Analysis of Leadership Theories and Operations Management

The given assignment is a collection of research papers and articles that focus on the intersection of leadership theories and operations management. The document includes a review of various leadership theories, principles, and styles, as well as their relevance to educational management, ERP assimilation, work engagement, and lean management. Additionally, it covers topics such as production and operations management, knowledge-oriented leadership, open innovation, mathematical programming approaches, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, service quality dimensions, multi-operation management of micro-grids, and selective management of abdominal stab wounds. The assignment also discusses internal and external influences on operational objectives, the importance of effective operations management, and Sainsbury's operations management practices. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of leadership theories and operational strategies in various contexts.

Management &
operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
LO1..................................................................................................................................................3
P1 Comparision between roles and characteristics of leaders and managers.............................3
LO2..................................................................................................................................................6
P2 Application of role of leader and functions of managers in different situational contexts....6
P3 Theories and models of Leadership.......................................................................................8
LO3 .................................................................................................................................................9
P4 Key approaches of operation management............................................................................9
P5 Importance of operation management in achieving the business objectives. .....................11
LO4................................................................................................................................................12
P6Factors affect operational management and decision making by leaders and managers......12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15
1

INTRODUCTION
Management is the set principles that relate to the functions of planning, organizing,
directing and controlling. This is the art of getting people manage in the organisation and get the
things done by coordinating and using of all the available resources in the organisation
effectively and efficiently to obtain the desired objectives. Whereas operations that happened in
the organisation to keep it running and earning money with the activity of converting raw things
to the finished goods, this collectively referred as the operation. This report is based on the
Sainsbury company which is the third largest supermarket chain in the UK. The share of the
Sainsbury is 16.9% of the supermarket sector. This company is founded in 1869 by John James
Sainsbury. Sainsbury has 1,415 shops in number of location. Revenue of the company in the year
of 2018 was £28,456 billion and net income of the company was £309 million in the year of
2018. Sainsbury has many subsidiaries, Sainsbury bank, Sainsbury super market Ltd. Argos,
Habitat and Nectar. This report will include the different roles and characteristics of leaders and
manager in the organisation. This will also include how different roles of manager helps
organisation in different situational context. Further more this will explain the different models
2

