Management and Operations

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Management and operations
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Management and
Operations

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager....3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
P2 How the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in different situational
contexts...................................................................................................................................7
P3 Apply different theories and models of approach, including situational leadership, systems
leadership and contingency....................................................................................................8
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
P4 Key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play10
P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives......12
P6 How leaders and managers can improve efficiencies of operational management to
successfully meet business objectives..................................................................................14
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................15
Assess the factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management
and decision-making by leaders and managers....................................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
Management is a business activity with the help of which the organisations aims to achieve
efficiency in their activities, whereas operations are considered to be the functions and activities
that are performed by the employees within the organisation (Penn and Pennix, 2017). For better
performance it is important for the businesses to manage their operations and in this the
managers and leaders of the organisation plays crucial role. In this report the company that is
taken into consideration is Unilever Plc which is a UK based retailer offering a wide variety of
consumer goods. In this report the roles of leaders and managers are taken into consideration
along with various theories of leadership and management that are used in different situations.
Apart from this different approaches of operation management are discussed in the report. Also
the impact of various business environments on the decision making is analysed.
TASK 1
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
Leader: A leader is the one who has capability of getting work done from others by
motivating and directing them. For this they use various leadership styles so that they can enable
the workforce in achieving their desired objectives.
Role of a leaders
 Creative vision: Leaders create a vision among the employees with the help of which
they can facilitate them in understanding the importance and benefits of various plans and
actions. The leaders in Unilever make their employees perform better and achieve their
goals by focusing upon the benefits of the visions for both.
 Coach Potential: The leaders of provides the coaching to the employees with the help of
which they can improve the ability of the team members. The leaders in Unilever provide
guidance to their employees with the help of which they can execute their roles
efficiently; this enables them to enhance their overall productivity (Hugos, 2018).
Characteristics of a leader

 Communication: The leaders posses better communication skills with the help of which
they provide assistance to their followers that enables them in efficiently dealing with
various issues and problems faced by them. The leaders in Unilever with their effective
communications take opinions of the employees with the help of which they determine
the needs of the people and ensure better understanding among them.
Manager: The managers of the organisation are the one who are responsible for the
monitoring and managing activities which are performed by the employees. They are responsible
for achieving the goals of the organisation. In Unilever the managers formulate various plans
with the help of which they assign various roles and responsibilities to the Employees so that
objectives can be achieved (Raafat, 2016).
Role of managers
 Resource allocator: The managers of the organisation allocate resources among the
employees as per their roles and responsibilities o that they can achieve their targets. The
managers in Unilever allocate various resources such as labour, material and funds etc. to
different departments.
 Assigning roles and responsibilities: Managers have the responsibility to delegate
various roles and responsibilities as per their capability and competence. With the help of
this they can achieve their organisational goals and objectives. The managers in Unilever
identify the capabilities of employees and accordingly they delegate them various
responsibilities (Grahn, Johansson and McKelvey, 2014).
Characteristics of a manager
 Experience: With the help of their experiences from the past the manager efficiently
takes decisions and manages various issues so that its impact can be reduced on the
operations of the organisation.
 Knowledge: The managers have better skills and knowledge with the help of which they
identifies various risks that are associated with the business and also with this they
formulate various plans and policies that can enables in achieving various goals and
objectives.
Difference between leadership and management

