Analysis and Operation Management Cases

This assignment delves into diverse case studies related to operations management. It includes topics such as logistics and supply chain management, analysis of green supply chain management drivers, electric energy system analysis, strategic management cases, establishment and operation of industrial safety systems, biochar for environmental management, digital publishing implications, extension of constrained ant colony optimization algorithms, vertebral artery injury management in anterior cervical spine operations, pilot case management interventions, emergency surgery for acute diverticulitis, and challenges of managing patients with functionally single ventricles after Fontan operations. These studies are designed to provide insight into operational strategies and their applications across various industries and fields.

Management and Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1. Specification, comparison and different roles and characteristics of modern leader &
manager.......................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2. Role of leader and functions of manager in different situational context.............................3
P3. Various theories and models of approaches including different leadership and
management................................................................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P4. Key approaches of operational management and the role that manager and leader play.....6
P5. Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives............7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P6. Impact of internal and external factors upon operational management and decision making
process.........................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Operations administration is being mostly obsessed with different factors like planning,
organizing in manufacturing, productions and so on in regards to hit or achieve all the desired
targets in effective ways (Introduction to Operations Management, 2017). Process of inputting
raw materials, capital and resources, manpower in order to make products and services through
which a firm can fulfil needs and wants of consumers. Operations management can also give
understanding of business environment under which an organisation can locate perceptions of
customers and manufacturing products as pe demand of users. Report is based on Toyota Motor
Company which is a famous Japanese brand. It was found by Kiichiro Toyoda in the year of
1933 and at current moment its head quarter is in Aichi, Japan. Report will enclose roles and
functions of leaders and management as well along with, some theories and approaches of
leadership and management which aid in making decisions. Away from this, internal and
external factors and their impact on decision making process has also been considered. In last,
some acts and laws which aid firm in doing business in successful manner.
TASK 1
P1. Specification, comparison and different roles and characteristics of modern leader &
manager
According to Christopher, (2016), in business firm leadership can be considered as an art
in which leader motivates subordinates or group of staff members and their enactments towards
their goals and objectives so that they can achieve them in short period of time.
As per given by Expósito and et. al., (2016), modern leaders are the supporters who leads
assistants or subordinates so that they can become more effective at workplace and finish all
tasks in given period of time.
As comprehended by Lehmann and Joseph, (2015), leaders plays an important role in an
organisation where they represent the firm in front of outside people.
It has been analysed that there are various roles which a leader have that aid in making
appropriate decisions. Required at all levels, In Toyota, modern leaders do have various roles
and this person are required at every single department of the company. They make decisions,
support & directs employees and does other things like take initiatives in order to enhance brand
image at marketplace of Toyota and so on. Under this, firm they selects the designs of cars which
1

are being made by engineers. Representative of the organization, Leader is said to be the person
who brings firm in front of other people like society, rivals and in front of foreigners. This
process takes place in meetings, seminars and other conferences. They can also be stated as the
face of a company as a brand ambassador. In context of Toyota, Gary Convis is the executive
and a leader who makes vision and mission of this company and bring them in front of
employees.
Solicits support, In modern era, a modern leader supports their staff members so that they
can give suggestions to leaders which aid in attaining all the desired goals and objectives in
much more effective ways. In Toyota, ideas that are being given by employees should be
considered while manufacturing cars. As a friend, philosopher and guide, There are the three
attributes which should be their in modern leader. He/she should treat subordinates as a friend so
that they can share feelings with each other, suggesting staff members with intelligence through
which workers can work in optimised manner. In Toyota, leader should act like a friend so that
they can share problems which are being faced by them.
As per given by Bainton and et. al., (2011), the procedure of handling all the operational
activities can be known as management in business world.
According to Books and et. al., (2015), an individual which is being considered as a
person who have various responsibilities in an organisation that are related to managing all
actions that comes in existence while running business at marketplace.
As per Books and et. al., (2016), person who handles occupational group and business
activities of an organisation. Its functions may aid managers in hitting targets in much more
effective ways. Planning, In a firm, managers are the people who formulates plans and try to
achieve goals and objectives of company which are being made by leaders in order to gain
competitive advantages. In Toyota, managers have been much efficient and the achieved all the
targets. With the help of this, firm has gathered a great position in all over world. Staffing, In
context to this, Toyota's HR managers should be effective in nature. As they are the person who
recruits candidates by studying about their qualifications and takes interviews in order to select
them so that innovative ideas can be brought at workplace. Organising, Another function which
should be considered as the most important one that Toyota's managers should have. Strategies
can be made by managers in order to give tasks to an individual of a firm in order to complete
them in short period of time.
2

