References and Citations in Academic Writing

The provided assignment asks to extract references from various sources (books, journals, patents, etc.), format them in a JSON object, and provide specific details such as the title of the assignment, meta title, meta description, and a summary. The task involves understanding the content and requirements of the assignment, including identifying relevant information and formatting it accordingly.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPRATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................3
1. Introduction of Toyota and it's management structure.................................................................3
2. Differences between management and leadership.......................................................................4
3. Different roles and theories of management and leadership in different organisational
situations..........................................................................................................................................5
4. Strengths and weaknesses of different approaches of leadership and management....................5
5. Conclusions and recommendations on the impact of managers and leaders on TESCO............6
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................................7
1. Introduction to the key operations of Toyota...............................................................................7
2. Roles and responsibilities of managers in the key operational functions....................................7
3. The key operational approaches to operations management and their value...............................7
4. External business environment factors that affect decision-making by leaders and managers.. .8
5. How operational efficiencies can be improved to successfully meet business objectives using
appropriate management and leadership approaches.......................................................................9
6. Conclusions and recommendations for future improvements to be taken by the organisation.. .9
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Management is one of the most essential part of an organisation, as it use to managing the
different functions and also make their work properly. This help organisations by managing their
resources, through which their functionalities get performed in effective way. Manager is an
individual in organisation , who work to design plans and strategies form organisation so that they
can perform their activities. They also use to supervise the working of different elements, so that
they can make future plans accordingly. Toyota is huge organisation of auto mobile industry in the
world, the head quarter of the organisation is at Japan. They use to provide different auto mobile
products for different sections of society (Baboli and et. al, 2014). A study will take place in this
report, which explain the roles of management and leadership along with their theories and
approaches. This will also explain the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. The roles and
responsibilities in key operations functions of manager will also come in discussion, together with
their approaches. Along with all this, a discussion will take place on the influence of external factors
over their decision making, along with how operational efficiencies can be improved to meet
successful objectives.
TASK 1
1. Introduction of Toyota and it's management structure.
Toyota is one of the biggest organisation in the world of auto mobile industry. It was
established at Japan in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. Now they have their operations in all around the
world. Their head quarter is at Toyota City, Aichi, Japan, and they have around 364,445 employees
working with them in over the world. The structure of management of Toyota have 3 level of
hierarchy, which has divided the power to making decisions of managers and employees, which
depends on situation. Elements of hierarchy of Toyota are :-
1. Global hierarchy : Here, company make decision for their regional heads, by which the
power of these managers of decision making get increased. This lead the managers to take
fast and effective decisions for their outlet. This hierarchy of management has reduce the
centralisation of their system, as while making decisions, manager have to report for their
decisions to central head present at Japan ( Bahmani-Firouzi and Azizipanah-Abarghooee,
2014). And at last, major decisions related to them are still taken by their head quarter at
Japan.
2. Geographic division : In this, Toyota has divided the world in 8 different geographical
regions i.e. North America, East Asia, Japan, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, China,

Asia, Caribbean and Latin America. After which, Toyota has made head quarters at each and
very regions, which have power to take decisions according to situations and conditions.
3. Product based division : It is the last segment of this hierarchy of Toyota. In this the division
was based on the variety of products offered by them ( Binz and et. al, 2014). For this,
company has make division of products in Lexus international, Toyota No. 1, Toyota No. 2
and Unit center.
2. Differences between management and leadership.
Leader is a person who work to set goals and objectives for their organisation, which they
have to achieve in specific time period. Leader of Toyota have to be very much capable in studying
and verifying the different situations of organisation, and have to set goals according to it only.
While on hand, manager is a person who work to design strategies and plans for organisation, so
that they can work according to it, and can achieve goals and objectives driven by their leaders.
Comparison chart between management and leadership is a follow :-
Basis Leadership Management
Meaning Leadership is a skill of an
individual guiding individual or
group of peoples.
Management is a method used
for providing direction to their
employees.
Emphasis on Leadership work for inspiring
employees, so that they can
work properly.
Where as, management use to
manage operations of an
Toyota, to achieve different
objective.
Power Leader of Toyota have power to
make changes in organisation.
Management have power to
change rules of organisation.
Focus on The main focus of leadership is
on encouraging changes.
Management has their main
focus on making organisation
stable.
Strategies Proactive strategies for Toyota
are designed through
leadership.
While, reactive strategies are
designed by management
( Johnstone, 2016).
Formulation of Leadership use to make
guidelines and principles for
Where as, management is a
collective result of policies and