and theory of approaches in management and operations. This report will include the key
approaches to operation management and role that manager and leaders play and importance and
value of operation management in achieving business objective. And last this report will include
the external environmental factors that affect the operational management and decision making
by leader and mangers.
LO1
P1 Comparision between roles and characteristics of leaders and managers
Leader- is a person who influence its followers in such a way that they do whatever
leader wants to them. In addition to this leader also motivates and inspire its team members so
that more of their contribution can be achieved.
Manager- is a person who control and administrate a group of organisation. A manager
makes final decision about all the things in the management. In addition to this manager is
accountable for the responsibility given to a particular group of members (Salazar and Lant,
2018).
Soft and hard skills of manager and leader-
Hard skills are the abilities or skills that are easy to quantify . The hard skills are learned
in the classroom trough books and other training material or on the job. Hard skills include
proficiency of foreign language, typing speed, machine operation, a degree of certificate and
computer programming. On other hand Soft skills are those which are harder to quantify which is
also known as interpersonal skills or peoples skills. It is related to the way a person interact with
other people. .Soft skills includes flexibility, communication, patience, motivation , teamwork ,,
problem solving abilities etc.(Dóci, and Hofmans, 2015).
Difference between role of managers and leaders-
Basis Leader Manager
Vision creator or objective
creator
A leader of Sainsbury aims at
creating vision. They draw a
picture of what they want to
see in future and they engage
their members in achieving
Manager aims at setting and
measuring short term goals.
They manage whole situation
to reach the objectives.
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that vision. In addition to this
leaders want its followers to be
a part of complex task
Change agent or status quo Leaders act as a change agents,
they promote change and takes
various initiatives to give
knowledge to the members of
Sainsbury regarding changes
that can be occurred in future
to make things more
better(Dóci, and Hofmans,
2015).
Managers of Sainsbury act as
per status quo, they stick to the
present situation and make
system and structure more
better.
Unique or Mimic Leaders are more unique , they
always wants their brand to be
different from others. Apart
from this they always focus on
adding value to the product or
brand.
Managers mimic the behaviour
and learnings and adopt in
their leadership style in
Sainsbury, they adopt
traditional way of doing
things.
Risk taker or risk controller The role of a leader is taking
risk, they always willing to try
new things even if they
Sainsbury. Leaders know that
failure is the path to success.
Mangers of Sainsbury are the
risk controller, they always
focus on minimizing risk and
avoid the situations and
problems rather than facing it
(Iqbal, Anwar, and Haider,
2015).
Motivator or Trainer Leaders of the Sainsbury act as
a motivator, as they motivates
their leader so that maximum
contribution can be achieved.
Managers act as a trainer, they
train employees of Sainsbury
so that goal of the organisation
can be achieved efficiently and
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effectively.
Relationship builder or system
builder
Leaders lay emphasis on
building relationship with all
the stakeholders, they do not
influence people to realize
their vision rather they focus
on spending more time with
other members and employees
for maintaining good
relationship(Martin, 2015)
Managers are system builder,
they focus on influencing
members merely for achieving
goals.
Coach or direct Leaders of the Sainsbury know
that the followers working
with them have potential to
identify the answer of the
problems. Leaders have
positive attitude about their
potential,so they only give
hints and some coaching to its
followers
Managers direct its members
and assign tasks and teach
them all the things from basics
. They also act as a guide
because they also provide
guidance for accomplishing
the objective (Walker and
Aritz, 2015).
Difference between characteristics of manager and leader
Basis leader manager
Attitude Leader have more positive
attitude towards it followers,
they have confidence on their
followers regarding finding the
solution of the problems
Managers are pessimistic, they
show less confidence on the
team members.
Delegation Leader aims at delegating
accountability , that increases
Managers of Sainsbury only
delegate authority to its
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responsibility of each
member(Walker and Aritz,
2015).
members, the accountability
lies in the hands of manager
himself.
creativity Leaders always encourage
innovation and finding out
new ways of doing things.
Manages go with existing way
of doing work and adopt
traditional methods for
accomplishing task.
Skills Leaders focus on increasing
practical skills of the
followers.
Managers focus on increasing
problem solving skills of the
members (Walker and Aritz,
2015).
Types of leadership and management styles -
Autocratic style- In this leaders and prefer to take decision on their own. They do not take
opinion and views of their followers and members. This leadership style is suitable for those who
have lots of experience and expertise knowledge. On contrary to this in Democratic style of
management leaders and managers and leaders take views and opinion of their members for
encouraging team participation . But the final decision is taken by the leader (Amanchukwu,
Stanley and Ololube, 2015). Laissez faire is another kind of leadership style where leaders give
full power to their members to take decisions.
LO2
P2 Application of role of leader and functions of managers in different situational contexts
Conflict Situation- It is the situation where serious disagreement takes place between two
parties. It may occur between employer and employee , employee and employee , employer and
employer. There are various roles of leaders and managers in managing the conflict situation
which are as follows -
 To manage conflict Leaders role is to take various initiative at initial stage in which
respecting each individual is one of them. A leader should always respect person's
culture, views and opinion. Avoiding their feedback and views will not resolve the
problem rather it will create the chances of conflict in future. On the other hand managers
6

