Managing a Successful Business Project Assignment | Qatar Airways

Managing a Successful
Business Project
1

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................3
Background of the study...................................................................................................................3
Aim and Objectives...........................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................7
CHAPTER 4 : DATA ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..........................................................................13
CHAPTER 6: REFLECTION......................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................17
APPENDIX............................................................................................................................................20
2

Title- “The risk and benefits of a joint business venture to enter international market- A case
study on Qatar Airways”
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
The company wants to make global presence in various international; markets which
in turn results in increase in expansion of the business (Yan and Luo, 2016). The company
wants to raise their market into various international border with the help of corporate
restructuring which in turn leads to higher growth and profitability.
Qatar Airways company was founded in the year 1993 which is headquartered in
Doha, Qatar. Qatar Airways fly to over 172 destinations and has around 45,633 people
working as an employee in the company.
The company wants to grow its business to effectively enter into international markets
with the help of joint ventures. Joint venture is an effective approach which helps two or
more business entities to come together in order to accomplish desired task.
Aim and Objectives
Aim
“ To examine the risk and benefits of a joint business venture to enter international
market -A case study on Qatar Airways”
BA extended a hand to Oneworld carrier Qatar Airways, to create a combined
network of 70 destinations. In a similar way to people double-barrelling their surnames, now
they are code share (BA/QR) on services around the world.
Objectives:
 To understand the concept of Joint venture.
 To identify the risk and challenges involved in joint business venture in the context of
Qatar Airways.
 To determine the benefits of using joint business venture to enter international market.
 To recommended other alternative market entry mode option to Qatar Airways.
 Cost: Production at low cost
 Quality: meet the quality standards defined by standards organizations.
3

Rationale
The research of this study has opted for this topic because globalization is a wide
concept, as every firm wants to make its presence in various international markets. This will
help researcher to enhance their knowledge and gain wider prospects on the particular subject
matter. This study will also be very beneficial for the scholar which in turn helps in filling the
gaps on the particular area of study. This study is conducted for academic interest which
helps the scholar to gain insights on the joint venture in order to identify the risk and benefits
associated with it. Furthermore, this study will be beneficial for scholar to gain insight about
the various new market entry methods. This study is going to be beneficial for various new
market entry methods. This study will be beneficial for other researcher to further carry out
the research on the particular subject matter.
Significance and scope of the study
The scope of this study is very wide which helps in gaining knowledge about the
globalization and how it leads to expansion and growth of the business. This study will help
company to identify the various factors which in turn helps in assessing various challenges. It
helps in identifying how joint venture helps in examining the various method to enter into
new market and identifying the most effective method which helps in faster and less costly
entry to the international markets.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
(Harrigan, 2017) established the fact that, joint venture is an effective approach where
two or more business entities agree to pool their resources together in order to accomplish
desired goals and objectives. Joint venture can also be referred to as co- ventures where to
parties come together to accomplish the desired project. In joint venture, the partnership
comes to an end after the completion of the particular task or project. Joint venture is an
effective approach which helps two or more business entities to come together in order to
accomplish desired task. Every business party of the company is liable to profits and losses
associated with the specific share or on the basis of pre- agreed terms and conditions.
(Killing, 2017) argued that, Joint venture is useful as it helps in combining various resources
and expertise to attain better results and outcomes. Joint venture helps in combining various
large and small business entities in order to perform task in an efficient and significant
manner. By using joint venture method forms will be able to get access top various advanced
4

