Analysis of Mangement Systems and Operations

This assignment involves analyzing mangement systems and operations in multiple fields. The references provided include research papers, articles, and conference proceedings on topics such as transanal endorectal pullthrough for Hirschsprung's disease, multi-objective optimization model for household micro-grids, and clinical application of ERAS program in perioperative mangement of robot-assisted gastrectomy for gastric cancer. The assignment also includes a case analysis of operation resource utilization efficiency and medical level improvement through performance mangement.

Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1. Roles and characteristics of leaders and managers..........................................................3
M1. Difference between the role of leader and function of manager by applying theory.....6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P2. How are roles of leaders and managers applicable in various situations.........................6
P3. Applying different models and theories of approach.......................................................7
M2. Strengths and weaknesses of approaches to situations within work environment..........8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P4. Key approaches to operations management and role played by managers and leaders...9
P5. Importance of operations management in achieving business objectives......................11
M3. Leaders and managers improve efficiencies of operational management to meet business
objectives..............................................................................................................................12
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................13
P6. Factors of business environment affect operational management and decision-making by
leaders and manager.............................................................................................................13
M4. Analysing how these factors affect business environment and wider community.......15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Operations management is a wide concept associated with assessment, review and control
of activities like manufacturing of goods and services within an organisation. It is a process
which initiates from the control of raw materials and continues till they get converted into
finished goods (Boyd and Dougherty, 2016). Also, it is concerned with maintaining the quality
of products and managing to create a systematic balance between costs and revenues of entity.
Leaders along with managers play an important role in operations management. The present
report is based upon Japanese company Toyota which is a multinational vehicle manufacturing
entity. This company is at sixth position in terms of revenue as per the reports of September
2018. It is headquartered in Toyota city, Japan. This company follows a divisional organisational
structure which is firmly centralised across the globe. This report includes the roles and
characteristics of managers and leaders. Also, it explores various approaches of operations
management along with the applicable theories and models. Besides this, leadership approaches
and pestle analysis of organisation have been discussed.
TASK 1
P1. Roles and characteristics of leaders and managers
Toyota is a leading vehicle manufacturing firm which has global reputation and high
stake in market owing to their excellent management structure. This entity follows hierarchical
management structure where the line of power and authority flows from top to bottom. This
reflects that subordinates are responsible and accountable only to their immediate superiors and
take orders only from them. Leaders and managers are inseparable components of an enterprise.
By performing their roles and responsibilities well, they ensure growth and profitability of
business concern.
Leader: An individual responsible for motivating employees and aligning their
behavioural characteristics towards the accomplishment of organisational goals and objectives is
called a leader (Ellitan, 2017). Within Toyota, leaders make use of their confidence and positive
attitude to encourage personnel for performing to the best of their potential. This ensures timely
completion of tasks and realisation of goals of company in a timely manner.
Role of Leaders in Toyota

 Leaders within Toyota are known for aligning the behaviour of individuals towards the
vision of company and ensuring that operations are being carried out accordingly.
 They ensure that work is being carried out in the stipulated manner so as to maintain the
effectiveness and efficiency of tasks.
Characteristics of leaders in Toyota
 Leaders in Toyota are honest and committed towards their work, thus, they are able to
influence individuals to undertake the same approach.
 Leaders of Toyota possess a charismatic personality due to which they become idols for
their subordinates and enhance their performance.
Managers: A person who possess the authority of managing the way in which tasks are
assigned and performed within an organisation is called a manager (Eraki, 2015). Within Toyota,
managers pass on the instructions of top management to subordinates and ensure that operations
are being carried out accordingly. They are the linking pin between top and low level
management.
Role of Managers in Toyota
 The prima-facie role of managers within Toyota is management and control of tasks as
well as performance of personnel. Managers of Toyota are responsible for communicating necessary and relevant
information to lower level staff such that they can provide their support towards
accomplishment of organisational goals and objectives.
Characteristics of Managers in Toyota
 Managers in Toyota are creative and emotionally stable so as not to let frustration and
anger overrule their authority over subordinates. Managers of the enterprise prioritise the tasks according to their importance and the
assign the work to individuals on the basis of their educational and professional
backgrounds. This assists in timely completion of allotted tasks.
Similarities between Managers and Leaders of Toyota
 Both managers and leaders work together towards the same goal, i.e., business growth
and enhanced profitability of enterprise.