Basis Management Leadership
Definition Management is the practice
which involves planning,
organising, directing and
controlling of the activities so
that the objectives can be
achieved.
Leadership is the ability of the
individual with the help of
which the leaders motivates
their employees so that they
can achieve their objectives.
Focuses They focuses upon the
managing the work in the
organisation (Ellitan, 2017).
This concept focuses upon
leading the people.
Role The role of management in
formulating various plans and
policies for managing the
activities of the organisation so
that the objectives can be
achieved.
The role of leadership is
managing the people by
encouraging and motivating
the people within the
organisation.
Functions of the management: For organisation like Unilever, function of management
is quite most important because it can certainly allow them to attain their goals and target on
specific time period. The different management functions are listed below:
 Planning: It is essential for the management of Unilever that they should be able to plan
each of the thing that how any of the business activity is required to be conduct. For
example: management needed to ensure that which employee should be given which
types of responsibility.
 Organising: It is explained as the important part within the business organisation where
management needs to assure that how they are going to manage each of the activity. For
example: it becomes the responsibility of the manager of Unilever to decide how much
work should be given to employees so that work can be completed on time.
 Leading: It is also the necessary part of any manger which they must be able to perform
successfully for attaining the goal of an organisation. For example: manger of Unilever

must be able to guide employees that how they are needed to guide any of the employee
to perform any of the task.
 Controlling: All of the activities are also needed to be reviewed in it so that
organisational goals can be accomplished. For Example: Manager of Unilever needs to
review that whether all of the work is being performed in a systematic manner or not and
if not proper action should be taken.
Mintzberg role of leadership: It is the theory of management which simply distinguish
the role and responsibility of of leader that how any of the work is needed to be performed. Here,
Mintzberg divides managerial work into three different category which has been discussed
below:
Interpersonal Roles
 The Figurehead: It is the duty where management tries to perform ceremonial duties.
 The leader: In this, leader of Unilever must be able to take responsibility for the work
for subordinates, encouraging employees and many more.
 The Liaison: It is that particular situation for leader of Unilever where the are needed to
make contact with outsiders in the vertical chain command.
Informational Roles
 The Monitor: The leader need to collect information by scanning the environment.
 The Disseminator: This is the situation where it is needed to pass the information to sub-
ordinates.
 The Spokesperson: This is the condition where leader of Unilever needs to share
information outside the organisation.
Decisional Roles
 The Entrepreneur: Here, it is necessary work in the manner so that improvement can be
brought by initiating at project.
 The Disturbance Handler: In this, leader needs to have the quality to handle those
interruption which can create issues for organisation in attaining the goals.
 The Resource Allocator: Leader must be able to distribute the work and even
knowledge should be there that who should get what types of responsibility.
 The Negotiator: This is the situation where leader needs to committee organisational
resources in real time with the board information available from their informational roles.

TASK 2
P2 How the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in different situational contexts
The organisation faces various situations and for managing such situations the leaders
and managers of the organisation plays crucial role. The role of leaders and managers in different
situations in Unilever are given below:
 Stable Situation: This is the situation in which the organisation aims to maintain the
quality of the products so that the stability in the growth and the sales of the organisation
can be enhanced. For this various policies and procedures are followed so that they can it
can be achieved and maintained in long run. But it can be possible when the needs and
wants of the customers are not rapidly changing.
 Moderate Situation: This is the situation in which better and advanced technologies are
used by the organisation due to which they do not have to bring frequent changes. This
has lesser impact on the policies and procedures of the Unilever as the employees has
significant capability of undertaking the activities with changes but not frequent.
 Fast Changing Situation: This is the situation in which the policies and procedures of
the company changes significant with time as the level of expectations of the customers
are rapidly changing which has to be managed by the companies. In this situation the
strategies, policies and the procedures of the companies rapidly changes and affect the
overall functioning of the organisation.
Unilever has been facing fast changing situation as the needs and wants of the customers
are changing along with various situation such as taxes, regulations etc. due to which they have
to bring changes in their policies and practices frequently so that they can manage the impact of
it on their business objectives.
The fast changing situation has direct impact on the management functions such as the
planning functions because with change in the market condition the strategies and policies so
formulated by the managers and leaders changes. It further has impact on the other functions as
well due to which it has to be managed by the leaders and the managers. For fast changing
situation Unilever make new strategies and policies in terms of changes in the features of the
products etc. so that they can satisfy the customer and manage the level of competition.
The possible situation that can be faced by Unilever are given below:
For improving the brand image