Leading, In Toyota, a manager do not just have responsibilities like plan, organize, and
staff the team to attain goals and objectives. Sometimes, they have to resolve issues that are
being faced by subordinates. Controlling: Managers of Toyota, keep on monitoring the plans
which has been executed. They see because it consist of risk that can create losses for company.
Similarities in between managers and leaders, Both of these supervisors have different
responsibilities but works for same thing and that is attaining common goals. In context of
Toyota, leaders and managers follows vision which has been made by executives. They motivate
staff members in much more effective ways so that they become more skilful. Difference among
managers and leaders, In the year of 2016, Toyota recalled almost 3 million cars as they were
having problem which were related to air bags. Both managers and leaders had to take initiatives
in an appropriate way. Therefore, they went from utilising autocratic style to participative. As
number of cars were real big thus, it become essential for them to take suggestions from
subordinates in order to finish the task in short period of time (Diabat and Govindan, 2011).
Under this, leaders motivated staff members and managers can implement strategies and policies.
TASK 2
P2. Role of leader and functions of manager in different situational context
Toyota has a big brand name in all over world that manufactures cars by locating all the
needs of clients and trends which are being faced by them in world. Missions and vision are
being set by a leader where manager follows them and deals with all external factors through
which they can achieve desired goals. Strategies are also being made by administration in order
to analyse marketplace so that they can take favourable actions in regards to enhance both
productivity and profitability at the same moment. In this context, some functions of
management are: Mission, Vision and Goal setting, While setting goals, mission and other
things in Toyota. It is vital for managers to make planning accordingly in order to attain them in
short period of time. Goal and objectives achievements, Organising is being done by
administration of Toyota like managers assign tasks to an individual. Therefore, it is must for
managing person to locate strengths and weaknesses of an individual and then appoint staff
member for the job so that it can be achieved right on time (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2012).
Strategy formulation, While formulating a strategy suggestions can be taken by managers
through which proper decisions are being made in order to create favourable conditions for them.
3

Deal with change management, Training is being given to staff members by HR managers of
Toyota so that their knowledge and skills can get enhanced. This may aid them in becoming
more effective in context of company. They can also recruit candidates.
Improve organizational culture, Coordinating is another function of management which
should be done by managers of Toyota. With the help of this, employee relations are being
handled in an appropriate manner of Toyota.
There are ample number of roles that leaders have. Improve organizational performance, It has
been examined that leaders continuously enhances productivity of staff members through various
ways. By motivating, training and so on. Stability in nature and representatives, Leaders do not
make alterations and keep on influencing subordinates to achieve all the goals and objectives in
an appropriate manner. They are the people who represents company in front of others. Low to
average dynamical situation where leaders become friend, When any sort of changes are being
made in Toyota like adaption of new technology. It has been analysed that employees may face
issues and stress can also be increased as they do not know about updates at all and work with
same sort of mind. Therefore, it is leaders responsibilities to locate those areas in which
subordinates are weak and given them training being as a friend so that they can perform well.
Fast changing situation and leaders, Toyota may face issues at any moment and they
also can aspect risks at any place in which they may create losses for them (Kátai-Urbán, 2014).
Therefore, it is mandatory for leaders to make strategies through which they can prepare workers
while making alterations at workplace. Through this, firm can expect enhancement in their
profitability.
Leaders and managers have their specific role and functions at workplace which need to
understand by themselves properly so that they could deal in any diverse situation properly and
in better manner as well. The role of leaders which need to understand in context of Toyota are
define as follow which have to underpin in any kind of scenario: Transformational leadership: In this kind of leadership, leaders and followers used to
raise one another towards higher motivation and morality. This kind of leadership is
supportive for many individuals where they could copped up working with one another
so that effective and efficient working could done. This leadership style is for various
kind of situation which enable and support in deal out with any stances. Toyota have to
underpin this aspect where leaders used to utilise their skills in such consideration.
4

