Review and Analysis of Operations Management

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Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Activity 1.........................................................................................................................................1
P1 Compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager......................1
P2 How the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in different situations......3
P3 Different theories and models of approach of leadership.................................................4
Activity 2.........................................................................................................................................5
P4 Key approaches to operations management and the role that leader and manager play...5
P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives........7
P6 Factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management and
decision making by leader and managers...............................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
.......................................................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Management and operations is considered as an important aspect which is related with
controlling and designing entire manufacturing process for converting raw material in finished
goods and services. Mainly, it includes day to day activities of operational procedures that may
help in improving performance level of the company at market place (Management Operations,
2018). Along with this, management also play vital role in implementing strategy for
maintaining better coordination among all the workers so that they can easily execute their
activities and attain set objectives. This report is based on the Procter & Gamble, is an American
multinational consumer corporation which various branded products to its customers by
analysing customers’ needs and wants. Report cover role of a leader and function of manager
within the organization. Leadership and manager concept is also mentioned in this project which
may contribute in enhancing the workers performance at workplace. Along with this, importance
of operation management is discussed which may contribute in achieving organisational
objectives. At last, factors are also described which impact in the decision making process of the
manager and leader as well.
Activity 1
P1 Compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
Manager and leader both play important role in business organization in leading and
managing organizational activities to attain set goals and objectives. In this, both are different
from each other at workplace. Thus, it is important for them to effectively lead and manage
workers so that they can easily attain their goals in allotted time frame.
A leader is referred to a person who has ability to influence and motivate their team
members to effectively perform their assigned activities in appropriate manner. With the help of
this, they can attain desired goals and objectives. On the other side, manager is the individual
who have ability to manage all the activities of workers and business as well. The main role of
manager is to build better coordination among employees to attain positive outcomes (Hitt, Xu
and Carnes, 2016). This will directly contribute in making business organization able to attain
success at market place. For understanding there are some difference between manager and
leader on the basis of their roles and characteristics as well. By this Procter & Gamble can easily
execute their business activities in most effective manner.
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Basis Leader Manager
Meaning Leader is a person who is able
to guide as well as lead team
members to attain
predetermined goals and
objectives in organization
(Laudon and Laudon, 2016).
Manager refer to the individual
who is responsible for
organizing all the activities of
the workers with the aim of
maintaining better relation
among employees. Mainly,
they are liable for designing,
directing, controlling and
coordinating operational
activities for attaining positive
outcomes.
Motivating Leader is responsible for
motivating as well as
encouraging employees to
attain set goals in appropriate
time frame.
Manager of Procter & Gamble
motivate their workers at the
time of perform allotted task
which make them able to attain
their target.
Skills Leader of Procter & Gamble
has appropriate skills of
interacting so that they can
easily motivate their workers
towards the set objectives.
Manager of Procter & Gamble
having appropriate
management and decision
making skills through which
they make their workers able
to execute task effectively.
Role The main role of leader in
Procter & Gamble is to
motivate and encourage
workers to perform best.
Manager of Procter & Gamble
play vital role in operating
distinct activities of entire
functions and department as
well.
Responsibilities Leader of Procter & Gamble is
responsible for making
Manager is responsible for
meeting all the task and project
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workplace collaborative to
promote workers to effectively
reach their set target.
activities. With the help of
this,they can easily attain set
target in allotted time frame.
P2 How the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in different situations
Management refer to the principles that may contribute in accomplishing set goals and
objectives. Mainly it includes set of principle such as planning, organising, directing,
coordinating and controlling. All these are play vital role in managing whole activities of the
company is systematic manner (Mahadevan, 2015). In context of Procter & Gamble, manager of
the company is responsible for motivating and encouraging their workers towards the allotted
task. Along with this, manager is also liable for managing activities perform in the business
organization to make positive and ethical work environment in which workers can be done their
task effectively. They are also inspire and support to the team workers so that they can easily
attain their goals in stipulate time frame. In this context, there are some function of manager in
Procter & Gamble which can e understood by following points:
Planning: It is one of the important function Procter & Gamble manager which is related
with the mapping out the target. In this manager is responsible for preparing all the activities that
should be implement at the time of attaining goals. With the assistance of this, company can
increase the chances of attaining positive outcomes. For example: if business organization
improve their sales that manager have to decide all the necessary steps to effectively
accomplished their target. In this manager is responsible for making an effective plan to attain
the objectives in effective way.