technology, techniques, marketing, etc. in order to improve the overall quality and cost of the
Qatar Airways. Joint venture helps in getting access to the new geographical markets in a
legal and cost effective manner. Joint venture is very useful as it helps in sharing the
ownership, profit, expenses, governance, etc. This helps in gaining positive synergy which
helps in expansion of the company to various international borders.
(Hwang and et.al., 2016) sought to analyse that, the major risk and challenge involved
in joint business venture in the context of Qatar Airways is that partners have different set of
goals and objectives, cultural and management styles which in turn results in poor
cooperation and integration. Joint venture take time and efforts to build strong and right
relationship. (Carr, Hawkins, and Westberg, 2017) argued that, the major disadvantage is that
the joint venture is formed for a stipulated limited time period. Cultural difference, conflict of
interest, belief and knowledge is a major challenge for the Qatar Airways while establishing
business in an international market with the help of joint venture. Joint venture leads to
increased risk and liability for all parties.
(Hébert and Beamish, 2017) strived to establish that, Joint venture helps in entering
into new foreign market in order to expand the market share to various different markets. It is
also very useful in reducing the major challenge of heavy business investment in order to
establish business to internation markets. This method is also very useful in gaining
economies of scale by reducing cost and increasing profit. It is very beneficial in attaining
synergy in order to get higher results. Joint venture is useful in optimum utilization of
resources by synchronizing the resources of different entities which in turn leads to higher
operational growth. (Krishnan, and Das, 2015) argued that, joint venture helps in accessing to
new markets which leads to increased market share and capacity. It is very beneficial as it
helps in earning profits at a lower cost because it leads to shared expenses, risk, cost and
benefits. Joint venture is very easy to set up and is very flexible which eventually helps in
gaining access to various international markets. (Park, Vertinsky and Becerra, 2015)
established the fact that, joint venture helps in additional tax benefits for Limited liability
partnership (LLP's) and Limited liability company (LLC's). Joint venture is beneficial as it
also helps in establishing professional and talented employees without investing any huge
expenses. It also has greater ability to capability to get access to technology and it is also
useful in leveraging to patents. It is also very useful in establishing effective distribution
channels to reach higher customer base and market share. It also helps in effective research
5

and development with the help of expertise professional and employees which in turn results
in higher operational growth and efficiency.
(Cuypers, and et.al., 2017) sought to analyse that, joint venture helps in producing
goods at a lower price because resource, capital and personnel of the two companies
synchronize in order to attain better results and outcomes. It also leads to lower production
cost and attainment of economies of scale by effectively utilizing the resources. Joint venture
of BA and One- world carrier Qatar Airways in turn leads to higher market share and
customer base by reaching more destination in various international markets. It helps in
lowering the cost because liability, risk, benefits gets distributed between various business
entities.
(Tsang, 2016) said that, the joint venture of BA and One- world carrier Qatar Airways
helps in delivering the best quality services to the customers by setting set standards for the
organization. They will focus on meeting quality standards by optimally utilizing the
resources and using effective advance technology in order to reach grater heights. Joint
venture helps in integrating specialized technology, finances, resources which helps in
delivering the best quality goods and services.
(Dhir,2017) said that, joint venture helps in getting mutual competitive advantage
which leads to higher operational growth and efficiency. It is a very flexible approach and is
very easy to form by making relationship with business entities who are desired to perform
task with synergy and synchronized manner. (Lu Jin, Zhou, and Wang, 2016) strived to
establish that, there is no separate legal entity and governing body which in turn leads to
smooth function of the business and attainment of higher operational growth and efficiency.
It is also very useful in upgrading and innovating the products and services in a cost efficient
manner in order to serve large customers and gain higher profits. It is also very useful in
creating a distinctive brand image and goodwill for the company.
6

