perform tasks effectively. Thus, quality items and services
are delivered to customers which help company to compete with rival firms (Chen and et. al.,
2015).
c) Different theories and models of approach
Superiors uses various concepts, theories and approach to design system and make it
function in according to market conditions. It is essential that TESCO comprises strong market
image and reputation which help management to position firm superior than competitors.
Employees perform activities systematically and fulfil duties within specifies time only if they
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get proper instruction and guidance from seniors. There are various theories which are used by
leader in respect to outcomes require to be accomplished by them:
System leadership theory: This is defined as controlling leadership approach which
state that leader make changes in tools and techniques to provide services and products on the
basis of requirement and wants of persons. Superior duty is to conduct business operations which
help company to provide quality items and quick services to customers. This help management
to attract customers and enhance market position and goodwill (Miyanabe and et. al., 2015.).
Situational theory: This tactic was formulated by Dr. Paul Hersey which determine
activities executed by leader to organise and make system function in according to market
conditions. Manager make changes in technologies and products are made by management to
deliver items. It aids organisation to position higher than rival brands and enhance market image
and goodwill.
Contingency theory: This concept specifies that business environment never remain
static, so it is essential that management make alterations in system and formulate strategies in
respect to market situations. Leader require to have capability to face challenges and transform
things in according to needs and wants of people. Administration responsibility is to utilises
funds and take care that material are used in efficient manner (Kim and Lee, 2015.).
Therefore these are various approach which are used by management in respect to market
conditions and system abilities. In TESCO, situational theory is used by seniors which helps
them to organise activities and make system function in according to competitors and customers.
Latest tools and technologies are implemented in system which help company to maintain good
relations with suppliers and have adequate number of items in store. Along this, innovative and
creative things are provided by manager which help TESCO to attract people and satisfy them by
giving quality items and quick services.
TASK 2
1. Approaches related to operations management and role of managers and leaders
Administration require to design system and implement tools and techniques in according
to deliver things and services in context to wants and needs of people. Operation department
responsibility is to manufacture quality products and give quick services to customers. Manager
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and leader of TESCO uses different approaches to make system function effectively which are
stated below:
Operational management is person which formulate strategies and implement
appropriate tools and techniques in system to execute activities effectively. Along this, manager
provide appropriate working environment and facilities to employees, so that they conduct tasks
properly. Thus, administration accomplish objectives and goals within defined time.
Kaizen: This theory is known as the continuous improvement and it is long term
approach related to work that seeks towards attaining the small and incremental modifications in
process in context to make improvement in quality along with efficiency. It is the responsibility
of an organization to focus on continuous improvement on quality. It is helpful in reducing the
more wastage. Thus, improvement in technologies are made by top personnel to deliver
innovative and creative products and services in market. In this, superior responsibility is to
make employees work in team to utilise resources efficiently, thereby reduce waste and
unwanted things being conducted in firm. Along this, leader motivate and inspire workers to
make them complete operation and achieve targets within defined time.
Manager frame strategies and provide duties to members, so that business operations are
conducted properly. They even uses different theories and approaches to make system function
adequately. Total quality management (TQM) is approach used by management to focus on
demands of people and make changes in system to deliver quality products and services to
customers. Evaluation process is conducted by superior to analyse deviations from standards and
degree of achievement of objectives. Besides this, administration involve subordinates in
decision-making process to make appropriate judgements and select things which are beneficial
for firm.
Just in -Time approach: This is methodology which specifies that administration frame
plan and uses equipment to conduct operations properly. It is necessary that organisation uses
funds and have adequate material and products in according to demands and wants of people. For
this management establishes connection with suppliers which help them to order things on the
basis of requirements of people. It is a stock tactic which benefit TESCO to reduce inventory
expenses and utilise resources efficiently. Latest technologies and techniques are implemented in
system which benefit seniors to organise flow of products in store in according to demands of
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customers. This help administration to improve productivity and profitability by making
members perform activities effectively (Clehmann and Joseph eds., 2015).
Total quality management: It refers to continuous procedure of reducing along with
detecting errors from production process, steaming the supply chain management, improve
consumer experience and also assure that the staff members are able to speed with training. Its
main aim to improve production precess so that products can be produced of better quality. This
helps superiors to lower down waste and enhance customer vale by integrating smooth and
efficient supply chain. Training and development programmes that is sessions, seminars, meeting
and conferences are executed by leader to enhance skills and abilities of staff. Thus, employees
inform people about items and influence and persuade customers to purchase things in according
to their needs and requirements.