Organising: It is also an important function which is perform after making a plan. In this
manager of Procter & Gamble needs to coordinate and organise resources as per the set plan and
its activities as well. Along with this, manager is also allocating work as per employees abilities
at workplace. By this employee can easily attain positive outcomes in appropriate way.
Staffing: This type of function is also important through which manager is responsible
for selecting as well as coordinating workers. In this, manager allocate task to the employees
according to their capabilities (Langabeer and Helton, 2015). By this they can easily attain their
targets. This will directly contribute in attaining higher success at market.
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Leading: This is also an important function of a manager in which they responsible for
leading as well as directing employees towards the assigned task. By this they can easily make
them able to attain goals. For this, manager communicate, encourage and communicate with their
employees to make them able to take challenges at workplace for attaining desired goals.
Controlling: Under this function, manager of Procter & Gambleis highly liable for
controlling and directing workers so that they can easily make effective and necessary
modification within the task (Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017). By this, they can improve worker’s
capabilities to perform best at workplace. On the other side, manager also evaluate that all the
activities of planning are appropriate of not for company to accomplishing their targets.
In addition of this, leader also play vital role in function of business organization to
accomplishing set goals and objectives in systematic manner. As there are some major situation
that mostly occur at workplace of Procter & Gambleis. All these can be understood by following
points:
Decision making: It is important situation for Procter & Gambleis to maintain their
positive performance. In this situation manager and leader play important role because, all the
decision is made by the leader in context of organization. Thus, it is important for manager to
analyse whole performance and situation of the workplace. After that they provide entire
information to the leader of Procter & Gambleis. By this leader can easily take right decision in
favour of business organization to enhance the productivity level at market place.
Strategy formulation: It is another issue that may occur at workplace of Procter &
Gambleis. It is important for leader to formulate appropriate strategies like management of the
stock, employees related and many more. In this manager analyse the working performance of
the workers to evaluate their efficiency level. With the assistance of this, they can easily
communicate with leader so that they can easily formulate appropriate strategies. This will
directly contribute in enhancing the productivity level of the workers and company as well.
P3 Different theories and models of approach of leadership
Over years, the concept of leadership has gained importance. Every organisation in
today's world need effective leaders so as to lead the behavioural pattern of employees towards
the accomplishment of organisational goals (De Roover, 2017). Also, different leaders use
different types of theories and models that assist them in performing their duties well. In context
of Procter & Gamble, leaders in the enterprise also use various theories depending upon the
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needs of organisation and situations arising in market. These theories and models are explained
below:-
Situational leadership: It is a model proposed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard. As
per this theory of leadership, there is no perfect way of leading a team. Leaders develop their
behavior as per the situation that arises in an organization. This style of leaderships reflects that
the nature of leadership herein is dynamic as well as adaptive (Rushton, Croucher and Baker,
2014). The leaders who adopt this style of leadership are required to identify any change that
occurs in the business environment and the probable impact of that change on the entity. For
instance- In Procter & Gamble, the leaders consistently ascertain any changes that take place in
the policies or methods of competitors or any big change that takes place in industry, so that they
can bring about changes in organization and direct the behavior of employees towards the
changes accordingly.
System leadership: This theory is developed by Dr Ian Macdonald. As per this model,
the leaders in any organization perform the tasks in a systematic manner. Through this, leaders
can ascertain the behavioral patter of workforce and work in a manner that aligns it towards the
achievement of organizational goals. For instance- In Procter & Gamble, leaders develop such
situations that enhance the productivity of employees. One such example can be that leaders
assign certain tasks to team to be completed within a set time frame so as to encourage them to
complete the job within a timely manner.