CHAPTER 3 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology plays a role of crucial element for investigation of any project.
There is a huge relevance of research methodology that it is not at possible to execute any study
without it. It is a plan which follows a logical and systematic procedure to collect information for
decision making of businesses.
Research Methods – The research methods are tool in which research is undertaken in
logical manner. This method is an important part of research as it provide aid in collecting data
and analysing it. The two method of research generally adopted by researcher are qualitative and
quantitative research (Irwin and et.al., 2019). Quantitative method emphasises on building of
cause and effect relationship in between measuring of different statistical tools whereas
qualitative research method does not prefer to use numerical data unlike quantitative method.
The chances of number of questions are very high in qualitative research. The researcher has
adopted qualitative research method for executing this study as this enable them to include in
depth information of behaviour of individuals.
Research Design – It is useful for making research presentable. The research design is a
method which is useful in collection and analysis of problems which is specified in this issue of
research. The two types under which design of research is divided into is descriptive and
experience research design. The descriptive design includes defining of study associated with
research without affecting it while experimental research design is a tool under which cause and
effect relationship is determined by adopting different statistical techniques. This design includes
numerical facts and figures. The present study has applied descriptive research design as this is a
best method to be carried out to undertake qualitative research study. This research design is
evaluated for identification of benefits as well as risk in a joint venture of business.
Research Approach – After selection of research method the scholar firstly look forward
for adopting approach of research. The research approach is a procedure to analyse, interpret as
well as collect the data a pre set manner. The two ways under which research approach is
associated with is inductive and deductive approach. The inductive research begins with
development of hypothesis and findings which are planned for the ending point for further
observations. Another, approach is deductive approach in which the existing theories is base of
development of hypothesis. In this study of deriving outcome of joint venture, the scholar has
7

used deductive research approach. This approach is best for determining qualitative results of
any study.
Sampling – This element of research methodology is crucial one because it is source
from which data is collected by selecting number of capable respondents from the while
population. The sample size is most important variable which is responsible for determining
outcomes of research. The two types under which sampling can be done is probabilistic and non
probabilistic. The probabilistic sampling offers equal chance to get selection of respondents from
the whole population while non probabilistic is different from this method because it does not
offer equal chance. Instead of this, non probabilistic sampling is a technique which selects
respondents from random basis. The present study has selected 20 senior managers of Qatar
Airways from random probabilistic sampling method. The reason for choosing senior managers
because their role is to undertake all the decision regarding joint venture.
Data Collection – The data collection is executed after selection of sample size and
respondents. Data collection is associated with collecting all information regarding present study
from relevant source. Primary is one method of data collection is related with ascertaining
questionnaire, survey, observations, etc. while secondary data collection is associated with
collect information from journals, books, internet articles, publications, etc. The present study is
collected all relevant data from primary source by questionnaire collected from all the
respondents. The scholar has distributed questionnaire among all the senior managers of Qatar
Airways which have been selected as respondents in order to fill questionnaire according to their
perceptions and experience.
Data Analysis – It is a technique under which cleaning and transforming of data
evaluation is undertaken. The collected data is raw and not useful for research which further need
analysis to make relevant data. Qualitative data analysis is one of the technique which evaluated
strategies and plan which uses qualitative information to be gathered for transform into some
relevant information while quantitative data analysis is analysed through different statistical tools
such as excel spread sheet, SPPS under which quantitative data is analysed effectively (Friese,
2019). The present study is associated with qualitative research for this data is analysed by
qualitative data analysis in which thematic analysis by using graph, charts and table.
8

Ethical Consideration – The ethical consideration is a key element which need to be
followed by every research under which ethical standards and norms makes difference in wrong
and right doing. The researcher follows all the laws and ethics for executing this research as the
scholar knows about the investigation which considers only viable and reliable data. The scholar
under this research follows ethics and norms which only considers all participants as an adult.
Also, all the respondent are avoided enabling their forceful participation their will is indulged
under this research study. Along with this all the information were collected from valid and
reliable source of information. This study ignores all the sensitive topics such as caste, creed,
colour, religion, etc. so that the feelings of respondents remain stable.
CHAPTER 4 : DATA ANALYSIS
Theme : Do you think, Qatar Airways can establish their international presence ?
Particulars Senior managers Percentage
Yes 14 70.00%
No 6 30.00%
Total 20 100.00%
Interpretation – From the preceding survey conducted from 20 senior managers of Qatar
Airways and the outcomes is that 70% senior managers shared their views in support for
international expansion of Qatar Airways as this will help the company to higher profitability
9
Yes
No