 Situational leadership: Such kind of leaders take decision and judgement as per the
situation which arise at workplace. These leaders are highly motivated towards their
working abilities and practices. Situational leaders are those whom want to work towards
their goal and target assessment so that better efficiency could be accomplish. Toyota
leaders could with this skill as well so that they could maintain and manage their work in
better and efficient manner.
These are the several number of skills which could be utilise by leaders of Toyota for their
operations. This will assist them in define and working in better and appropriate manner. Thus,
to deal with diverse range of context, leaders could go with such skills and strategies so that
efficient working could be promoted. Along with this, there are several number of functions get
determine from the side of managers which need to understand by Toyota in better and effective
manner: Planning: One of a major function of manager is to plan the things. At any change or
diverse situation, management have to define their plans in better manner so that they
could manage their working and enhance their ability as well. Toyota have to craft such
framework in which things are divided properly so that better outcome could be drawn. Staffing: As per the change, another function of manager is to recruit and select such
staff personnel whom have potential to do the correct and right things. This will enable
them in define and determine the better outcome so that change could be facilitate
properly. Directing: Although, Toyota leaders and managers have to direct each and every
individual towards their working. This direction will move them towards positive
consideration so that better and determined outcome suppose to be identify. Leading: They have to lead the whole unit as one where leaders, supervisor, personnel all
used to get included. Thus, their work needs to be leading by specific individual so that
they could derive and determine the better and effective outcome.
 Controlling: The last function of manager is to control the various consideration
properly. As, each and every activity have to properly controlled by managers of a
company which facilitate them in determine effective outcome.
5

P3. Various theories and models of approaches including different leadership and management
It has been examined that leaders continuously motivate, support, direct and coordinate
with their employees so that situation cannot get hamper and all the desired goals can be attained
right on time. Therefore, it is mandatory for Toyota's leaders and managers to use different
theories and models in order to gain competitive advantages at workplace. It has also been
located that there are ample number of competitors are present in the market that are giving good
rivalry to Toyota. Like, Ford, Hyundai, Honda Nissan and so on. Thus, it is must for Toyota to
utilise approaches of leadership and of management as well so that they do not face any issues
while adapting alterations.
Many theories are comprehended beneath:
Situational leadership, Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey explained are the two people
who propounded this type of model. Under this they stated that both managers and leaders can
make modifications in plans and strategies in order to create more profit margins. With the help
of this, Toyota can expect higher reputation as their objectives will start getting hit in effective
manner. Therefore, it is must for them to locate changes that can be made by them like
alterations in team members, modifications in training sessions and strategies. Advantages:
Toyota's goals are being attained in short period of time. Disadvantages: Risk involvement is
high (Martin and Tian, 2016).
Systems leadership approach, This is one of an oldest approach which is being used by
firms in 20th century as well. Decisions are being made by both administrations and leaders of a
company that may aid in achieving goals and objectives in an appropriate manner. Under this,
strategies are being made by leaders which subordinates have to follow. Advantages: Tried and
tested approach which surely gives favourable outcomes in effective manner. Disadvantages:
Demotivation may take place at workplace as staff members has to follow all the rules and
regulation which has been made by supervisors. A major advantage of using systematic
leadership is that all things and aspects used to get done in a systematic manner so that better and
efficient outcome could be drawn. This facilitate in accomplish targets so that determine
outcome could be assess in long term consideration. But sometimes, change would not get
accepted by personnel of a company where system could not work properly. Thus, systematic
leadership need to be clarify things in better and signified manner.
6