Contingency leadership: This theory has been given by Fiedler after reading about the
behavior of different leaders in various situations that arise in an entity (Hoi, Wu and Zhang,
2013). Here, the basic principle is that leaders match their leadership style to right situation. This
means that herein, the behavioral style of employees within the entity cannot be modified as per
the situation. For instance- In P&G, this model can be used by leaders to deal with the changes
that arise with respect to technology.
Activity 2
P4 Key approaches to operations management and the role that leader and manager play
Operation management refers to an area that is related with controlling as well as
designing production process in order to producing the services and products. It is business
administration practices to develop high efficiency level with in company. It handles different
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strategic problems consisting identifying size of the manufacturing plants and executing
information technology structure networks. There are different approaches related to operation
management mention below as above:
Total Quality Management- It refers to system of the management that depends on
principle that each staff members should be committed for maintaining the high work standards
in each aspects of operations of business firm (Bromiley and Rau, 2016). P &G company use this
technique to minimizing as well as detecting the errors in streamlining the supply chain
management, make improvement in consumer experience and also assuring for enhance skills
and knowledge of staff members from training. The main aim of this approach is to hold all the
parties which included in process of production for quality of the final service or product.
Continuous Improvement- It refers to an ongoing efforts for make improvement in
services, process and products. It is an effective approach to make sure that methods, practices
and processes are accurate and also effective. Its main aim is to improve each process of the firm
through focus on increasing activities which generate the more value for consumers from
removing any kind of wastage.
Lean manufacturing- It is a systematic method for reducing the wastage from
manufacturing system without sacrificing the productivity that can cause some issue. This
approach is based on many particular principles for an instance continuous improvement or
Kaizen. The main advantage of the lean manufacturing is to minimize the operation cost, less
lead time and make improvement in quality of products.
Six sigma- IT is set of tools and techniques for improvement process. It should not be
produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities. It is an effective improvement system
for the existing processes. It is disciplined and explained the methodology of business in order
to enhance the satisfaction level of consumers along with profitability through reducing all
defects from production process. In addition to this, it is an effective way to improving the
capability of process of business.
These all are the effective approaches related to the operation management. Among all
the approaches, Six Sigma is a beneficial approach that P & G should be apply in its business
because there is less chance of errors (Grant, Wong and Trautrims, 2017). It will be beneficial
for company and through this, cost of production of P & G will be reduce and quality of products
will be enhanced.
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P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives
Operations management is a continuous process which involves processes like planning,
organising, controlling, managing the functioning of operations in any entity. The basic purpose
of Procter and Gamble is ensuring that the products reach the customers in a timely manner. The
importance of Operations Management in context of Procter and Gamble is as follows:-
Reduction of wastage costs: Operations management helps Procter & Gamble to
ascertain the wastage that occurs during the process in between the procurement of raw materials
and manufacturing of goods (Martínez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes, 2014). In relation to this,
operations manager finds new and innovative ways of decreasing the amount of wastage that
occurs during production.
Improve overall productivity: With the help of operations management, the productivity
of employees can be significantly enhanced. Increased productivity of individuals would reflect
that the organisational efficiency and effectiveness gets accelerated. Productivity acts as an
evaluation of performance of employees as well as operations manager of Procter & Gamble. It
is his role to ensure that employees working under him perform well to full of their potential and
complete the tasks in a timely manner.
Optimum utilisation of resources: Operations management basically refers to a process
which is based upon two principles, namely, resources are scarce and human wants are
unlimited. This reflects that operations manager of Procter & Gamble ensures that employees
optimally utilise the resources, thereby meaning that there is least wastage. Efforts of employees
are directed towards performing their duties in an effective and efficient manner (Hoi, Wu and
Zhang, 2013). Also, operations manager plays a significant role in dealing with various issues
like manufacturing, operations and wastage of resources.
Similar management of every function: Operations management is based on the belief
that similar techniques would be used while carrying out the operations of various functions of
management (Gunasekaran, Irani and Papadopoulos, 2014). Also, this process helps Procter &
Gamble in ensuring that the day to day activities are managed well by the operations manager of
entity.