For improving the brand image Unilever need to focus upon various marketing activities
and strategies so that they can make their customers loyal by creating awareness among them. In
this situation the role of leader and manager:
Role of leader: The leaders in Unilever encourage their employees to suggest unique ideas so
that can offer better product to the customers. Also they motivate their employees in adopting
new and innovative technology with which they can improve the quality of their offerings.
Role of managers: For improving the brand image the managers in Unilever analysis the market
and accordingly they formulate various strategies with the help of which they can enhance
awareness for their offering among the customers. Also they provide trainings to their employees
so that they can serve their customers better.
In decreasing the employees turnover rates
For the organisation it is important to retain their employees as with this they can take
competitive advantage. It can be done by offering better opportunities for growth to the
employees and providing better workplace environment. The role of manager and leader in
managing the situation are:
Role of leaders: The leader in Unilever identifies the need of various training and learning
programs with which they can improve the abilities of the employees for undertaking various
task. This makes the employees more committed for the organisation. Also leaders determine
various issues and resolve them which enable them to maintain workplace environment. With
this they can retain their employees for a longer period (Conaway, 2017).
Role of managers: The managers of Unilever formulate various plans, procedures and strategies
in context of better pay, rewards and recognition, workplace conditions etc. with the help of
which they can improve the satisfaction level of the employees. It enables them to keep the
employees motivated and ensures better relations with them which can reduce the turnover rate.
P3 Apply different theories and models of approach, including situational leadership, systems
leadership and contingency
For the organisation to be successful it is important that they take into consideration
various management and leadership approaches as well as theories. With this operational
activities of Unilever can be effectively managed and controlled. Various theories that are taken
into consideration by the leaders of Unilever include:

Contingency theory: This theory suggests that the leaders take decisions as per the
changing situation and for this, they adopt different styles of leadership for taking effective
decisions. In Unilever, the leaders adopt this style of leadership while managing the new projects
in the market. With this style they also tends to improve the performance of their workforce in
such a manner that their outcome can be achieved by resolving all the problems efficiently.
Strength Weaknesses
Contingency theory is quite flexible with
which the leaders can change their style for
taking effective decisions.
The practical application of this style is very
difficult for the leaders in Unilever as leaders
faces difficulty while implementing this style.
Situational Leadership Theory: According to this theory, no specific leadership style is
adopted by the leaders as it suggests that the leadership style depends upon situation that are
faced by the leaders. This enables them to take effective decisions for managing different
situations different style of leadership. In Unilever, at the time of managing the conflict
democratic style are adopted by the employees while managing change within the organisation
the leaders adopt transformational style with which they can motivate their employees to adopt
new ways for doing the things. In addition to this various styles that are adopted by the leaders of
Unilever in situational leadership includes delegating, participating, telling and selling
(Punyateera, 2014).
Strength Weaknesses
Situation leadership enables the leaders in
Unilever in establishing healthy and long term
relations with their employees as they allowed
them to take part in decision making as well as
in suggesting various ideas.
The weakness of this theory is that it does not
focus upon long-term needs due to which the
decisions of the leaders gets affected.
Systematic Leadership Theory: According to this theory the businesses must consider
their employees as a single entity. Such theory can be used by the leaders while managing and
implementing new plans with which productivity of the company can be improved. In Unilever
uses this style so that they can make their employees competent and capable of doing various
activities. This theory can be used by the leader as a tool for understanding the behaviour of the

