Leadership and Management Theories and Practices in Mark and Spencer

This report analyzes the leadership and management practices in Mark and Spencer, a British multinational company. It discusses key leaders, events that impacted management practices, and future drivers. The report also explores different leadership and management theories, including behavioral theory, trait theory, scientific management theory, and human relation theory.

Discussion of
leadership and
management practices

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................3
Overview of Methodology ...........................................................................................................4
Key leaders whose practices underpin leadership and management practices in organizations..4
Events that have significantly impacted the management and leadership practices in
organization...................................................................................................................................5
Management and leadership practices in organization .................................................................5
Driver that underpin practices in present ......................................................................................6
Leadership and management theories...........................................................................................7
Driver that underpin practices in future ........................................................................................8
...........................................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management theories create an important framework in order to
understand the management and organisational management functions (Yuan, Chia and Gosling,
2022). New individual in management are ambitious of moving into the managerial roles, or is an
entrepreneur will at minimum, need to get know, whether informally or formally, the management
framework. For examining and evaluating the management, they bestowed that early thoughts in
management came about when company were thoughts of as a machine in need of an efficient
system for functioning effectively (Abdul Mutalib, Rafiki and Wan Razali, 2022). Detailed
knowledge of the organisations and their operational process, facilitate an effective platform to
with with them. Thus, theory delivers the all encompassing foundation for the an action.
Nevertheless, for theory to be adequate and relevant to different organisational approaches it is
essential to be good theory (Altae, 2022). Main aim of this report is to analyses the practices of
leader and manger of a company and different theories of management and leadership in
respective of chosen organizations.
The firm considered in this report is Mark and Spencer. It is British multinational company that
deals in retail sectors. Headquarters of respective company is situated in England. This company is
specialized in selling home product, food product and clothing. Mark and Spencer is a public
limited company. It was founded in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer. This firm is
operating around 1463 locations and it serve its services across the world wide. Key people of
respective firm are Steve Rowe (chief executive) and Archie Norman ( Chairman). In 2021,
revenue of this company was around £ 9,155.7 million and operating income around £ 930.0)
million. In this company more than 78000 employees are working. Mark and Spencer's key leader
is Tufail Ahmed. Its practices have a significant impact on the respective company s it
management practices make enable the company to accomplish its goals efficiently.
 Mission- Its mission statement reveals that company strives for making the high quality
product. Its aim is to inspire customer, provide them best quality product when ensuring a
complete value for the money.
 Vision- Its vision is to render a standard against that their main competitor can be
measured, from the customer experience for caring for the community and environment
and to employed surrounding for the employees.

 Values- Core values of Mark and Spencer ensure a seamless flow of transparency and trust
within the system which form and underpinning of respective company
 Organizational structure- Mark and Spencer is following a flat administration structure
in which it has limited levels of its management between the administrative level and front
line employees. Respective company is following this structure so that employees can be
encouraged in decision making process.
Overview of Methodology
This report will evaluate application of the leadership theories to a leader within
organization and management theories to the contemporary organization. In order to satisfy this
objective, report will discuss evaluation, shaping and different management theories, providing a
critical assessment of their relevance to the management and also focus on the leadership theories
applied to leader.
Secondary data
In this, report secondhand data will be taken in order to gather information and required
details. These information will be collected through internet sources, book, magazines and other
relevant sources.
Literature review
According to George R. Terry, leadership is considered as relationship in which an individual
influence the other people to work jointly willingly on any affiliated task in order to accomplish
what the leader's desire (Amatullah and Litz, 2022).
According to the Koontz and o'Donnell, leadership is a process of influencing a person so that hey
will strive willing towards the accomplishment of the group goals.
Key leaders whose practices underpin leadership and management practices in organizations
Leader is a most important key individual in any organisation. Its main function is to set
objective for its team members and encourage them to work with confidence and enthusiasm
( Branzei, 2022). In Marks and Spencer it is key leader/ manage is Tufail Ahmed. It perform
various managerial practices to accomplish the organizational goals. The respective leader/manger
of Marks and Spencer underpin effective practices by performing effectively. It always lookout for
new and fresh talent so that company can get new innovative ideas that make enable the
organization to accomplish their goals effectively (WESTCOTT and ROSSER, 2022). Tufail

