Management and Operations: Roles of Managers and Leaders

This document discusses the roles of managers and leaders in management and operations. It explores different theories and methods of leadership, including situational and contingency theories. The document also highlights the importance of operations administration in achieving business objectives. The case study focuses on Apple Inc.

Management & Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1) Difference among role of managers & leaders......................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2) Explain how roles of leaders & functions of managers apply in various situations..............5
P3) Explain system, situational as well as contingency theories & methods of leadership.........6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P4) Methods of operations administration in addition with roles of managers and leaders........8
P5) Discuss importance of operations administration helps in accomplishing business
objectives.....................................................................................................................................9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
P6) Explain factors of business environment that affect operational administration & decision
making of leaders & managers...................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Management is determined as a business function which is linked with handling different
functions in company. It signifies various activities like planning, organizing, providing direction
and monitoring which is important for achieving objective in timely manner. In addition to this,
operation administration is important function that is linked with high production and efficiency.
Therefore, the management and operation is helpful in procedure related to production and
redesign operation of company. In current assignment, Apple is chosen as a company for this
report. It is an American international company provides different kind of product and services
to its user in order to satisfy them. The CEO of Apple is Tim Cook and founded in the year of
1976. In current assignment, the role of manager and leader included in addition with function in
organization. Furthermore, it signifies various approaches related to leadership. In assistance of
this, it involves techniques related to operation administration which is useful in increasing
efficiency and production. The importance of operation administration is also involved in this
assignment (Brinch, 2018).
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
P1) Difference among role of managers & leaders
There are ample of management theory that is used by managers to manage workforce in
an efficient manner. In context of Sainsbury different management approaches are mentioned
below:
Management by objectives- It refers to alien business objectives with individual’s
objectives working in company in order to maintain better coordination at work place. Managers
of Sainsbury formulate objectives and convey it to employees so that they get motivated and
work for the betterment and growth of entity (Belvedere and Grando, 2017).
Behavioural Management Theory: Here, managers prepare effective strategies in order
to manage human resources within company in a better manner. It refers to understand the

behaviour, needs, wants of employees to enhance their productivity and efficiency and motivate
them accordingly. There are certain models such as Maslow, Mayo and more which are applied
by Managers of Sainsbury to retain human resources with entity for a longer period of time.
Further, it is also essential to maintain a positive environment at work place.
Classical management: Here, managers believe that employees only have physical and
economical needs. As per this, there are predefined ways to work which need to adopt in order to
get work done on time. Here main aim of managers is to earn profit due to this they treat
employees like other resources and do not pay attention over working conditions. In context of
Sainsbury, managers use different classical approaches such as scientific management,
Bureaucratic and Administrative management with some modifications in order to manage work
force in better manner within entity (Chary, 2017).
Manager is individual people who execute ideas & views for betterment of different
activities of company. There are various functions that are performed by manager are given
below:
Planning signifies preparing appropriate strategy for growth and success of organization.
Herein, the management team is needed to prepare appropriate strategy for meeting uncertainty
arising in future time period. In reference of Apple Inc., the management team focuses on
making proper plan in order to grab opportunity in future time period.
Organizing herein, the management team conducts various functions of organization in
order to achieve objectives in timely manner. The management team of chosen company
required to conduct various activities in proper way for betterment of functions of organization.
Staffing: human resource plays an important role for execute different roles for success
& growth of organization. In reference of chosen organization, the management team arrange
needed recruitment program for performing different task in proper way.
Directing it is important to provide direction to work force and co-ordinate with
subordinate on continuous basis in order to execute task. In context of Apple Inc., the
management team offer guidance and motivation to its subordinate on continuous basis to
achieve needed objective.