employees with the help of which they can predict the requirement of various training and
development (Meyer, Neck and Meeks, 2017).
Strength Weaknesses
With this style of leadership the leaders in
Unilever can focus upon achieving
organisational objective as well as individual
objectives.
The systematic leadership style is not
considered to be practical due to which the
process of decision making becomes lengthy.
The managers and leaders adopt different style of leadership as per the prevailing situation
so that they can manage them efficiently. In Unilever the managers and leaders manages various
situation such as various conflicts, launch of new products, managing their processes,
implementation of various plans and processes in such a manner that they can reduce its impact
on the objectives of the organisation.
System theory is interdisciplinary theory which was proposed by the Bertalanffy that
facilitate to study the interrelated and interdependent parts that can be natural or man made such
as in the organisation the system is developed by the managers which defines the structure,
purpose, activity and the time within the activity has to be completed. With the help of this
theory the process in determine by the organisation such as Unilever in context of their logistics
and procurement of the material from various supply chain partners. Also with the help of this
the managers of Unilever determines the roles and responsibility of different person in such a
manner that the overall objectives of the organisation can be achieved. According to this theory
various management functions such as planning, organising, leading and controlling is
undertaken in such a manner that the flow of the communication and the wok can be ensured in
such a manner that the productivity can be ensured.
TASK 3
P4 Key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play
Operation management can be defined as administration of the business practices in such
a manner that efficiency in the business practices can be achieved with efficient utilisation of the
resources. With this management of material, machinery as well as technology can be ensured in
such a manner that the productivity can be enhanced.

With the help of operational management the quality of the operations within an
organisation can be improved efficiently as it ensure utilisation of all the resources effective
manner. The leaders and managers in Unilever consider various approaches of operation
management with the aim to offer better services and better quality of the products (Simon,
2011). Some of the approaches used by them include:
Six Sigma approach: With the help of this approach the quality of the offerings can be
improved by identifying the defects in the process as well as in the products and services. It
enables the managers and leaders of Unilever to determine the defects with which they can
minimise the wastage of the material and resources. This improve the overall organisational
performance and encourage employees contribute to the organisation that they can achieve their
goals. With the help of six sigma the managers in Unilever can easily determine and manage the
defects and can accordingly plan for the changes that are required to be made by them. This will
make them capable of offering better quality products and services. While the leaders can
manage the activities of the employees so that they can identify defects in their performance and
can manage it to ensure better quality of the offerings (Christopher, 2016).
Lean production: Lean production approach enables the managers in reducing the overall
cost of offerings by eliminating unnecessary procedures and processes involved in the process of
manufacturing, designing, packaging, distributing etc. The identification of such non necessary
activities that does not add value to the products and processes cab easily be eliminated by the
managers of Unilever. This enables the managers in reducing the chances of delays in the
activity and processes as with this non-valuable activities and procedures can be reduced. It
enables them in managing their resources efficiently. The leaders in Unilever encourages their
employees to adopt the process and execute their roles in such a manner that wastage can be
reduced in the processes.
Total quality management: TQM is considered to be an effective approach for improving
the quality of the products and services as well as their delivery to the customers. It enables the
leaders and managers of Unilever to ascertain the errors in the process of production and delivery
(Macdonald, Burke and Stewart, 2018). This has direct impact on satisfaction level of the
customer as better quality leads to more value to the customers. With this Unilever can
efficiently take competitive advantage over others. The leaders in Unilever encourage their
employees and team members to contribute to the organisation efficiently in the process of

continuous improvement so that they can improve the overall productivity of the organisation.
this enables them to improve the quality of the performances of the employees as well.
Just in time approach: Just in time approach is considered to be an effective operation
management approach as with the help of this company can manage their cost and inventory by
taking the delivery of the material as and when required for the manufacturing process. The
managers of Unilever determine the reorder level and the time period for placing the order. With
this they can reduce the holding cost for the company and reduces the requirement of more
storage space which leads to overall reduction in the total cost and this ensures increase in
profitability of the company (Burgess, 2016). While the leaders within the Unilever can ensure
that all the employees have better understanding with the help of which timely delivery can be
made possible and the utilisation of the resources is efficient.
Role of managers in operation management:
 The managers in the operation management determine the task and the activities to be
undertaken and in determining how the cost of the organisation can be resolved with the
help of Six sigma goal setting.
 The managers ensures that effectiveness of the products and services can be analysed and
ensures that no useful material is eliminated from the process and are ordered as per the
requirement.
Role of leaders in operation management:
 The leaders provides direction to the employees with the help of which they can enhance
the productivity and elimination of the waste by guiding the ways and procedure that can
bring efficiency.
 The leaders ensures that all the roles and responsibilities are clearly defined so that the
completion of the project can be ensured. Also they ensure focus on both their internal
and external customers as with this the overall satisfaction can be improved.
P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives
The organisations operate with five basic objective and accordingly they operate so that
such objectives can be accomplished by them. The basic objectives of Unilever includes:
 Survival: The organisation aims to ensures their survival and for this they take into
consideration various strategies with which they can bring efficiency in their operation
and overall cost of the business can be reduced.