Contingency approach, This model is much similar to situational where leaders may
make alterations in systems which is being followed by administration of Toyota. Hypothesis is
being used by leaders to make modifications at workplace to consider all actions that are related
to operational management. Along with this, it has been examined that these alterations are being
taken in use mostly in modern era. With the help of this, Toyota can give proper rivalry to their
competitors. Its advantages can be leaders influence workers to work in an appropriate manner.
Therefore, targets are being hit of Toyota in short period of time. On the other hand,
disadvantages under this that it is being used by administration of Toyota to provide security
from small risks (Moeini and Afshar, 2013).
In today's time, Toyota uses all these approaches in different ways where they can
enhance both profitability and productivity in an effective manner. It is required for both
management and leaders to analyse the situation and select the best model and take it in use in an
appropriate manner and by this targets can get hit right on time.
TASK 3
P4. Key approaches of operational management and the role that manager and leader play
Effective operational management may aid in hitting targets in much more effective days.
This can be stated as the process through which mixing of various things like raw materials,
resources and other parts are being done in order to make quality goods and services. In context
to this, there are ample number of key approaches that are being used by administration of
Toyota in order to manufacture cars by considering all the perceptions, needs and requirements
of consumes. There is one more thing that can be included in manufacturing process and that is
updated technology (Park and Jho, 2012). Here, Toyota is using sensors that may give
information to the person who is driving the car if any problem comes while driving car.
Few key approaches in this context are comprehended beneath:
Six Sigma : This is an approach that can be used by a firm in which tools and techniques
so that to improve quality of goods and services that they are selling at marketplace. Under this,
tools are being used in order to reduce all the wastages and remove defects which may aid
organisation in gaining more competitive advantages at marketplace. In the year 2016, Toyota
did not considered this approach in an appropriate manner which caused a huge loss to them.
7

Manufacturing of cars were being done without including safety concerns of consumers. This
came in front when no air bags got open when a Toyota corolla met with an accident.
Lean production: This type of approach is much concerned with wastages that should be
kept in mind by administration of Toyota in order to secure firm from creating losses. This
model is being used by any firm by which waste materials can be reduced to zero and may aid in
keeping limited resources for a longer period of time that will help in future. Along with this, this
approach is one step ahead by which any firm can take to keep environment safe of world.
Total Quality management (TQM): One of oldest technique which is being used by most
of auto mobile manufacturers in all over world. It has been analysed that most of firms try to put
efforts in giving luxury feel cars to their consumers in order to make their experience great. This
approach includes quality which is a major issue that should be kept in mind by administration of
Toyota in an appropriate manner (Rinke and et. al., 2012). With the help of this, all the
techniques are being used in order to improvise quality of cars which may aid consumers in
improvising their satisfactory level.
Just in time: Another approach that is being used by administration of a firm that
includes various inventory strategies in order to reduce wastages by acquiring cars as much as it
is needed by a show room of Toyota. Along with this, it has been analysed that hitting targets has
became essential for management in order to achieve all goals and objectives. Here, Toyota's
inventory department is much effective where suppliers plays a vital role.
In initial years of Toyota, it has been located that they used to use just in case approach
where large number of inventory are being taken under in a showroom previously.
Kaizen- Continuous Improvement: This is one of an approach which is mostly being
used by administrations nowadays. Therefore, it is much essential for management of Toyota to
consider this while manufacturing products and services. With the help of this, improvement can
be seen in manufacturing of cars in an appropriate manner (Tadlock and et. al., 2013).
Role of manager and leader in operational process:
Leaders Managers
They motivate subordinates so that they can
perform well.
They manages all the activities that are related
to operations in Toyota so that, firm do not
faces losses and reputation to not get reduced
8