and growth while other 30 % managers did not support to establish international presence of
Qatar Airways.
Theme : What do you think the major risk associated with joint venture for international
expansion of Qatar Airways ?
Particulars Senior managers Percentage
Time consuming 8 40.00%
Cultural differentiation 7 35.00%
Increases liability of all
parties.
5 25.00%
Total 20 100.00%
Interpretation - From the preceding survey conducted from 20 senior managers of Qatar
Airways and the outcomes is that according to observation of 40 % senior managers the major
risk associated with joint venture for the international expansion is that it takes more time to
expand and establish. They support with (Hwang and et.al., 2016) the above literature review
that Joint venture take time and efforts to build strong and right relationship. On the other hand,
other 35 % senior managers of Qatar Airways is arguments on cultural differentiation is the
major risk which is related to joint venture in international expansion. In accordance with (Carr,
10
Cultural differentiation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Percentage

Hawkins, and Westberg, 2017) literature review above depicted that cultural difference, conflict
of interest, belief and knowledge is a major challenge for the Qatar Airways while establishing
business in an international market with the help of joint venture. The liability of all parties also
increases by executing joint venture is also considered as major risk in accordance with 25 % of
senior managers.
Theme : In accordance with your understanding, what are the benefits of adopting joint
venture for getting entry into international market ?
Particulars Senior managers Percentage
Efficient utilization of
resources
6 30.00%
Cost effective production
and services
4 20.00%
Competitive advantage 8 40.00%
Higher operational
growth
2 10.00%
Total 20 100.00%
11
Efficient utilization of
resources
Cost effective production and
services
Competitive advantage
Higher operational growth

Interpretation - From the preceding survey conducted from 20 senior managers of Qatar
Airways and the outcomes is that 30 % managers supported that benefits of joint venture is
associated with efficient utilization of resources. They supported their statement with (Hébert
and Beamish, 2017) above literature review that joint venture is useful in optimum utilization of
resources by synchronizing the resources of different entities. Other 20 % senior managers
supported according to their experience that joint venture enables a cost effective services and
production. 40 % managers is observing that company is attaining competitive advantage which
helps them in attaining growth and expansion in international context while 10 % senior
managers observed that there is a benefit of higher operational growth by adopting joint venture
as a mode of entry.
Theme : According with your views, the efficient resource utilization will help Qatar
Airways in attaining growth ?
Particulars Senior managers Percentage
Yes 10 50.00%
No 8 40.00%
May be 2 10.00%
Total 20 100.00%
12

Interpretation - From the preceding survey conducted from 20 senior managers of Qatar
Airways and the outcomes is that 50 % managers shared their views about efficient utilisation of
resources in which they are observing that company is attaining growth while 40 % denying that
Qatar Airways will not attain growth. On the other hand, 10 % senior managers are not sure
about the impact of resource utilisation in context of growth of Qatar Airways.
Theme : What are the other alternative market entry mode which lead a better option for
Qatar Airways other than Joint Venture ?
Interpretation - From the preceding survey conducted from 20 senior managers of Qatar
Airways and the outcomes is that 50 % supported that company must opt for merger with other
airways company in another country. This will help them in attaining more sustainable success
than Joint venture as joint venture is stipulated to only for a limited time while other 30 % are
suggesting that company must execute franchising to eliminate the risk associated with
international expansion. 20 % suggests acquisition is the best method which will help Qatar
Airways in attaining growth and success.
Theme : Is joint venture can be helpful for company Qatar Airways in attaining
competitive advantage ?
Particulars Senior managers Percentage
Highly agree 5 25.00%
13
Yes No May be
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Percentage