Ahmed give annual feedback to its team members and if something positive is achieved, praised in
moment will elicit a desire to continue performing well. Similarity, if someone catching bad work,
them it become easy for him to correct and coach that how to avoid it in future (Unal and
Teskereci, 2022).
Events that have significantly impacted the management and leadership practices in organization
 Technology- It can dramatically change the business environment in some time (Brooks,
2022). Leader need to adjust their own management style in order to help the business
adopt to technology (Tashanov, 2022). The research and development support a leader in
creating new innovative techniques that make business operation more easier ( Busulwa,
Pickering and Mao, 2022).
 Sociological factors- This event impact the leadership practices as in this, leader must
understand demographic culture and makeup of organizational clients and trends within
marketplace in order to design a product and services for the particular population
(Campbell and et. al., 2022).
 Organizational resources- The leader are dependent on the organizational resources such
as technology, finance, staff and other physical resources to accomplish their objectives
(Costa and et. al.,2022). Success of the management depend on how well the resources are
acquired and utilized. This availability of these resource impact the leader's practices in
attaining their goals (Cunningham and et. al., 2022).
Management and leadership practices in organization
Leadership practices
 Mentor relationship- When organizational culture include room for the employee to
grow, leader will go beyond and above to provide, support, training and opportunities for
their employees that display a strong potential (Damon, and et. al., 2022). Marks and
Spencer adopt its leadership style in order to foremost accommodate their best workers is
an effective and superior instance of a best leadership practices.
 Encourage workers to advance- Leader is feeling proud for its team members when they
advance sufficient to take on the new challenges and new job (De Klerk, and Smith,
2022). In relation to Marks and Spencer, when a hing turnover in its leader's team is

ordinarily not something leader strive for, individual's succession and betterment of firm's
talent pool is regarded as success.
 Make the goals public- An effective leaders should have series of the clearly articulated
objectives which are viewed as priority (Egan and et. al., 2022). Critical leadership
practices of Marks and Spence's leader is to make the objectives known amongst its entire
team, then share and establish a clarity of the direction as to how everyone direct report
can help in the execution of their goals.
Management practices
 Listen to and connect with the employees- Manager encourage the employees to speak
up and put their views in front of them when they have any concern, question and insight
(Gonzales, 2022). In relation to Marks and Spencer, if its manger will consider either
negative or positive feedback fro their workers, they will improve their own decision
making abilities.
 Pursue and share knowledge- Workers should trust that their manager has best
knowledge and information to lead them successfully (Hinck, 2022). In Marks and
Spencer, its manager can instill a confidence and spread the knowledge to its team or
workforce by maintain their knowledge in respect to the business and industry.
 Determine best method of the motivation- It is important take for the managers to
motivate its employees to accomplish their goals (Hong, 2022). Employees frequently
have some unique motivational drivers, so for Marks and Spencer, it is essential to
individualize their motivation approaches (Suriyankietkaew, 2022).
Driver that the leadership practices in present
 Transformation leadership – This theory underpin the leader's practices as it help hem to
motivate their team members in achieving a high performance by creating exciting and
attractive vision, setting challenges yet accomplish able objectives, being optimists and
confident and emphasizing team sprite ans other common values (Howell and et. al.,2022).
 Transactional leadership- It is another driver that underpin practice of manager/leader in
future. It is an excellent driver for leader to implement (Hulu, 2022). It help them to

accomplish short term goals, daily target and handle the crises thorough various contingent
rewards (Huntsman and et. al.,2022).
Leadership and management theories
 Behavioral theory- This theory of leadership mainly argue that the leader's success is
based on their own behavior rather that their natural attributes (Jevnaker and Olaisen,
2022). It include observing and evaluating the behavior and action of a leaders when there
are responding to any specific situation (Lamsam and Charoensukmongkol, 2022). In
relation to Mark and Spencer, if there is problem with any team, then a task oriented leader
in respective company will look at the process to see if anything need to be focused within
workflow at workplace. In this emphasis shifts from qualities or traits of a leader to their
action and behavior (Liu and Hallinger, 2022). In sharp contrast to the Great Man Theory
and traits approaches to the leadership, behavioral theory is considered an effective
leadership to be result of various learned skills. It is best leadership theory.
 Trait theory- This theory is founded on characteristic of various leader- both unsuccessful
and successful ones (López‐Medina and et. al.,2022). This theory is utilized to anticipate
and effective leadership. Normally the identified characteristics are compared to potential
leader in order to determine their likelihood of the leading in effective manner. Scholars
are researching this theory for identifying the leadership characteristic form the different
perspective (Meng and Neill, 2022). In this they are concerned with physiological
attributed including height, weight, appearance, demographic including education, family
background, age and many more (Mthimkhul and Nel, 2022).
 Scientific management theory- This theory was matured by Frederick Taylor. According
to the Taylor's principles, scientific method should be undertake to perform the task at
workplace, as opposed to leader relying on their personal discretion of the team members
(Stone-Johnson and Weiner, 2022). Taylor's philosophy mainly emphasized that forcing
individual to work hard would result in to most productive workplace. When his focus on
accomplishing maximum workplace in efficiency through finding an optimal way in order
complete project was useful then it ignored humanity of individual (Nelson, 2022). It
demonstrate to the leader the significance of the workplace skillfulness, value of ensuring
that team members received an ample training and need to the teamwork and group action
between employees and supervisor (Nordin and et. al., 2022).