 Leaders as well as managers within the organisation strive to increase the morale and
confidence of employee’s to ensure timely achievement of goals and objectives (Fan, Liu
and Zhang, 2015).
Differences between Management and Leadership of Toyota
Basis of Comparison Managers Leaders
Behavioural characteristics Management within Toyota is
an epitome of innovation,
decision making and
facilitators.
Leadership within Toyota is
focussed upon motivation,
influencing and possession of
high confidence to lead the
team well.
Authority and power Management has the authority
to do allotment and
management of tasks, decision
making and control of
organisational activities.
Leadership comes with the
power to ensure increased
productivity of employees and
timely completion of tasks in
stipulated manner.
Subordinates Management of the enterprise
have employees as
subordinates.
Leadership tends to have
followers as subordinates (Han
and et. al., 2017).
With regards to Toyota, leaders and managers within the entity make use of leadership
and management theories in order to stay aligned with their roles and responsibilities.
Transformational theory of leadership: This theory of leadership largely assists leaders
within an organisation in adapting the leadership to the current organisational and outer business
environment situations. With the help of this theory, leaders of Toyota ensure that behaviour of
employees can be influenced according to the leadership and their commitment towards work.
Leaders make use of this to make sure that goals and objectives are achieved in a desirable
manner within due course of time.
Classical theory of Management: According to the ideology of this management theory,
managers of an entity need to emphasize upon enhancing the profitability of organisation (Idris,
2016). For this, managers in Toyota focus upon meeting the personal as well as organisational

needs of employees so as to encourage them towards working in an effective and efficient
manner. This is done with the help of optimal decision making policies which can ensure high
profits for business.
M1. Difference between the role of leader and function of manager by applying theory
In today's competitive and fast changing world, conflicts take place within an
organisation at regular intervals. In this scenario, the role of leader and functions of manager
within Toyota becomes significant. Resolution of conflicts is essential in any entity so as to
ensure its sustainability in long duration of time and achieve business goals and objectives
timely. When a conflict arise within the company, then managers monitor and supervise the
situation and take appropriate steps so as to solve the problem in an effective manner. On the
other hand, leader in the organisation tend to motivate and encourage them so as to resolve
personal or professional issues in a formal and coordinated manner. For such situations, both
leaders as well as managers apply the Conflict Management Theory. As per this theory, conflict
is a natural process which occurs in an enterprise and has to be collectively resolved by manager
as well as leader.
TASK 2
P2. How are roles of leaders and managers applicable in various situations.
Toyota is a car dealer serving boulder region with new and used cars, trucks, etc., and
operating their business activities in a global market. For chosen organisation it is crucial to
create business strategies as to be competitive in dynamic business environment. In this, the
managers and leaders also have to play their role in order to achieve their goals and competitive
advantage (Ma and Sun, 2012). Managers in Toyota undertake various activities such as
planning about important projects, assigning work to subordinates based on their skills etc. It is
mandatory for Toyota to change their technologies according to the business environment, so
that the leaders trained their teams to learn new things and adopt new technology, should inspire
their employees and motivate them to improve skills and achieve certain goals. On the other side,
the manager role is to put light on the development of the organisation. Managers and leaders
within Toyota work in coordination so as to ensure that all the complex situations can be handled
effectively. Two examples of such critical situations with regards to Toyota have been stated as
under:-

Team-building: It is one of the most essential aspects for the enterprise owing to the
presence of a number of individuals within the organisational premise. Managers within Toyota
make use of autocratic style for ensuring orderly conduct among the members within the team.
By working in a collaborative manner, manager ensures that work is adequately and relevantly
divided between the members and is executed within the stipulated course of time in order to
attain organisational goals and objectives in the desired manner. The leader within Toyota build
a healthy working culture with a view to motivate the workforce and ensure the execution of
activities in a desired manner.
Project management: When the projects undertaken by an entity get successfully
executed, it facilitates growth of business organisation. For this, effective strategies have to be
devised by the manager. It becomes imperative for Toyota to optimally utilise the resources in
order to formulate the projects in the desirable manner within the time allotted for its execution.
Here, the leader in Toyota monitors the performance of workforce and renders training as per the
team needs.
P3. Applying different models and theories of approach.
Leadership can be referred to as the art of leading a group of persons. This process is
undertaken by leaders of Toyota for keeping team spirit of their employees high and also
focussing on their overall motivation. There are several key approaches of leadership which are
mentioned below:
Situational leadership: It is a leadership approach which is used in case alterations have
to be done within the style adopted by manager to meet the followers' development levels
(Situational Leadership, 2019).
Contingency leadership theory: Contingency theory focuses not only on the leader but
also on the situation in which the leader is interacting (Wen-chao, Fan and Wen-wen, 2012).
Contingency leadership approach is used when skills of leaders have to be assessed which help
in inspiring and motivating employees of Toyota. This approach runs on a twofold process where
skills of leader as well as situation both are analysed.
System leadership theory: System leadership approach helps leaders of Toyota in
establishing a healthy work environment. This approach is considered when leaders want to
frame new policies which will further help in maintaining effectiveness. This leadership