of Sainsbury should give proper direction regarding problems and grievances of the
employees so that possibility of conflict in future can be reduced.
 Leaders of Sainsbury will motivate their employees to get over through the conflicting
situation by making them involved in task which need more creativity rather than
complex one . This will reduce the situation of stress and results in non conflicting
situation. On the other hand managers give training to its employees related to conflict
management by giving them various ideas and ways to mange conflicts (Blomme,
Kodden and Beasley-Suffolk, 2015)
 .
Sales reduction – It is the business situation where sales of the company reduces because
of lack of innovation and value addition in product . As a result of which demand of the product
offered by Sainsbury can be reduced. In this situation Leader and manager of Sainsbury play
important role which is as follows-
 In this situation Leaders will make an effort to increase technical skills of the members
that will help all its team members to use this skills at the time of making a product. This
will add value to the product and encourage research and developmen(Blomme, Kodden
and Beasley-Suffolk, 2015) t. On the other hand manger will make effort to develop problem solving and learning
skills in team members to encourage new way of doing work, that should reduce wastage
of resources , as a result of which it reduces cost of production and ultimately it can set
low prices of the product with adequate profit margins and demand will rise due to low
price
Employee turnover and absenteeism - It is the business situation where employees start
leaving the organisation or there is a situation of high absenteeism in the organisation due to less
satisfactory environment of the organisation.
 Leader will play important role in this situation by building good relationship with its
followers and create informal environment within the organisation so that free flow of
communication can be encouraged to make more involvement of them in the particular
task. This will result in increasing motivation of the employees will reduce turnover. On
the other hand manager will help them in reducing the workload of the employees by
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delegating work, because sometimes employee turnover and absenteeism occurs due to
workload and assigning major responsibilities on one person.
P3 Theories and models of Leadership
There are following theories and models of leadership that leader applies in dealing business
situation-
Situational Theory
This theory states that it is all depend upon situation that which type of leadership should
be used .This theory explains that an effective leader is one who use leadership style on the basis
of situation. In addition to this here leader adopt leadership style as per the nature of the group
and the type of task allotted to them. It is also known as Hersey- Blanchard situational leadership
theory (van Assen,2018). Hersey and Blanchard have suggested four primary leadership styles
which Sainsbury can apply for effective results-
Telling – In this leadership style, leaders tell people what to do and how to do. Selling – in this
leaders give or sell ideas to initiate the process. In addition to this participating is another kind
of leadership style where leader in Sainsbury allows member of the group to take active
participation in decision making rather than giving more direction. In delegating leadership style
members take most of the responsibility and tend to make most of the decision.
The leadership styles based on different maturity levels-
At level m1 members of the group are not willing to complete the task and having lack of
knowledge and skills . In addition to this at Level m2 members have lack of abilities but are
more enthusiastic and willing to work. At level m3 members of the group at Sainsbury have the
skills and capability to complete the task but they are not willing to take responsibilities. Level
m4 states that group members are highly skilled and willing to complete the task .
Thus Hersey and Blanchard suggests the the following leadership style are appropriate
for the different maturity levels:
Telling leadership is appropriate at low maturity level(M1). In addition to this at (M2) medium
maturity level selling is the appropriate leadership style. In addition to this at level M3
participating style will be suitable and delegating leadership style is best at the level of high
maturity that is M4(Walker and Aritz, 2015) .
Systems theory
8

This theory of leadership theory states that leader should create the conditions where
people at all levels can work productively to their potential. Thus here leader uses various
principles on human behaviour to create models of good leadership, system design , social
process etc. It helps to to build an effective system which drives productive behaviour and lead
to a more effective realization of objective of Sainsbury.
Contingency theory
It states that effectiveness of leadership is based on leadership based on situation. A
leader must find out the kind of situation he thrives in. This leadership style was given by Fred
Fiedler in 1958 when he was doing research on effectiveness of leader in group situation. He
believes that effectiveness of leadership depend on the control of the situation. Here leaders have
to match with the situation rather than adapting. A leader is most effective when style of
leadership and its attributes is matched with the situation and environment around them.
Fiedler Contingency theory states that to find best style of leadership LPC scale can be
use for identifying LPC score This score Can be of two types – High LPC score and Low LPC
score .High LPC score shows that leader having good interpersonal skills relies on relationship
with people for achieving the objective. On the other hand low LPC score means the leader is
task oriented where they focus on achieving goals through their positional power(Shin, and et.al.,
2015) .
LO3
P4 Key approaches of operation management
Operation management of the Sainsbury is responsible for the high productivity
of the organisation throughout the global organisation of the consumers goods and ensure the
higher performance of the company. There are various different works and operations which is
performed by the operation management of the Sainsbury.
Approaches of Operation management
There are four approaches of the operation management which help the Sainsbury
organisation to effectively manage its operations and achievement of the target (Moghaddam and
et.al., 2016).
Total quality management – All customers want quality products which is good in quality and
under their budget that they can willingly pay for it. Total quality management is the long term
9