Toyota. procedures.
Example In Toyota, leadership take
decision to make changes in
their management structure
hierarchy.
Management of them, make
plans so that management
structure can be divided with
affecting other operations.
3. Different roles and theories of management and leadership in different organisational situations.
Leadership and management are very crucial part for an organisation. Good leadership and
strong management system together can make the achievement of goals and objectives easier for an
organisation. But, in an organisation many situations occur where, leader and managers have to play
different roles, so that the working of organisation remain smoother ( Kato, 2014). Such role of
managers and leaders in different situations are as follow :-
Situation 1 – Conflicts : In modern business, conflicts between two or more individuals or
group of people working together in an organisation are very common, but making solution for
them are very important for that organisation. In such situations, management have to briefly
examine the conditions and have to study the case and then have to find some solution for it. While,
leadership have to motivate them. For example, some individuals or group of people have problem
related to working hour of employees. For solving this, manager have to make changes in their
policies related to working hours for employees. Where as, leader have to motivate and inspire their
employees. This will make their employees to work properly and and give their best to work, so that
they can achieve their personal as well as organisational goals. In these conditions, both leaders and
managers of Toyota can adopt theory of conflict management, which says that conflicts are natural
process in an organisation, which has to be solved.
Situation 2 – Decision making : Making decisions are very important for an organisation.
This help leaders to make goals and objectives for their organisation, where as manager can make
decisions related to plans strategies that can be implemented in an organisation for achieving goals
and objectives set by leaders. Leader make decisions which can influence the working of their
organisation, where as manager take decisions which can affect the working process of organisation
( Liu and et. al, 2015). For example, leader of Toyota has to grow their business at different regions
of world, then the leader is only one who can take essential decisions related to this, where as,
manager of Toyota has to take decisions for achieving this expansion, which says that leader will
take decisions that can lift organisation to different level, where as manager has to take decisions
which help in attaining these goals.

4. Strengths and weaknesses of different approaches of leadership and management.
Approach of leadership :-
1. Trait approach : According to this approach of leadership, it is said that it is not possible to
make good leaders, they are born. On the basis of this approach, leader of Toyota must be a
person, who has some by born qualities like, intelligent, honest, creative, confident, driven,
courage ( Mendis, Muttaqi and Perera, 2014). Strengths and weaknesses of Trait approach is
:-
Strengths Weaknesses
 A standard is driven for identification of
a leader.
 Leaders are distinctive in nature.
 Training and development is hamper
process in this.
 The focus is on leaders not followers.
Approach of management is a below :-
1. The classical approach : According to this approach, the employees of Toyota only have
economical and physical needs, they do not have needs of social or job related satisfaction
needs, and if any of them have this, then it is not important for organisation. Strengths and
weaknesses of The classical approach of management is :-
Strengths Weaknesses
 It provide process for the working of
management.
 It divides the employees, which results in
faster working.
 Very tough and rigid approach for an
organisation.
 Creativity and human relations can get
destroyed.
5. Conclusions and recommendations on the impact of managers and leaders on TESCO.
Toyota is a huge organisation in the world of auto mobiles. In the early phase of 21st century,
Japan was the only centre from where they use to manage their work. This make it tough for them
to manage their work and make solutions for problems that their distributors are facing at different
regions. For solving this, in 2013 they designed a hierarchy in their management system, which help
them by reducing the burden of work form the managers presented at Japan ( Morschett, Schramm-
Klein and Zentes, 2015). This system was proposed by the leader of Toyota, which has 3 levels in
hierarchy, in which first is Global hierarchy, where the power of decision making was improved for