approach is also used for enhancing production process in Toyota and also existent goals to be
achieved.
Thus, leadership and management possess its own specified roles and responsibilities
which have to be fulfilled so as to ensure orderly conduct of business activities. Besides this,
there are various approaches of leadership and management which can be utilised by Toyota to
achieve organisational goals and objectives in a timely manner.
M2. Strengths and weaknesses of approaches to situations within work environment
There are various types of leadership approaches with their own strengths and
weaknesses described below:-
Situational leadership
 Strength: This approach is simple to comprehend and in accordance with the business
situations. Weakness: Managers who make use of this approach can adopt any leadership style,
however this may create confusion or complexity as leader may change the style in
accordance with the situations arising within business environment.
Contingency leadership theory
 Strength: This approach provides such data to Toyota which can assist in carrying out
effective human resource planning. Weakness: The major disadvantage of this approach is that the inefficiency of leader
creates issues while tackling complex scenarios.
System leadership theory
 Strength: It emphasizes upon accomplishment of individual as well as organisational
goals.
 Weakness: At times, this approach becomes impractical and ultimately leads to delay in
the process of making decisions.
TASK 3
P4. Key approaches to operations management and role played by managers and leaders
Operations management is the process that starts from procurement of raw material and
continues till its conversion into finished product. This management practice focusses upon
maximum elimination of waste along with optimum utilisation of resources (Wang, Jie and

Abareshi, 2015). The major aim behind this process is to enhance the effectiveness and
efficiency of operations of Toyota. Operations management assists in keeping a proper balance
between revenue earned and cost incurred by company.
Within Toyota, the two major operational functions are ascertained to be production and
transportation which are described below:-
Production: This is an organisational function which is concerned with acquisition of
raw materials and their conversion into finished products. This is regarded as the main activity
within a manufacturing company.
Transportation: Once the goods are produced, they are sent from one place to another.
This movement is known as transportation. This is yet another major function within Toyota
which ensures that the vehicles manufactured by company reach customers in time.
Promotion: It is a operational activity which infuses any or all sorts of marketing and
communicational tools that are responsible for informing or persuading target. It is a set of
activities which help in providing information regarding products offered by a brand to its target
customers.
Approaches to operations management: Approaches operations management refers to
guidelines or controlling tools and techniques that ensure effective planning regarding
manufacturing, storing and selling goods and services to customers. It monitors entire process
which includes conversion of raw materials into finished products. Various approaches being
used within operations management are described below: -
Six Sigma: This is a type of statistical approach which is widely used within
organisations in order to eliminate or reduce any type of defects or errors that exist within the
products and services being rendered by company (Plesser and et. al., 2014). Six sigma largely
assists leaders and managers within Toyota in increasing the productivity level of employees
within the organisation so that organisational goals and objectives can be achieved within due
course of time. This approach makes use of a number of statistical tools and methods to
substantially reduce the variances between desirable and actual results of production output. This
operations management approach is used in Toyota for analysing and evaluating the performance
of staff within company and finding out if there are any defaults. Six sigma approach is further
classified into two types, namely, DMAIC and DMADV. It is a sub division of six sigma which
refers to data driven approach which will help in improving business process. It stands for