Six sigma approach: This concept defines that management require to design system
and make it function effectively. It is essential that seniors identify problems and challenges that
might be faced in respect to competitors and customer's need and preferences. After this,
measurement and analysis of cause and effect relationship is identified by superior of TESCO.
This help leader to execute action such as session and meeting to improve skills and abilities of
employees. Along this, system and technologies are modified to deliver quality things and quick
services to customers (Althaher, Mancarella, and Mutale, 2015).
Roles of leaders and managers: Just in time, total quality management and six sigma approach
are used by superior to make system function in according to market conditions. In TESCO,
manager uses latest technologies which help in maintaining good relations with suppliers to
timely order items in respect to availability of products in store. Management has relations with
suppliers which help them to order products in according to needs and wants of people. This help
them to utilise funds, material and manpower efficiently and accomplish targets and objectives.
2. Role as store manager
Store manager comprises essential position in firm which is to manage manpower and
utilise funds and material adequately. TESCO is retail outlet which provide different variety and
range of food items and products to fulfil needs and wants of people. Just in time, six sigma, total
quality management are various approaches uses by store manager. Company maintains relations
with suppliers and uses advanced technologies to have adequate amount of products in store.
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Along this, management have skilled and competent members which deliver quality items and
quick services to customers.
3. Importance of operations management
Operation management is management of all tasks and activities in business. Thus as a
result they can easily enhance the process related to production. Hence company can easily
delivers good quality of products. Thus they can maintain good position in industry. Operational
management is very crucial for very firm. It helps the organization to increase the user's
satisfaction and to maintain loyalty in firm. Thus importance of operational management of
TESCO are:
Customer satisfaction: TESCO helps in managing all activities and tasks in a better
manner. It performs production of all items in less time. It determines to user needs and then and
then it creates the products. It delivers superior quality of products such as chocolates and other
grocery items in a better and effective manner. Hence as a result they can easily leads to increase
in satisfaction of all customers. Thus TESCO can earn more profits and can increase the market
share. Thus they can easily expand activities in many countries (Emile and et. al., 2017.).
Increasing profits: It can create different methods and strategies so that it can generate
more revenues. It has performed all activities through online applications. Thus it can directly
fulfil all needs and wants of many people. Now a days people only use online mode to purchase
the products. Thus as a result they can take decision to sell products through online applications.
Thus as a result they can directly generate more revenues. This helps TESCO to maintain unique
and good position in the market as well in market.
Quality improvement: TESCO has decided to create good quality of products. This can
only be possible through improving quality of production process. Quality can be improved by
using of advanced and latest tools and techniques to create different products. Thus it can
produce good quality of products in less costs. Hence it can deliver best quality of products in
minimum time. Thus it can easily provide best products in less time to all users. Hence it can
directly increase the satisfaction level of all users. Thus it can easily capture many customers and
can earn more revenues and can enhance the market share (Karavas and et. al., 2015).
Minimum wastage: In this there is less wastage of all products through proper and
efficient operational process. Through this there is increase in production process. This helps in
enhancing the production process. Through less wastage there is optimum utilization of
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resources. Thus they can create good quality of products in less time. This is only possible
through effective production process. Hence products can be delivered to all users in less time.
Thus as a result they can easily produce efficient products.
Enhances the goodwill: In this manager creates all products in better manner. They
deliver the good quality of products to all users. As a result they can directly leads to increase in
satisfaction of all users. It delivers all products according to choice of all users. Thus as a result
they can directly leads to increase in satisfaction of all users. Hence it leads to enhancing of
goodwill in all countries.
4. Identify and assess key factors of business environment on TESCO
Business environment comprises macro and micro factors which directly or indirectly
influence on operations. Management require to design system and implement tools and
techniques which help them to deliver things and services in according to needs and wants of
people. Government, shareholders, employees, suppliers, competitors and customers are various
internal and external components. Seniors of TESCO determine this elements and consider them
to frame goals and objectives accordingly. This help superiors to design system and implement
tools and techniques to deliver items in respect to needs and wants of people. Thus, executive is
able to enhance market image and position higher than rival firms (Webb, 2017).