 Growth: To ensure the growth various expansion strategy are undertaken so that they
increase their market share and thus the profitability of the organisation.
 Increasing Sale: The number of units sold are aimed to increased in such a manner that
their profitability can be increased so that the objectives can be achieved.
 Maximising profits: Increase in sales increase the revenue due to which the profitability
can be enhanced by minimising the cost of the company and controlling the operations.
 Satisfying customers: With better services to the customers their level of satisfaction can
be improved so that they customers are made loyal and sales can be easily repeated which
can increase the profits of the company.
The operation management enables organisation in improving their performance and
profitability as with this they can focus upon reduction in their cost and improving quality of the
product and services. Such approaches enable the managers and leaders in the Unilever in
determining and eliminating various non essential activities, procedure and errors. This improves
their operations and increases value of their products services to the customer. Various
importance of operation management is given below:
Control and distribution system: With effective operation management system, the flow
of the inventory in the production department can efficiency be managed as per their
requirement. This leads to reduction in wastage of the material and ensure availability of right
amount of material with the organisation. Better distribution system for the products and services
facilitate Unilever in making their goods available at all the places and this leads to better sales
while with better controlling the managers can ensure availability of material on right time which
they can reduce their holding cost of inventory.
Scheduling: The operation management manages scheduling of the activities in context of
manufacturing of the products that are offered by the company. It leads to determination of the
sequence of various activities to be undertaken so that the possibility of delay in the process can
be reduced. The managers in Unilever schedule various activities such as procurement of the
material, conversion into the finished goods, delivery of the finished goods to the stores etc.
which enables them in managing their operations efficiently and to improve their services to the
customers by making goods available on time which better quality.
Process design: Operation management is associated with conversion of raw materials into
finished goods which enables them to transform the vision of the organisation into the achievable

task. On the basis of the customer buying behaviour the managers and leaders with their team
determine various designs that are required to the customers and they accordingly design their
product and process so that they can provide goods as per the need of the customers (Meier,
2016).
Capacity management: Operation management ensures capacity management with the
help of which they can utilise the capabilities in such a manner that their potential can be
maximise along with their output of the production. The managers and leaders defines the roles
and responsibilities in such a manner that the resources of the organisation are utilised efficiently
under all the conditions.
Logistics: With the help of efficient logistics it can be ensured that all the activities of the
organisation related to transportation are planned in such a manner that efficiency in the storage
is made possible from the point of origin to the point of consumption. This enables the managers
and leaders of Unilever in managing their cost related to the movement as well as storage of the
goods and services so that better services can be provided to the customers.
With the help of these role of operation management the objectives of the business can be
achieved such as with logistic the delivery and availability of the offerings can be ensured so that
customer satisfaction can be improved. Further the scheduling of the activity and process design
enables in completing the activities on time without wastage of the resources with which the
profitability can be maximise. Also when the profitability of the Unilever will increase then they
plan for their growth strategy
P6 How leaders and managers can improve efficiencies of operational management to
successfully meet business objectives
The objective of the business is to enhance their profitability and it can be done by reducing
their overall cost by eliminating all the defects and wastage from the processes and products.
With the help of various operational management approaches the defects, errors and wastage can
be identified so that the business objectives can be achieved. All the approaches of operation
management such a six sigma, TQM etc. facilitates Unilever in managing their cost, minimising
wastage and improving their profitability.