approach of the successful running of the business through customer satisfaction by ensuring and
improving the quality of the process, products, services and the culture of the Sainsbury
organisation. key aspects of the quality that the customer wants are good designs and look, good
functionality that it does its job well, reliable, consistency (Bruccoleri and et.al., 2016).
With the help of this approach managers take care of the quality of the final products and
services which is now ready to deliver in the market to satisfy the customers, whereas leader role
in this approach is to ensure and take care of the quality of the employees and its process and
activity what they are doing to accomplish the task if there is any issue than its leaders
responsibility to make change and direct them.
Just in time – Just in time approach is used to manage all the things in the organisation on the
time by the operation management. Operation management use this to ensure the proper
production and delivery of the products in the fix scheduled time (Lehtinen and Lehtinen, 2015).
With the help of this approach manager ensure the end products ans services are done on
the time to supply in the market. And also ensure that the raw material for the production are also
available in the organisation for the further operation. Whereas the leaders role is to take care of
the internal process like ensure the employees of the work done on the time that to work
effectively and make sure that the all the work and process could be done within the time.
Lean management – Lean management is the approach that help the Sainsbury organisation to
support the continuous improvement, to achieve the small, incremental changes in the process in
order to improve the efficiency and quality.
In this approach manager role is to make all the process are align with the goal of the
Sainsbury organisation so that planning and strategies can develop accordingly. And the leaders
role in the lean management is to align the employees and team work and activity to
accomplishing the target so that they can work towards to complete the target of the company.
Six sigma management – Six sigma is the methodology to improve the quality of the operation
management by eliminating the errors and defects, reducing cost and saving time. And it use in
the Sainsbury organisation to ensure the high quality of the products by removing the errors in in
the process (Shorr and et.al., 2018).
In this approach manager play role to use this six sigma methodology and ensure overall
process and planning are correct if there is an error occurs than it eliminate it and make it smooth
to complete the target. Where leader use this approach to ensure the internal process of the
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organisation like mage their employees work and culture of the organisation and remove the
errors.
P5 Importance of operation management in achieving the business objectives.
Operation management play very important role in the Sainsbury organisation because it
helps to ensure the proper functioning and improvement of the process which is followed by the
employees to accomplishing the target. Importance of the operation management are:
Product Quality – key benefit of Operation management, is to ensure the quality of the products
and services and also improve the quality of the products and services. Operation management of
Sainsbury take care and evaluate the quality of the product and services and take them in to
account and check under the two aspects,reliability and durability of the products and services.
And improve the reliability and durability of the products (Billington, McClain and Thomas,
2017).
Customer Satisfaction – Another importance of operation management is that it helps to
provide the full customer satisfaction and helps to gain trust and create the market image of the
Sainsbury company. Operation management of Sainsbury improve the quality of the products
and provide the high quality products and services at reasonable rates to the customers.
Sainsbury as supermarket which provide number of products with high quality and at very
reasonable price to give the proper satisfaction to customers and increase the demand of the
products in the market.
Revenue increase – Operation management of the Sainsbury increase its importance by helping
generating more revenue for the organisation. As it improve the quality of the products and
giving the proper and full satisfaction the costumers, in this way they attract the more customers
and customers also come to shop more and increase their buying behaviour with the Sainsbury
and expand more. This buying behaviour increase the revenue of the Sainsbury company
(Sinclair and et.al., 2015).
Waste reduction – Waste management is one of the most important component of the operation
management. This potentially include the lean management approach. As the improved quality
of the products by eliminating waste in the operation this helps to save the money through
eliminating the unnecessary cost from the operation process and ultimately improve the overall
production and product quality of the Sainsbury products. Just in time approach also help to
11