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P6 Factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management and
decision making by leader and managers
Operation management refers to field which is directly related to managing all business
activities in effective manner so that better production outcome can be received by company
(Renz, 2016). In relation to Proctor & gamble, it has been analysed that there are numerous of
business environmental factors which impacts over operational activities as well as decision
making process of this company. Some of these factors which influences Proctor and Gamble
company are described as below:
Competitor efficiency and flexibility: This can be said that as if competitor of Proctor
and Gamble is availing best quality services then it will definitely influence operational activities
of this specified company (SHAO and WANG, 2013). As a result, they will be easily able to
achieve their targeted goals and objective.
Technological factor: Technology plays a vital role in growth of organization. In 21st
century business without technology will fail. Software's are implemented to make work easy
and more efficient and effective. Availability of internet connection helps to send messages and
emails to any organization any time. Technology makes work hours more flexible. Technology
helps to enhance productivity and creativity of organization (Kim, Sting and Loch, 2014). It
increases computational accuracy with help of tools like Quickbook. Technology help to
promote your online sales and company's growth. Decisions can be made depending upon
information of other competition available on internet.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report it has been concluded that management and operation
play vital role in converting raw material into finished goods with the aim of satisfying
customers’ needs and wants. With the help of this company can easily enhance their profitability
level at market place. In this context, manager and leader play vital role in executing business
activities in systematic manner. As manger has different function like planning, organizing,
coordinating, and controlling. Furthermore, different leadership approaches are also used by the
leader such as situational, system and contingency to lead their workers towards the assigned
task. Apart from this, factors of business environment are also influence by the decision making
activities of the manager and leader that can impact on the operational activities of the company.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Hitt, M. A., Xu, K. and Carnes, C. M., 2016. Resource based theory in operations management
research. Journal of Operations Management. 41. pp.77-94.
Laudon, K. C. and Laudon, J. P., 2016. Management information system. Pearson Education
India.
Mahadevan, B., 2015. Operations management: Theory and practice. Pearson Education India.
Langabeer, J. R. and Helton, J., 2015. Health care operations management. Jones & Bartlett
Publishers.
Kerzner, H. and Kerzner, H. R., 2017. Project management: a systems approach to planning,
scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
De Roover, R., 2017. The Medici Bank: its organization, management, operations, and decline.
Pickle Partners Publishing.
Bromiley, P. and Rau, D., 2016. Operations management and the resource based view: Another
view. Journal of Operations Management. 41. pp.95-106.
Grant, D. B., Wong, C. Y. and Trautrims, A., 2017. Sustainable logistics and supply chain
management: principles and practices for sustainable operations and management.
Kogan Page Publishers.
Martínez-Jurado, P. J. and Moyano-Fuentes, J., 2014. Lean management, supply chain
management and sustainability: a literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 85.
pp.134-150.
Gunasekaran, A., Irani, Z. and Papadopoulos, T., 2014. Modelling and analysis of sustainable
operations management: certain investigations for research and applications. Journal of
the Operational Research Society. 65(6). pp.806-823.
Renz, D.O., 2016. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John
Wiley & Sons.
Kim, Y. H., Sting, F. J. and Loch, C. H., 2014. Top-down, bottom-up, or both? Toward an
integrative perspective on operations strategy formation. Journal of Operations
Management. 32(7-8). pp.462-474.
Hill, A. and Hill, T., 2017. Essential operations management. Macmillan International Higher
Education.
Asef‐Vaziri, A., 2015. The flipped classroom of operations management: A not‐for‐cost‐
reduction platform. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education. 13(1). pp.71-
89.
Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014. The handbook of logistics and distribution
management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers.
SHAO, G. Q. and WANG, P. C., 2013. Analysis on construction and operation of HSE
management system in CAP1400 nuclear power engineering. Journal of Safety Science
and Technology. 7. p.036.
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Hoi, C.K., Wu, Q. and Zhang, H., 2013. Is corporate social responsibility (CSR) associated with
tax avoidance? Evidence from irresponsible CSR activities. The Accounting Review.
88(6). pp.2025-2059.
Online
Management Operations. 2018. [Online] Available
through:<https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/operations-management.asp>.
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