regional heads. In second, Geographic division, they have divided the world into different regions
and in third they make division on the basis of their products. For this, management at Japan use to
make strategies which can help in implementation of this without disturbing the existing operations.
In such situations, leaders and managers of Toyota can use various theories and approaches which
will them in making appropriate decisions. In future, they can increase the numbers of different
regions and regional managers, which leads to make their system more appropriate, stronger and
flexible.
TASK 2
1. Introduction to the key operations of Toyota.
Toyota Motor Corporation is Japanese multinational automotive manufactured company
their headquarters in Aichi city Japan that served auto-mobiles, luxury vehicles and engines
worldwide and they use so many terms such as banking, financing services for their customers.
Most of the organization has many operations to follow that depends on the working sector of the
industry ( Palizban, Kauhaniemi and Guerrero, 2014). The keys operations of Toyota dependents on
the functions of their company. There are some operation keys such as managing and quality for the
product and supply chain of product and services. But Toyota also focuses on their quality which
makes good image of production system in front of the customers. Therefore, Toyota uses different
keys of operation which helps to increase business growth and to achieve their targeted goals.
2. Roles and responsibilities of managers in the key operational functions.
Managers are key personnel in a business concern who are known to maintain efficiency and
effectiveness in functionality of a business. They got instructions from top level management in
Toyota and also provide training to their employees. There are some operational key these are given
below:
Finance: It is one of the best operational key for any organization. Whereas Toyota has a
large source of finance which covers more than 30 countries and regions including Japan. All
financial services coordinated by manager of Toyota, so that manager is responsible to plan
according the requirement and proposal or have to focus given funds are used correctly or not.
Operation: According to this function manager can make plans and different type of
strategies which can be produced by using resources such as raw material and man power.
Therefore, manager have to judge the work according to the plan of an organization.
Strategies: This operational key involves in the analysis of strategic goals, vision and
mission and the internal or external factors of the Toyota ( Pelley, 2015). On the behalf of these

strategies manager are able to check all the processes running according to the strategies or not.
3. The key operational approaches to operations management and their value.
Operation management approach is very important for Toyota. It is one of the largest
organization in the world so it is not easy for company to manage their operations. Therefore, firm
uses different approaches that can help to manage operations. There are some following
approaches :
Just in Time: It is a most useful approach for managing operations in a particular way. It is
aimed methodology which reducing times within the production system to customers ( Pingili and
et. al, 2014). It is very effective approach for Toyota because its provide raw material given period
of time to company and increase efficiency. So that it helps to minimize their stock price.
Value- This is very effective approach which reduces cost of an organization. Some times
industry delivered raw material directly to manufacture hub according to their needs or demand.
Therefore it reduces wastage of raw material and decrease inventory cost.
Six Sigma: It is a method used by organisations to minimise errors form their operations. It
lead the management of operations at the faster way. It is very necessary for Toyota to reduce errors
from their functions, so that they can increase their effectiveness of working. Particularly is based
on manufacturing functions.
Value- This is important approach for an organisation, It help to reduce their cost and save
time. Toyota has a large operation chain which have many errors and help to remove which reduce
their cost and saves time. Therefore, it help to manage their operation in a easiest way.
Lean Production: This approach is used by many organisations through across the world.
In this approach management mainly focus on their waste material problems that occur in every
activity and helps to save money by cutting out the wastes for Toyota.
Value- According to lean production this is very efficient approach for managing the
operations. It helps Toyota to save large amount that are invested in waste of resources ( Shaheen,
2014). Therefore, organization can apply this activity on their management function.
4. External business environment factors that affect decision-making by leaders and managers.
There are few factors that affect the decision making of a manager and leader in an organisation.
Such as :-
Competitors: Competitors are the biggest factor for any organisation that influence their
decision making process. Toyota provide their products and services across the world, manager
have to focus on the marketing strategies according to their competitors because they can affect
organization's performance in a efficient manner (External factors that affect decision making,