make the things done within the time so this also help to eliminating the wastage of time and
provide the services and goods to the end customers (Sainsburys Operations Management,2015).
Product differentiations for varying consumer demands – As Sainsbury is the major retailer
that deal with variety of products and target different consumers and their demand. Effective
operation management plan help to ensure the every targeted consumer's demand and and helps
to provide different products in the market. And this the operation management team
responsibility from the production process up to when products reach to the end users
(Importance of Effective Operations Management,2018).
LO4
P6Factors affect operational management and decision making by leaders and managers
Following are the factors that affects business operation -
Finance – Operation decision of Sainsbury involves cost and investment decision.
Operational management involves cost related to production that includes cost of raw material,
cost of manufacturing, cost of packaging etc. that directly affect financing decision of overall
management that includes cash flow, liquidity and profitability of the Sainsbury. In addition to
this if Sainsbury do not generate adequate amount of funds then operational management will
unable to use new technologies , that may result in increasing wastage of resources. Inadequacy
of funds will also affect decision making of leader as they are unable to provide proper resources
to their members (Dóci, and Hofmans, 2015).
Marketing – if marketing mix of Sainsbury is effective then operation management will
work smoothly. For example if company is using TV advertisement then demand of the product
will increase as a result of which operation management have to increase the productivity . In
addition to this if Sainsbury has long supply chain for distributing the product then operation
management have to increase its operations. Apart from this a leader will create more
opportunities for its members if there will be an efficient marketing. For example a leader can
give a brief knowledge about new things that arises due to increase in demand because of
marketing.
Economic environment- There are various changes occur in economic environment like
change in interest rates that will result in increase in cost of capital. This will raise the cost of
finance of operation management of Sainsbury(Dóci, and Hofmans, 2015). In addition to this
12

inflation is another economic factor which leads to increase in price of goods, this will result in
increasing cost of operation of Sainsbury.
Technological environment- Increase in use of technology will make optimum utilization
of resources, as it will reduce the wastage of resources and operation management can increase
their productivity on the other hand it can also bring innovation in the product by carrying
research and development. Leaders of Sainsbury can take effective decisions if they will use
technical skills and new technology will help leader to improve those skills.
Legal and environmental changes – Legal environment includes compliance of rule and
regulation. More regulations and rules will result in new challenges for operations objective as it
will restrict them to grab new opportunities . On the other hand environmental changes includes
changes due to emission of carbon by the operation carried on by operation management, it also
includes change in weather and climate which can affect the supply of raw material needed for
carrying operations(van Assen,2018).
Work process – In operational planning there is a particular work process that have to be
followed by each member of the operation management. For example there is a particular way of
preparing soft drinks. A slight change in the work process will affect the working of operation
management. This will affect the decision making of leaders and managers as change in work
process needs technological skills that should be adapted by leaders.
Human resource- If Sainsbury will recruit talented people in the organisations then it will
help in creating good personnel staff for operation management. In addition to this training of
operating staff will help Sainsbury to increase their innovative and personal skills so that they
can perform their duties and responsibility effectively and efficiently(Internal and External
Influences on Operational Objectives,2019).
CONCLUSION
From the above study it can be concluded that the management and operation of the
Sainsbury company, both are different activity. Management is the act getting things done
through the available resources in the organisation whereas operation is the activity to get things
done and transform. It has been concluded that leaders and manger both have their separate
position in the organisation and have different role to play that help the organisation to get the
things done within the time period and effectively. And this roles and function of the leaders and
manager help them to handle different situation in the organisation whether it is the employee
13

turnover, profit or loss situation in the organisation. By applying the different theories and
models leaders and mangers ensure the proper work and culture in the organisation and get the
things done and achieve the target. With the help of the Different approaches of the operation
management managers and leader ensure the proper quality of the products, on time delivery of
the products and improve the process of the operation management, and these approaches and
work efficiency make the operation management very important in the organisation to achieve
the organisational objective. And also concluded that there many internal and external factors
that affects the operation management and its decision making process of the leaders and
mangers.
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