Internal factors: This tactic comprises elements which are present inside firm and have
direct impacts on business activities are defined below:
Shareholders: Organisation require to have adequate capital to purchase material and
appropriate things in according to demands of people. Investors spend money and will be ready
to provide additional funds only if they get appropriate profit share and interest. Besides this,
TESCO which has good market position and image is able to retain shareholders for longer
period. This help management to organise system and implement latest tools and technology to
deliver quality items and services to people.
Suppliers: This is defined as essential component of enterprise which provide raw
material and items in according to demands of public. In TESCO, management had implemented
modern technology which help them to construct effective relations with suppliers to timely
order items and have adequate products in store (Johnstone, 2016).
Employees: In TESCO, administration has appropriate members which help company to
deliver things in according to taste and preference of people. Manager provide duties and tasks to
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staff in respect to their skills and abilities. Besides this, training and development programmes
are executed by leader to improve capabilities of members; thereby deliver quality items and
services to people.
Customers: This is important component which management consider while arranging
things and items. TESCO has variety of home products, clothes and many other things which
help superiors to have large customer base. This help seniors to enhance sales and profitability.
External factors: This aspect comprises elements which are present outside TESCO and
has indirect influence on business operations are defined below (López and et. al., 2015):
Political factors: This component define that government frame acts and policies to
regulate and manage business activities. It is essential that management of TESCO consider
regulatory bodies tactics to develop tactics and strategies which aid them to create an effective
system function legally. This company has outlets established in number of nations, so it is
necessary that seniors design system and make it function in according to taste and preference of
people.
Economical factor: Interest rate, exchange rate, inflation are various elements which
differs for each nation. This element defines that TESCO require to have adequate funds to
organise things in according to wants of people. Along this, company sales and profitability
depends upon income level of customers. As, this store has outlets established in number of
countries that is UK, China and many more. Thus, management transfer products from one
nation to another which help them to deliver things in according to needs and wants of customers
(Liu and et. al., 2015).
Social factor: This element define that firm offers products and services in according to
wants of individuals. TESCO which has variety of food items, home products, clothes and so on
help management to have large customer base. Apart from this, skilled and competent members
are present in store which are able to influence people and provide them appropriate information
about items. Company even has websites to give facility to customers to purchase things online.
Technological factor: This element state that firms require to execute appropriate
techniques and tools in system to deliver things on the basis of needs of people. Management of
TESCO uses latest technology which help them to construct relations with suppliers. This help
company deliver quality items and quick services to customers.
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Environmental factor: This component defines that internet and latest technologies in
system to use natural things effectively and deliver products to people in according to their needs
and wants.
Legal factor: This component define that equality, discrimination and minimum wage
and hours act is formulated by government to safeguard and protect rights of employees.
Management of TESCO give proper treatment and duties to employees in respect to their skills
and capabilities. Along this, employees are given compensation on the basis of outcomes and
performance generated through them. Leader organise sessions and seminars to improve abilities
of staff and make them perform activities in a significant manner. This benefit firm to sustain
skilled people for longer period ( Zhang and et. al., 2016).
5. Business environment factors and its impact on decision-making
Management of TESCO assess internal and external factors which directly as well
indirectly affect on business to make appropriate judgements which are beneficial for firm.
Shareholders, suppliers, employees and customers are various components which help superior
to execute activities and deliver adequate products and services to buyers. Along this, PESTLE
analysis is technique used by manager to acknowledge effect of government, technology,
economical, social, environment and legal factors. Thus, administration involve superior and
employees to select best things and make adequate decisions for firm.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the above given report that operations management is concept
which defines that organisation require to have adequate items and services in according to needs
and wants of people. Interpersonal, decisional and informational duties are performed by
manager to frame strategies and provide duties to members in respect to their skills and abilities.
Besides this, leader responsibility is to conduct sessions, seminars and conference to motivate
members and make them perform tasks effectively. This help organisation to make system
function in according to market conditions by taking appropriate decisions and risk taking.
Situational, system leadership and contingency theory are used by superior to use appropriate
approach that is total quality management, just in time, six sigma. Management even
acknowledge benefits of operations management on system functionality. Factors within
business environment and its impacts on decision-making and operational management are
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determined by superiors to make functions of system effectively and attain organisational
objectives with in given time period.
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