Agree 9 45.00%
Neutral 2 10.00%
Disagree 3 15.00%
Highly disagree 1 5.00%
Total 20 100.00%
Interpretation - From the preceding survey conducted from 20 senior managers of Qatar
Airways and the outcomes is that 25 % senior managers are highly agreed with this statement
that Qatar Airways is able to attain competitive advantage by Joint venture. As per the above
literature review (Dhir,2017) which suggests that joint venture helps in getting mutual
competitive advantage which leads to higher operational growth and efficiency while 45 %
managers are supporting to this statement. Other 10% are depicting their neutral interest because
they have not observing impact of joint venture. On the other hand, 15% are disagreed with this
statement because according to their experience company by entering into international market
14
Highly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Highly disagree

enters into pool of global competitors. In addition to this, 5 % is highly disagrees for entry mode
of joint venture.
Theme : Rate out of 10, the method of joint venture for as a tool of entry mode in
international market ?
Interpretation - From the preceding survey conducted from 20 senior managers of Qatar
Airways and the outcomes is that 75 % senior managers supported this method as an entry mode
because Joint venture takes time but it is an efficient method to enter into international market.
Thus, they rate 9 out of 10 While other 10 % is not showing support to joint venture. According
to them company Qatar Airways can opt other entry modes for which they have rate this tool of
entry mode 3 out of 10. On the other hand 15 % shared their neutral views on method of joint
venture which reflects that they only rate 5 out 10 according to their understanding.
Theme : According to your view point, joint venture of businesses helps company to enter
in to international market ?
Particulars Senior managers Percentage
Highly agree 5 25.00%
Agree 7 35.00%
Neutral 5 25.00%
Disagree 2 10.00%
Highly disagree 1 5.00%
Total 20 100.00%
15

Interpretation - From the preceding survey conducted from 20 senior managers of Qatar
Airways and the outcomes is that 25 % senior managers shared their views that they are highly
agreed in context of joint venture which helps company Qatar Airways in entering into
international market while other 35 % managers agreed about this statement as this assist
company for entering into international market. On the other hand, 25 % senior managers
depicted that they are agreed with international expansion of Qatar Airways. Although they are
not concerned for which mode they are applied. Also, 10 % senior managers denied that joint
venture does not helpful for company to enter in international market. As per their views, joint
venture is a risk oriented mode under which company need to bear huge risk as well as
expenditure which does not help the company to attain growth. 5 % senior managers is highly
disagreed with statement as in their accordance the businesses does not operate in international
market through joint venture as it takes time to establish.
16
Highly
agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Highly
disagree
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Percentage

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the above study it has been concluded that, Joint venture can also known as co-
ventures where to parties come together to accomplish the desired project. Here the partnership
comes to an end after the completion of the desired project (Park, Vertinsky and Becerra, 2015).
This method is very crucial as it helps in sharing the expenses, ownership, profit, cost,
governance, etc. It has been concluded that, there are large number of risks and challenges
associated with the joint venture. It has been evaluated that, joint venture takes time and leads to
various conflict of interest, cultural difference, conflict of interest, belief and knowledge which
in turn affect the operational performance of the company and impose difficulty in establishing
business in international market. It has been highlighted that, there are various benefits of using
joint business venture to enter international market (Kraus, and et.al., 2015). It has been
concluded that, joint venture helps in reducing cost and optimizing the resources which in turn
leads to higher operational performance and productivity. It also leads to better additional tax
benefits. This study also states that, joint venture helps in lowering the cost because risk,
liability, benefits gets distributed between parties (Joint Ventures: Risks And Rewards, 2017). It
has been concluded that, joint venture helps in optimum utilization of resources by effectively
using the advanced technology. It also helps in delivering the best quality services by attaining
synergy and economies of scale.
It has been summarized that, research methodology helps in determining the various
problems while carrying out the study. Qualitative research method has been used which takes
into consideration logical behaviour, belief and knowledge. Descriptive research design is
considered in order to gain in- depth knowledge in the particular area of study. It has been
concluded, that data has been collected from primary source by distributing sample to senior
managers of Qatar Airways. Furthermore, data analysis has been done using qualitative research
which was carried out on the basis on thematic analysis.
It has been concluded that, establishing business outside international boundaries helps in
expanding the business which leads to higher market share, customer base and profitability. It
has been evaluated that, joint venture is a time consuming process and it also faces challenges
due to cultural differences and conflict of interest (Larimo, Le Nguyen, and Ali, 2016). It has
been summarized that, joint venture is an effective and beneficial method as it leads to optimum
17