Controlling it is determined as a most important functions where management team put
appropriate control on activities and functions of employees. The management team focus is on
making comparison of actual task along with predefined standard in order to take appropriate
decisions.
Role of leader
It is analyzed that leader is important part of organization who provide guidance to
motivate subordinate in proper manner. The role of leader is given below:
Developing vision it is analyzed that leader focuses on preparing vision for offering
proper direction to its subordinates. In context of Apple Inc., the leader focuses on maintaining
vision and interact it with subordinate to achieve objectives in timely manner(Fish, 2017).
Communication is important to manage appropriate communication among subordinate
and manager. It is important to reduce confusion that results in increasing growth of company.
Herein, the leader of chosen organization manages communication with its subordinate for
reducing ambiguity in company.
Strength of Tim cook
 Main strength of Tim Cook is that he is a great leader and honest person by nature which
makes him successful.
Weakness
 Weakness is that he talks everything in depth which sometimes calls for a problem for
other people.
Strength of Steve Jobs
 Main strength of Steve jobs is that he was having I am innovative mind which helped him
out in the becoming the computer man.
Weakness-

 Weakness is that he was not a model was or human beings because he was only focused
towards development and growth and also sometimes fire employees without any reason
of small purpose.
Comparison among functions and roles of managers and leaders:
Managers Leaders
Manager is emphasized on providing ideas for
conducting various functions of company.
Leader provides guidance to motivate
subordinate in proper manner.
The manager takes decision for betterment of
functions of company.
The leader of chosen organization to influence
subordinates by using proper techniques for
increasing productivity at marketplace.
Qualities& achievements of leaders
Steve Jobs
 Some of the best achievement of Steve jobs received National medal Of technology and
innovation award in 1985
 Igniting the personal computer revolution.
 Introducing mouse and graphic user interface.
Tim Cook
 Apple has been led by Tim Cook as CEO. The greatest achievement of Tim Cook is
making Apple from bankruptcy to the world largest technology company.
On the basis of given points, it is analyzed that the management and leader are important
part of business organization who executed their role in order to achieve objectives in timely
manner.

TASK 2
P2) Explain how roles of leaders & functions of managers apply in various situations
SITUATION 1: PRODUCT LAUNCH
It signifies that there is an increasing level of competition provided in the market so it is
important to expand present product of organizationfor meeting requirement of user. In reference
of Apple Inc., they focus on grabbing opportunity to attract the user. The management as well as
leader is needed to execute appropriate market research for collecting information in respect of
need of user in order to offer product accordingly.
Functions of manager herein, the management team are needed to make appropriate
plan by anticipation regarding future. They adopt various functions and put appropriate control
on functions of workforce. This kind of strategy offer guidance to its subordinates for achieving
objective in proper way.
Role of leaderit is the responsibility of leader to maintain appropriate communication
with its subordinate in order to perform different task in proper way. In assistance of this, they
required to prepare appropriate vision and interact it with its staff member. They are needed to
guide subordinate by using procedure for making product introduction as successful (Folkers,
2017).
Conflict management there are different kind of individual person belongs from various
culture so it increases possibility related to increase in conflict within company. It is analyzed
that Apple is well known company operated business around the world. It is important for
management team to handle conflict within an organization in order to run it in appropriate
manner.
Function of manager it is the duty of management team to deal with various situation
that is occur in the organization. Therefore, it is important to maintain appropriate relationship
with its subordinate in order to resolve different kind of conflicts in an appropriate manner. The
management team of chosen company required to maintain appropriate coordination with
subordinate for maintaining appropriate work. They also focus on arranging various activity and
tasks in proper way.

Role of leader the leader required to possess appropriate communication with
subordinate to maintain appropriate relationship within company. They required possessing
appropriate interaction with subordinate by executing different work in proper way. The
subordinate are capable to interact with one another in an appropriate way that leads to company
increase growth in future period of time. In assistance of this, the leader required to maintain
appropriate communication with its subordinate on regular way in order to share their opinion
views and minimizing conflicts in organization.
There are various situations or condition that is occurring atworkplace and it is
determined as a duty of manager and leader to deal in various situations in proper way. It is
important to achieve objective as well as goal of organization in stipulated time period.
P3) Explain system, situational as well as contingency theories & methods of leadership
Leader is determined as the important stakeholder of organization who increases their
efforts or contribution towards providing direction to subordinates that help in achieving
objective in pre-decided time period(Lee, Seo and Siemsen, 2018). Herein, the management team
of Tesco focuses on offering guidance and provides support to staff so that they perform their
work in an effective manner. Therefore, there are various approaches used by leader are given
below:
Situational leadership theory it is determined as an important approach according to
which leader needed to behave according to situation and there is not any kind of predefined
method in order to deal with specific situation. In present time, the atmosphere is uncertain so
that the leader required dealing with this kind of uncertainty. For this process, they needed to
focus on forecasting regarding future and perform their work accordingly. It assists in grab
opportunity which is important for sustainability as well as growth. So that Heresy-Blanchard
style of leadership used by manager for handling different situation in better way. And, leader
possesses power for taking decisions that is better for organization. It involves several leadership
styles which are given below:

Telling and directing the leader offer direction to subordinate by managing appropriate
interaction with them. The leader of Apple Inc., conduct proper training program and also offer
guidance to subordinate in order to perform their work in appropriate manner.
Participating & supporting the leader increase motivation of subordinate to perform
different activity in proper manner. They provide importance to views or opinion of subordinate
and also influence them to increase productivity.
Delegating the leader of Apple Inc., offer authority to subordinate for increasing
satisfaction level. It also assists in taking decisions which will be helpful for success and growth
of company(Romano, 2017).
System leadership theory is determined as a skill and knowledge which is adopted by
management team to support changes within company. The primary purpose of style of
leadership is to fetch important changes which are important for betterment of company. In
context of Apple Inc., the leader focuses on bringing positive attitude in respect of change. They
hire competent and skilled staffs to provide support to innovation and creativity within an
organization. They are capable to achieve objectives & goal in pre-decided time period.

Contingent leadership style there are uncertainty and contingency that imposes direct
effect on performance of organization and leader required to proactive for dealing with condition
which is arising in future period of time for stocks. This theory assists management team to
execute corporate strategy to face different situation in proper manner. They are capable to
reduce negative effect related to uncertainty and also grab opportunity for growth.
TASK 3
P4) Methods of operations administration in addition with roles of managers and leaders
Operation management is important for organization in which there are various
techniques adopted for increasing efficiency and productivity. The primary purpose of operation
administration is to increase efficiency by optimum utilization of resources. There are various
approaches related to operation administration that is given below:
Total quality management is a tool adopted to increase whole product quality which is
important for increasing satisfaction of user. The manager focuses on offering product quality for
increasing sales in future period of time. In reference of Apple Inc., the management team is
responsible for adopting superior quality raw material for offering finished goods to its user. In
assistance of this, it is the duty to supervise different activity related to human resource during
process of production. In addition to this, the leader is also needed to maintain proper
communication with subordinates in order to get clarity in respect of role within company(Shi,
Qi and Fan, 2020).It can be applied in Apple as it will help them to improve more on using
resources in more efficiently by providing high quality. For this approach it will be easy for them
to focus on improving charity management techniques and methods.
Just-in-time this method is linked with reducing wastage as well as extra cost from
whole process of production. It is important to manage production price and make sure that it
help in increasing profit margin. In this process, the manager put control on input and focus on
eliminating unnecessary functions from process of production that help in increasing
productivity in future period of time. In this process, the manager focuses on preparing important
strategy in order to define goal that must be achieved. In addition to this, the leader is also
responsible to offer support to subordinate for performing different work in proper manner. In
assistance of this, they are also needed to manage appropriate interaction with subordinate for

resolving issues in proper manner. It can be also applied in Apple because by using resources
efficiently whenever they are needed at priority level and reducing wastage as much as possible
through making recycle products
Kaizen:
This tool emphasized on improving process of production on regular basis with purpose
of reducing or eliminating wastage and produce superior quality goods and services so that the
management team provide support to subordinate to fetch gradual improvement for whole
outcome. In reference of Apple Inc., it is the duty of management team to make sure that better
atmosphere is provided to subordinate so that they perform their work in proper manner. The
leader role is to motivate subordinate to appropriately participate in increasing whole process of
production. The required to influence subordinate along with superior solution that imposes
direct effect on company. This could be you also applied within Apple by improving production
quality and using skilled employees to make ensure that everything is been carried out
systematically without facing any problem which also solve the problem of time taken by
production department
P5) Discuss importance of operations administration helps in accomplishing business objectives
Enhancements in operational efficiency it is analyzed that there are different
techniques like TQM, Just in time are adopted in operation administration that assists in make
appropriate utilization of resources. It is useful in producing superior quality goods at reasonable
price. The management team focuses on increasing production and reducing whole costs related
to production. In context of Apple Inc., the management team use different technique for
reducing wasteas well as unnecessary activity. They are capable to offer goods and services to its
user at reasonable price in order to earn profit margin (Srinivasan, 2017).
Cost reduction herein, the price keeps effect on whole profitability of company, it is
important for management team to reduce whole expenses so that they offer goods as well as
services at affordable price. There is different kind of tools like Just in time, Kaizen that assists
in increasing process of production and achieve outcome. Therefore, it helps management team
in producing goods in bulk that which results in whole cost at reducing level. In context of Apple