2017). Therefore Toyota have to create changes in their terms and policies or in decisions making
process. according to the result of study. So it can help to getting advantages of competitors.
Customers: In this factor of decision making customer is very important key for an
organization. Toyota have to fulfil needs and wants to their customers from their different region of
world because customers have different level of satisfaction so that company can affect due to these
reasons. Therefore, manager has to make changes in their policies and decisions according to the
study of consumer behaviour and needs ( Strande and Brdjanovic, 2014). It can help to making
different strategies which can maximise the level of customers.
Suppliers: According to this factor Suppliers are the very much important key of the
industry which provides material demanded by Toyota for the production of their products and
services. Suppliers have a power to lead an organisation for create some changes in their decisions.
Therefore, Toyota have to maintain good and healthy relationships with their suppliers. It can help
in producing cost effective products. If they do not have good relationship then they can face many
problems of supply through raw material. So organization have to make good policies and strategies
which can attract the suppliers.
5. How operational efficiencies can be improved to successfully meet business objectives using
appropriate management and leadership approaches.
It is very important aspect for an organisation to create their effective operations that can
help to achieving the business targeted goals and objectives. According to this concept, some
approaches are required which is implemented by leaders and managers which are given below:
Inventory Control: It is one of the difficult operation approach in a business, as manager
has to find some innovative idea that they can implement to their system for making and achieving
inventory control easily. This approach will help manager to make strategies and plans which are
required for achieving an affective inventory control.
Trait Approach: According to this leadership approach, Toyota has to hire a leader which
have qualities like intelligence, honest, creative, confident, driven, courage. This can help them to
find a person who can lead their team, can do work which are assigned to them, along with ability
to introduce some innovative changes in their organisation in a effective manner. This will help
them in making their performance better.
Classical approach: Where as, manager can adopt of management to manage the
performance of organisation in order to achieve Inventory control ( Webb, 2017). In this, according
to manager, employees working with organisation have only economical and physical needs, they
do not have any social as well as needs related to job satisfaction, Therefore, its affect the
organization in a effective way.

Due to these approaches operational efficiencies can be improved successfully to meet business
objectives when company uses leadership approaches.
6. Conclusions and recommendations for future improvements to be taken by the organisation.
Toyota is one of the leading auto mobile company in the world, which provide their products
and services across the world. They use to perform several operations in their organisation but some
of them are very important in respect to their performance. The key operations are different for each
organisation which depends on their functionality. Finance, operation, strategy, design of product,
forecasting, supply chain configuration, managing the quality are the key operations of Toyota, that
plays a vital role in their performance ( White, 2016). For attaining all this in appropriate manner,
they have to adopt some approaches, that will guide the management and help them in achieving
operational efficiency in functionality. They can use just in time, six sigma or lean production in
their operations to make them more productive and cost saving. There are several external factors
that can affect the decision making of leaders and managers in Toyota. These factors can be
competitors, customers, suppliers, regulators, strategic partners. For future, leader of Toyota that
have innovative approach, have to generate some idea that help them to achieving some difficult
approach easily. Apart from this it have to make policies so that the affect of external factors on
their decisions make can be minimised. That can help to grab customer satisfaction and competitive
advantage in present scenario.
CONCLUSION
From the analysing of this report, it has been concluded that, leader is a person who work to
lead a team by motivating and guiding employees. Leader also use to make future objectives for
organisation that will give some benefit to them. While manager is a person, who work to make
plans and strategies according to the goals and objectives made by leader. Their leaders and
managers have to play different roles in different situations. Along with this, there are several keys
operational functions that affect the functionality of Toyota.

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