at marketplace.
They are the people who supports and gives
directions to employees in an appropriate
manner so that they can achieve goals and
objectives of their own.
Gives training to staff members in order to
make them much more effective at workplace.
Mostly, they get motivated by getting proper
training in short period of time.
P5. Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives
Goals and objectives can be achieved in an appropriate manner by considering all the
actions in an appropriate manner which are related to operational management. Some of its
importance are given beneath:
Control & Distribution system: Operational activities aid in creating effective control
and distribution system which may aid Toyota in hitting its targets that are related to this context.
Along with this, leaders and managers both should make appropriate strategies through which
profit margins can be enhanced. Inventories should also be taken under by administration of
Toyota by which wastages can be reduced to zero (Trojnarska and Ciepłucha, 2011).
Transformation of raw materials into finished goods/services: Operations
management of Toyota should be effective in nature. With the help of this, quality can be
maintained of cars while manufacturing them. Along with this, it is essential for administration
to locate all the actions through which they can reduce time of whole process.
Process Design: This is another element that can be considered as the main one. Under
this, both leaders and managers takes initiatives and plans to make a proper design of inputting
of raw materials to change them in final goods. It has been analysed that Toyota should be
properly manage it while considering needs of their consumers. Under this, technology part also
plays an important role and this firm should properly use it while manufacturing cars with
innovative ideas.
Capacity and change management: The first model of change management is given by
Kurt Lewin's under which he has explained that planning must be done in unfreezing matter so
that alterations can be done any time. Thus, this approach helps us to know it in a better manner.
According to Lewin, change is a process that is mainly on the basis of perception and
imagination so that it can be converted into reality.
9

Logistics & Inventory Management: Effective operations management may aid in
transporting final goods from one place to another. It has been analysed that Toyota deals
in almost all countries. Therefore, they should locate all the factors through which they
can reduce risks that are related to inventory and logistics so that delivery is being done
in an appropriate manner and right on time. With the help of administration which is
related to operations (Verma and Gangele, 2012).
TASK 4
P6. Impact of internal and external factors upon operational management and decision making
process
Toyota Plc may face various issues that are related to both external and internal factor
through which situation can get hamper at workplace. Therefore, it is must for leaders and
manager to locate all the actions that are related to operational management that may affect on
decision making process. Some of factors are comprehended beneath:
Corporate social responsibility: As Toyota is a big firm and deals in auto mobile sector,
it is required for them to maintain their reputation in front of society. To do this, there are ample
number of activities through which improvement can be seen in goodwill and brand image of the
firm. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) includes conduction of various co-curricular
activities can be done in which they can play with small kids and others as well through which
profits can be gained in an appropriate manner and enhancement of goodwill can also be seen as
well.
Sustainability: Sustain the brand image it is essential for Toyota. Providing quality cars
to consumers should be the main of this firm in order to maintain sustainability at marketplace. It
has been analysed that in today's market most of consumers ask for high and pays really very
low. So it is important for Toyota to locate all actions and hit targets which may aid them in
gaining competitive advantages (WU, WANG and CUI, 2013). The decision making process of
Toyota could get impacted through this matter of fact where they could have to deliver better
quality products. All there cars need to be in high quality standard where pay consideration could
be fulfil better. Hence, leaders decisions could modify with such aspects where at the time of
change sustainability could be impacted. Therefore, leaders need to take timely information from
market world.
10