Inc., they adopt appropriate technique related to operation administration to increase efficiency
and reducing costs related to production.
Customer satisfaction it analyzed that user are important stakeholder of company so
they require keeping valued for increasing sustainability within company. In present
environment, the user seeks superior quality goods and also they are ready to pay additional
amount for that. Therefore, the technique related to operation administration like TQM and Six
Sigma and so on, the emphasis on increasing quality of goods and services. The management
team is capable to offer quality goods to its user at reasonable price which is important for
satisfaction level of user. In reference of Apple, the management offer superior quality goods to
its user at reasonable price that help in accomplishing competitive advantage in the market.
TASK 4
P6) Explain factors of business environment that affect operational administration & decision
making of leaders & managers
Business environment is very important that involve various internal and external
elements which impose direct effect on organization. This element required to take into
determination in order to take decision for smooth activities of company. In assistance of this,
the manager as well as leader also affected with this kind of elements that is given below:
Stakeholder signifies important parties who possess interest in organization and get
impacted with these functions. There are various stakeholders like customer, manager, director
and so on. Therefore, they have higher interest in organization so manager required taking
appropriate decisions accordingly. There are different stakeholders of Apple Inc., like customer,
employees, manager that focuses on increasing benefits in future period of time.
Sustainability in present scenario, it is difficult for company to sustain within market for
a longer period of time. They required preparing proper strategy to secure in market. The
technique of operation administration like Six Sigma, TQM is useful for management team to
increase efficiency (Tang, 2017).
Values involved belief, values as well as attitude within business organization. The
manager required to maintain favourable ambience for maintaining higher level of efficiency. In

context of Apple Inc., the management team focuses on using appropriate technique to increase
whole process of production. In assistance of this, they are needed to maintain appropriate
culture to retain subordinate for a longer period of time.

CONCLUSION
On the basis of above given report, it is analyzed that management as well as operation is
important part of organization that help in achieving objectives in timely manner. It is important
to increase quality of goods and services for increasing efficiency of organization in future
period of time. Furthermore, it signifies various approaches related to leadership. In assistance of
this, it involves techniques related to operation administration which is useful in increasing
efficiency and production. The importance of operation administration is also involved in this
assignment.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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business processes. International Journal of Operations & Production Management.
Fish, L.A., 2017. The Value of Multiple Choice Questions in Evaluating Operations
Management Learning Through Online Homework Versus In-Class Performance. Business
Education Innovation Journal, 9(2).
Folkers, A., 2017. Continuity and catastrophe: business continuity management and the security
of financial operations. Economy and Society, 46(1), pp.103-127.
Lee, Y.S., Seo, Y.W. and Siemsen, E., 2018. Running behavioral operations experiments using
Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Production and Operations Management, 27(5), pp.973-989.
Romano, L. ed., 2017. Project Portfolio Management Strategies for Effective Organizational
Operations.IGI Global.
Shi, Q., Qiu, W. and Fan, Y., 2020.Economic policy uncertainty and the distribution of business
operations between parent companies and their subsidiaries. Emerging Markets Finance and
Trade, 56(2), pp.427-456.
Srinivasan, G., 2017. Quantitative models in operations and supply chain management. PHI
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Tang, H., 2017. Automotive vehicle assembly processes and operations management (pp. i-
xv).SAE.
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