define, measure, analyse, improve and control. DMADV on the other hand is another important
concept of six sigma which examines customers' aspect of business concerns. It further stands for
define, measure, analyse, design and verify. This approach also assists management of Toyota in
evaluating the current performance of personnel so as to take steps to raise their standards of
quality.
Just in time approach: This approach is used by enterprises to eliminate the delay caused
in procurement of materials and production process for converting these into final goods. This is
being used by leaders and managers of Toyota to carry out effective inventory management. This
method makes use of lean methodology to enhance the existing performance level of individuals
as well as organisation. Just in time approach emphasizes upon reduction of cost associated with
inventory management along with eliminating the possibility of dead stock.
Total Quality Management (TQM): This is an approach used by such organisation
whose major objective is to maintain the quality of products and services. Within Toyota, this
helps in ensuring that customers remain loyal towards the brand for a long time. This is an
approach which largely requires efforts from all the employees collectively so that wastages can
be reduced and customers can get access to high quality goods (Tristancho and Gutiérrez, 2012).
Besides this, TQM assists in enhancing the organisational culture of Toyota by promoting
operational excellence across the enterprise.
Role played by leaders: Leaders within Toyota play a pervasive role as they encourage
employees positioned at various levels, functions and departments within the organisation to
make use of productive techniques.
Role played by Managers: Major role played by managers of Toyota is to maintain a
track of the performance of employees so as to evaluate the variances between actual and
desirable output. For this, managers often make rigid policies and procedures (Wang, Jie and
Abareshi, 2015).
P5. Importance of operations management in achieving business objectives
Operations management is a process that is largely concerned with production in any
company. This process is made up of various management activities like planning, organising,
controlling, monitoring etc. With regards to Toyota, major objective of operations manager is
making sure that high quality goods and services are manufactured within the entity and made
accessible to customers.

Importance of operations management
The importance of operations management in context of Toyota is described with the
help of following points:-
Reduction of cost: Operations management acts as an effective tool in finding and
eliminating the costs related to wastage within Toyota. Here, managers find creative and unique
ways to reduce the cost of operations and enhancing the quality quotient of goods and services
(Williams, 2015). Leaders in Toyota also motivate the workforce timely by providing them
training at regular intervals
Enhancing overall productivity: Productivity is considered to be a crucial aspect for any
business organisation. Managers and leaders of Toyota give special consideration to this element
so as to ensure that employees complete the tasks in desirable manner within due course of time.
Main objective of operations manager is to undertake such activities that can result in increasing
the overall productivity of employees within Toyota. Leaders strive to create a positive and
healthy atmosphere so that workforce can be encouraged to perform in a better manner.
Value of operations management in success of business
By ensuring the adoption of approaches such as Just in time, Six Sigma and Total Quality
Management, leaders and managers ensure that operations management is being carried out in
the desirable manner. This leads to reduction of overall cost of operations and increment in
productivity of workforce as well as organisation. When staff employs effective and efficient
approaches and measures of operations management, this ensures success of business and
achievement of organisational goals and objectives within stipulated time.
Furthermore, principles of Fayol have also been discussed to examine the importance of
operations management. These functions have further been discussed as under:
Planning: It is an important function which forms the basis of almost all business
concerns. Managers of Toyota should plan in an effective manner so as to ensure that business
operations are done within a specified time frame. It also leads to achievement of strategic goals
and objectives.
Organising: Managers and leaders must organise their workforce as well as business
processes in an effective and efficient manner. Also activities should be aligned so that
employees in a business concern know what has to be achieved by them.

Commanding: Commanding refers to a process in which managers and leaders guide
their employees. In context of Toyota, managers and leaders need to carefully supervise and
guide their employees so that they may function effectively and help in timely achievement of
goals and objectives.
Coordinating: Coordination is an important factor which means to work in groups and in
harmonised manner so as to achieve goals and objectives of business. Managers of Toyota
ensure that their employees are effectively trained and work in absolute harmony with each
other.
Controlling: Controlling means to check business processes of an organisation.
Managers in Toyota ensure that activities assigned by them are somewhere aligned or connected
with basic goals and objectives of company. Managers also need to examine if there are any
variations in performance of employees and need to correct them in regard to that.
M3. Leaders and managers improve efficiencies of operational management to meet business
objectives
Leaders in Toyota make use of their self-confidence and belief to act as idols for their
subordinates and promote a culture where operational excellence and product quality are treated
as supreme. Also, managers within the organisation are responsible for assignment of tasks to
employees and setting goals and objectives for individuals, teams as well as organisation. Goals
are in both the forms, long term as well as short term. Leaders and managers make use of Six
Sigma, Just in Time and Total Quality Management approaches so as to ensure that the set goals
and objectives are achieved. Further, leaders make use of transformational theory of leadership
and managers make use of classical theory of management to make sure that operational
management is taking place in accordance with the desirable targets and lead to the achievement
of organisational goals and objectives in a timely manner. The accomplishment of these goals
ensures the sustainability of business entity in market for a long period of time.
TASK 4
P6. Factors of business environment affect operational management and decision-making by
leaders and manager
There are several factors that affect the decision making of a leader and a manager in
organisation. Some of these are internal factors while some others are external factors.