Stakeholders: They are the people which should be kept in mind by Toyota while
formulating any plans or making any alterations in operational management. With the help of
this, firm can expect more funds if they bring profit for stakeholders. Leaders of Toyota need to
estimated their stakeholders perception properly. Sometimes, stakeholders of external could
demand some inappropriate thing which against of business. Thus, a dilemma arise in front of
them which required to understand by leaders properly and identify the best thing which suppose
to improve that and define effective outcome as well.
Intrapreneurship: Directors of Toyota can be consider under this element. Therefore, it
is must for them to consider management as they mostly takes decisions in order to enhance
profitability of Toyota. Mostly they aims to make argumentation and regulation for workers.
They also, focuses on rising environment and separate from this, they keep on making
affirmative employee relations.
These elements of external and internal factor may affect and it should also be considered
by Toyota in an appropriate manner in order to gain competitive advantages and to raise sales of
cars and other auto mobile parts which they are selling.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that managers and leaders plays an
important role for achieving growth and success in an organization. The role played by managers
and leaders are different thus it results in effective coordination and achieving goals and
objective of organization in effectual and planned ways. The administrative staff is having the
major responsibility in order to develop plans and monitor all the activities of business in
effective and planned manner thus achieving growth and success in their operations. The plans
and strategies are formulated by higher authorities in order to develop friendly environment
which helps in maximizing business profitability. The support workers are also having the
responsibility in order to make improvements in the skills and the current knowledge level of
employees. Training and development activities plays an important role in enhancing the talent
of workers thus achieving strong positions in the economy. These activities are beneficial in
order to enhance overall brand values
11

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bainton, N. A. and et. al., 2011. Stepping stones across the Lihir Islands: developing cultural
heritage management in the context of a gold-mining operation. International Journal
of Cultural Property. 18(1). pp.81-110.
Books, M. T. and et. al., 2015. System and method for improving a battery management and
accumulator system. U.S. Patent Application 14/806,463.
Books, M. T. and et. al., 2016. Engine start/stop function management. U.S. Patent Application
15/377,405.
Christopher, M., 2016. Logistics & supply chain management. Pearson UK.
Diabat, A. and Govindan, K., 2011. An analysis of the drivers affecting the implementation of
green supply chain management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6),
pp.659-667.
Expósito, A. G. and et. al., 2016. Electric energy systems: analysis and operation. CRC Press.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D. and Hoskisson, R. E., 2012. Strategic management cases:
competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning.
Kátai-Urbán, L., 2014. Journal of Environmental Research and Protection Establishment and
operation of system for industrial safety within the Hungarian disaster management.
Journal of Environmental Research and Protection. 11(2). p.27.
Lehmann, J. and Joseph, S. eds., 2015. Biochar for environmental management: science,
technology and implementation. Routledge.
Martin, B. and Tian, X., 2016. Books, bytes and business: the promise of digital publishing.
Routledge.
Moeini, R. and Afshar, M. H., 2013. Extension of the constrained ant colony optimization
algorithms for the optimal operation of multi-reservoir systems. Journal of
Hydroinformatics. 15(1). pp.155-173.
Park, H. K. and Jho, H. D., 2012. The management of vertebral artery injury in anterior cervical
spine operation: a systematic review of published cases. European Spine Journal.
21(12). pp.2475-2485.
Rinke, M. L. and et. al., 2012. Operation care: a pilot case management intervention for frequent
emergency medical system users. The American journal of emergency medicine. 30(2).
pp.352-357.
Tadlock, M. D. and et. al., 2013. Emergency surgery for acute diverticulitis: which operation? A
National Surgical Quality Improvement Program study. Journal of Trauma and Acute
Care Surgery. 74(6). pp.1385-1391.
Trojnarska, O. and Ciepłucha, A., 2011. Challenges of management and therapy in patients with
a functionally single ventricle after Fontan operation. Cardiology journal. 18(2).
pp.119-127.
Verma, A. and Gangele, A., 2012. Study of green supply chain management and operation
strategic in manufacturing industry. International Journal of Management. 3(3). pp.235-
245.
WU, X., WANG, X. and CUI, Q., 2013. Optimal operation of microgrid considering demand
side management. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University. 47(6). pp.90-96.
Online
12

Introduction to Operations Management. 2017. [Online]. Available
through.<https://www.coursera.org/learn/wharton-operations>.
13