TASK 4
Assess the factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management
and decision-making by leaders and managers
The business environment comprises of various factors that has direct influence on the
operations of the organisation due to which it is important for them to take into consideration by
analysing their impact on their business activities. It includes both the internal factor and external
factors where the impact of internal factor can be controlled by the managers and leaders with
the help of various policies and strategies but of external factor cannot be controlled easily.
These factors have impact on the decision-making process of the managers of Unilever along
with the leaders. Impact of various factors is:
Corporate social responsibility: CSR is a self regulating model which enables
organisation in analysing the impact of their operation on the society. It facilities them to make
the practices of the business ethical which can enable them in improving their brand image,
profitability by increasing sales etc. The decisions of the managers and leaders in Unilever are
taken in consideration with CSR policies, this enables them to promote their employees and team
members to execute their roles and responsibilities ethically. Also they aim to regulate the ethical
behaviour of the employees due to which they have to formulate plans and policies accordingly
(Beske and Seuring, 2014). for example: Unilever has various code of ethics and along with this
they undertake the social investment, charitable gifts, community sport etc. as with this they can
contribute to the welfare of the community.
Sustainability: With the help of this factor the degree of success organisation can be
determined. For ensuring this the leaders and managers in Unilever take effective decisions so
that they can accomplish their organisational objective. But to cope up with the business
environment they need to keep on changing their strategies and policies on the basis of
identification of the influence of various factors. By identifying various opportunities and threats
managers and leaders take necessary decisions take the opportunity and reduce the impact of
threats. for example: the sustainable living plan of Unilever enables the company in doubling
their growth as with the help of this they can accomplish their targets and goals.
Organisational culture: This internal factor has greater influence on the decision making
of the managers and leaders of Unilever as for managing the employees they have to take
decisions as per their expectations and needs such as the company may not plan for any training

but to satisfy the employees they may have to organised various training and development
programs (XIANG 2013).
Stakeholders: The stakeholders for the organisation are important and Unilever take into
consideration their interest so that their expectations can be met. Along with this they their
impact on decision making can be reduced such as:
 Shareholders are provided with better return for their investment.
 Suppliers are paid on time so that they do not affect the decision making of the Unilever.
 Customers expectations are met in terms of better quality and a wide variety of offerings.
Apart from this various external factors also has direct influence on the decision making of
them managers and leaders. Impact of some external factors is given below:
Technological factors: With the significant change in the technology the Unilever need to
keep on introducing innovation in their production process as well as their services to the
customer. For this the managers and leaders in Unilever need to analyse the market and the
technological actions taken by the competitors. On the basis of this the managers and leaders of
Unilever have to take their decisions such use of automation production process which can
reduce their cost as well as timing of producing the goods.
Social factors: The changes that are taking place in the taste and preference of the
customers has greater influence on the decision making of managers and leaders in Unilever as
they have to identify their demand on the basis of their taste and preference and accordingly plan
for their production process (Ageron, Gunasekaran and Spalanzani, 2012).

CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the above report that the managers and leaders play a crucial role in
ensuring the sustainability and growth of an organisation by accomplishing their overall
organisational objectives. They take various decisions by analysing the influences of various
internal and external business environment factors so that their impact on the organisation can be
reduced. They take into consideration theories and models which facilitate them in managing the
employees and improving their performance efficiently so that the objectives can be achieved.
Apart from this approaches of operation management such as Six Sigma, TQM, lean production
and just in time are used so that better quality products can be offered at a reduced cost. With
such approaches various defects can be identified with which the wastage can be reduced and
with this total cost of production is also reduced for the organisation.

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