utilization of resources, gaining competitive advantage and attaining economies of scale. This
study has also evaluated the various market entry mode which mainly includes franchising, joint
venture, merger, acquisition, takeover, etc. Furthermore, it has been concluded that joint venture
is very useful in attaining the competitive advantage in international markets by adapting to
better technology and integrating talented expertise.
It has been recommended that, international expansion is very crucial for every
organization as it helps in determining the various effective method which in turn leads to higher
operational growth and expansion.
 Merger is an effective entry mode where two or more entities merge together into one. It
helps in formation of one large company which in turn helps in attaining higher
competitive advantage (Tulung, 2017). This leads to combining two separate entities into
one. It leads to better economies of scale and optimum utilization of resources which in
turn leads to higher profitability.
 Merger leads to synergy and leads to future growth and expansion of business in an
international market by lowering cost (Wong, Wong, Y.W. and Wong, 2015). Merger can
be further classified into vertical, horizontal and conglomerate merger.
 Vertical merger is the combination of two businesses that are working in the same
industry along the supply chain but deals in different products (Gollnhofer, and Turkina,
2015).
 Horizontal merger is a merger of two companies working in the same industry and leads
to higher economies of scale and expansion of company into diversified products and
services (Hollender, Zapkau, and Schwens,, 2017).
 Conglomerate merger is the merger of two companies who have completely unrelated
business and this helps company to diversify their product portfolio.
 Franchising is an effective business mode where the owner of the product i.e., franchisor
gives authority to sell its products franchisee in a legal manner (Bruneel and De Cock,
2016). The franchisor of the company focuses charge royalty fees from the franchisee.
18

 Franchising It is referred to as the right to sell the products, logo, name to the franchisee
in order to carry out the business in national and international market (Hernández and
Nieto, M.J., 2015). It leads to higher market share and profitability.
 Acquisition is an entry mode where one company buys all or some part of the share of the
other company in order to gain control over the operations of the business. It helps in
controlling all the activities and take necessary decision in order to reach greater heights.
CHAPTER 6: REFLECTION
I was really excited to carry out the research which in turn helps in determining the risk
and benefits of a joint business venture to enter international market. I have made an effective
plan to carry out the study in a systematic and timely manner. I have scheduled a plan and has
alloyed time to compete task within a stipulated time period. I have evaluated the scope of the
project and made specific guidelines. I have also prepared Gantt chart and timeline to
systemically carry out the study. I was able to gain in depth understanding on the concept of joint
ventures which in turn helps me in broadening the knowledge on the current subject matter. It
was very interesting to carry out literature review which helped me in considering the viewpoints
of various authors. I have used valid sources which helped me to collect data from a reliable and
viable manner. I have evaluated the fact that, joint venture is an effective approach where two or
more business entities agree to pool their resources together in order to accomplish desired goals
and objectives. This helps in gaining positive synergy which helps in expansion of the company
to various international borders. It was very interesting to carry out the research methodology
which in turn helped me in finding various effective ways to carry out research in a systematic
and efficient manner. I was really excited to carry out the study and take viewpoints of various
senior managers which in turn helped me in gaining higher in- depth knowledge on the particular
area of study. I have It was interesting to analyse the area of study using descriptive approach
which I carried out in- depth study to attain better results and outcomes.
I have prepared a questionnaire which in turn is distributed among sample i.e., 20 senior
managers of Qatar Airways. It was really very interesting to carry out data analysis which in turn
helped me in gaining viewpoints of various authors. I have interpreted the data and carried out
results which helped me in gaining viewpoints of authors. I was able to effectively analyse the
risks and challenges which helped me in taking strategic decision. It was interesting to carry out
19

the research because it is very useful for me in filling the gaps and gain wider aspects related to
the topic. I was able to understand the concept of joint venture and what are the risks and
benefits associated with it. I have optimally utilized the resources of the company and has not
harmed any natural resource of the company. I have protected the interest of all individuals
which helped me in carrying out the study within the stipulated time period. I have carried out
the study in an ethical manner and none of the participants were injured while carrying out the
study. The study was conducted in an ethical and legal manner. The study was conducted by
taking into consideration patent and infringement laws.
20