Internal Factors
Internal factors are those that occur in the business premises only. Some of the internal
factors of business environment that can affect their working are as follows:-
Owners (Shareholders): They are the persons who have made investments in order to
gain some profit (XIANG, Chen and Zhang, 2013). With regards to Toyota, managers are
responsible for making rules and policies of company whenever they want and also possess the
right to make alterations in it. If decisions taken by leaders and managers for the growth and
profitability of enterprise are effective, more persons will be influenced to buy shares of
company which will be beneficial for organisation.
Employees: They are the most important asset of a company. An enterprise which
possess an effective workforce is able to perform productively. Within Toyota, managers are
responsible for recruiting such employees who possess the potential to carry out activities in a
manner that entity can gain a competitive advantage. When skilled and technically
knowledgeable personnel are hired, enterprise is able to achieve its goals and objectives in a
timely manner (Wen-chao, Fan and Wen-wen, 2012). This ensures that best quality products and
services are accessible to customers.
Corporate culture: Employees in Toyota have a number of opportunities which helps in
enhancement of their skills. Employees in Toyota focus over working in an effective and
coordinated manner so as to enhance their profitability.
Corporate value: Principles or policies which guide and monitor overall conduct of an
organisation are referred to as corporate values. These can even be present in vision and mission
statement of a company as well as observant in case of Toyota.
Corporate social responsibility: It is an important tool for Toyota which focusses upon
building loyalty of customers by considering and adopting ethical and environment friendly
business practices across the organisational premises.
Corporate Ethics: Every organisation which is running as a part of an economy is
expected to abide by certain ethics and morals to avoid the interference of law and other
professional bodies or agencies in the functioning of Toyota.
External Factors

These are those factors which are outside to business premises but possess the power to
influence business management. Some major external factors have been described with the help
of PEST analysis below:-
Political factors: In context of political factors business concerns like Toyota consider
changes in their policies and decisions in accordance with various political factors and elements.
Economic factors: Economic factors include various elements such as interest rates, tax
rates, export import duty etc. In context of Toyota it has been observed that prices of vehicles is
higher in countries where export import rates are higher.
Social factors: Factors that get affected due to culture or choices of people in a country
are referred to as social factors. Managers of Toyota considers policies that aim towards choice
and preferences of customers. Also they ensure that it does not harm society as a whole.
Technological factors: With inflexion of time, there are various advancements in
technology that need to be taken into consideration by company. Every business organisation has
to bring about regular changes within the organisation as per the current market situation (Yun
and et. al., 2018). In this regard, managers and leaders of Toyota make sure that they adopt such
technologies and techniques that are aligned with the latest trends and development existing
within marketplace.
Competitor efficiency and flexibility: In today's competitive world, every company is
required to adopt such practices and develop a culture that encourages enterprise to take into
account the activities being undertaken in rival organisations. Within Toyota, managers and
leaders adopt such practices that take into consideration policies existing within the industry and
helps in ensuring the sustainability of company for a long duration of time.
M4. Analysing how these factors affect business environment and wider community
The factors within and outside the business premises affect the organisation in a massive
way. At times, these factors may be in favour of entity, while sometimes they affect the
enterprise in a negative manner. These factors tend to create opportunities so as to further work
upon the positive aspects and enhance business growth or taking steps to significantly reduce the
shortcomings if any noticed in business environment. When a business grows, the economy of
country gets improved and the community is affected in a feasible manner.

CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be concluded that operations management is an important
element of any organisation and is present at all the levels and functions of enterprise. Also, it
has been analysed that leaders and managers play a critical role in ensuring continuous growth of
business and delivering high quality goods and services to customers. Besides this, it is also
evaluated that leaders should use transformational theory and managers should adopt classical
theory of management so as to ensure timely completion of goals in desirable manner. In
addition to this, it is assessed that there are various factors within business environment that
impact upon operational management and decisions taken by managers and leaders.

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