 Human relation theory- Elton Mayo had matured this theory. He conducted the
experiments designed in order to improve productivity which laid down foundation for
human relations movement. He mainly concerned with the changing working condition
like break time, lighting and length of workday (Oppi, Eisenschmidt, and Jõgi, 2022).
Every changes tested by him were met with the performance improvement. Finally, Elton
Mayo has analyzed that transformation were not due to changes but it is result of
researchers paying attention to employees and making them to feel being valued (Parast
and Safari, 2022). All these experiment of him gave a rise to theory that workers are more
encouraged by personal inattention and being a part of any group than they are by working
condition or money (Peng, Yang and Huan, 2022).
Driver that influence leadership practices in future
 Artificial intelligence- It is biggest trend effecting leadership as technology is evolving at
breathtaking pace. The artificial intelligent has power to completely transform a business
operation (Rayner and Webb, eds., 2022). So its up to the leader to assuage the fear that
will come along with this future trend. Leader need to remain positive and calm fear about
the new technology. They need to way to implement this trend efficiently ( Rosser, and
Wood, C., 2022).
 New talent landscape- Future will brought a tremendous changes to all overall talent
landscape (Ruppel, and Bone, 2022). In this older employee will retire and younger
talent enter. For this, future leader's should strive for developing diverse teams and also
create an inclusive environment (Sahibzada and et. al.,2022). Leader will need to invest
more in upskilling worker and also find the ways to involve the older workers and
motivating employees of all ages in order to control their own career development
(Schmeltzer, B., Dumont and Iroh, N., 2022).
 Globalization- As the technology grow, world is becoming more connected and also
seems smaller (Shan and et. al.,2022). Every nation used for having it sown economy, but
now people can work with and communicate instantly with other people across the world
(Showunmi, Vand et. al., 2022). Future leader will be required to embrace the

globalization bey becoming a global citizen who appreciate the different culture and
knowing that how to communicate across culture (Sinnema, and et. al., 2022).

CONCLUSION
From the above report it is concluded that Study of the management theories is supported
on various fronts as it streamlines a development of several theoretical approaches. It is also
helpful in establishing better understanding of the administrative standard which is essential to
management's principles. A leader or manager practices various function. They listen the
employees and create strong bond between organisation and employees. They give annual
feedbacks to employees ad praise them if they have accomplished something positive. practices
of leader or manager get impacted by various external or internal drivers, including technology,
society, culture, policies. Employees expectation and many more. Leadership and management
theories from different approaches depict that environment and individual personality of leaders
and organisation play vital role in business success. Some theories of of management and
leadership are great for few organisation whereas for some other organisation it will resulting into
an ultimate failure. In contemporary organisations like Mark and Spencer, fraction of the classical
management approaches are apparent, nevertheless based on the factor of society's culture,
environment and technology, the organisation have used blend of both the contemporary and
classical approaches to the management. In order to complete the management approaches,
leadership style as well need to be considered as they can not be viewed solely in an isolation.
There are two class of the leaders that came to forefront were that of transformational and
transactional leader. Transformational leader encourage the changes and also facilitate the
engagement from employees for collaborating on the ideas in efforts to encourage them and also

skew their goals to those of organisation. In future, the leadership's practices may get impacted by
certain trend including artificial intelligence, new talent landscape, globalisation, inclusive
environment and many more. All these Trent will change the leadership style at workable. For this
leader need to be prepare to work with these trends efficiently.

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