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Bruneel, J. and De Cock, R., 2016. Entry mode research and SMEs: A review and future research
agenda. Journal of Small Business Management, 54, pp.135-167.
Carr, J.B., Hawkins, C.V. and Westberg, D.E., 2017. An exploration of collaboration risk in joint
ventures: perceptions of risk by local economic development officials. Economic
Development Quarterly, 31(3), pp.210-227.
Cuypers, I.R and et.al., 2017. Board representation in international joint ventures. Strategic
Management Journal, 38(4), pp.920-938.
Dhir, S., 2017. Flexibility in modification and termination of cross-border joint ventures. Global
Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 18(2), pp.139-151.
Friese, S., 2019. Qualitative data analysis with ATLAS. ti. SAGE Publications Limited.
Gollnhofer, J.F. and Turkina, E., 2015. Cultural distance and entry modes: implications for
global expansion strategy. Cross cultural management, 22(1), pp.21-41.
Harrigan, K.R., 2017. Joint ventures and global strategies. In International Business (pp. 329-
338). Routledge.
Hébert, L. and Beamish, P., 2017. Cooperative strategies between firms: international joint
ventures. The Blackwell Handbook of Cross‐Cultural Management, pp.78-98.
Hernández, V. and Nieto, M.J., 2015. The effect of the magnitude and direction of institutional
distance on the choice of international entry modes. Journal of World Business, 50(1),
pp.122-132.
Hollender, L., Zapkau, F.B. and Schwens, C., 2017. SME foreign market entry mode choice and
foreign venture performance: The moderating effect of international experience and
product adaptation. International Business Review, 26(2), pp.250-263.
21

Hwang, B.G and et.al., 2016. Risk identification and allocation in underground rail construction
joint ventures: contractors’ perspective. Journal of Civil Engineering and
Management, 22(6), pp.758-767.
Irwin, D. L and et.al., 2019. Clinical research methods in speech-language pathology and
audiology. Plural Publishing.
Killing, J.P., 2017. How to make a global joint venture work. In International Business (pp. 321-
328). Routledge.
Kraus, S and et.al., 2015. Distance and perceptions of risk in internationalization
decisions. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), pp.1501-1505.
Krishnan, V. and Das, T., 2015. Optimal allocation of energy storage in a co-optimized
electricity market: Benefits assessment and deriving indicators for economic storage
ventures. Energy, 81, pp.175-188.
Larimo, J., Le Nguyen, H. and Ali, T., 2016. Performance measurement choices in international
joint ventures: What factors drive them?. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), pp.877-887.
Lu Jin, J., Zhou, K.Z. and Wang, Y., 2016. Exploitation and exploration in international joint
ventures: moderating effects of partner control imbalance and product similarity. Journal
of International Marketing, 24(4), pp.20-38.
Park, C., Vertinsky, I. and Becerra, M., 2015. Transfers of tacit vs. explicit knowledge and
performance in international joint ventures: The role of age. International Business
Review, 24(1), pp.89-101.
Tsang, E.W., 2016. How existing organizational practices affect the transfer of practices to
international joint ventures. Management International Review, 56(4), pp.565-595.
Tulung, J.E., 2017. Resource Availability and Firm’s International Strategy as Key Determinants
Of Entry Mode Choice. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 15(1), pp.160-168.
22

Wong, Y.T., Wong, Y.W. and Wong, C.S., 2015. An integrative model of turnover intention:
Antecedents and their effects on employee performance in Chinese joint ventures. Journal
of Chinese Human Resource Management, 6(1), pp.71-90.
Yan, A. and Luo, Y., 2016. International Joint Ventures: Theory and Practice: Theory and
Practice. Routledge.
Online
Joint Ventures: Risks And Rewards. 2017. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://www.huffpost.com/entry/joint-ventures-risks-and_b_10803424>
23