Menu Planning and Cookery: Gluten-Free and Diabetes-Friendly Options for Dietary Needs

Running head: MENU PLANNING AND COOKERY
MENU PLANNING AND COOKERY
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1MENU PLANNING AND COOKERY
Assessment 1
Question 4
Meals Gluten Free Diabetes
Breakfast The bread must be prepared
with gluten free alternatives
such as nut flours potato flours
and soy flours to prevent
gastric symptoms of gluten
intolerances (Rochetti et al.
2017).
Diabetes is usually
accompanied with
malfunctioning fat metabolism
(Parhofer 2015). Hence, the
recipe must be altered by
using egg whites instead of
whole grains, for reduced
cholesterol content. Red meat
like ham, which is rich in
saturated fat must be replaced
with lean meats like chicken.
Morning Tea The muffins must be prepared
by flour or gluten alternatives
such as nut flours or potato
flours. Likewise, if preparing
muffins from nut flours
becomes texturally difficult,
the assorted sweet tarts where
the shells are made of nut and
seed flours may be given (de la
Horra et al. 2018).
Instead of a sweet flavor,
savory muffins containing
spices or vegetables may be
given. Likewise, if customers
prefer sweet muffins, sugar
substitutes such as Stevia may
be used (Sharma et al. 2016).
The muffins must also be
prepared using multigrain or
whole grain flours of whole
wheat and oats to enhance the
fiber and glycemic index
given, resulting in avoidance
of blood sugar fluctuations.
Lunch While every recipe is devoid
of gluten sources, care has to
be taken during the
preparation of Pork Piccata.
Instead of flour, the pork
pieces can be coated with
gluten free oats or cracker
crumbs made with soy flour,
while mixing with pepper
before frying (de la Horra et al.
2018).
As mentioned above, red meat
like pork must replaced with
lean meats like chicken.
Likewise, brown rice can be
used for preparing the risotto
to enhance he fiber content,
which is beneficial for
diabetics. Low glycemic index
fruits such as apples, pears,
peaches and cherries can be
added to make the fruit salad
diabetic friendly (Wang et al.
2015). Further, excessive

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addition of cheese must be
avoided during risotto
preparation considering the
hindered fat metabolism in
diabetics (Parhofer 2015).
Afternoon Tea The bread for both the recipes
must be prepared using gluten
free alternative such as rice
flours, nut flours, potato flour
and soy flours (Rochetti et al.
2017).
The sugar content in both
recipes must be replaced by
substitutes such as Stevia
(Sharma et al. 2016).
Alternatively, the savory tea
sandwiches using vegetables
can be prepared, while the
Danish pastry fillings can be
devoid of sugar and contain
only natural fruit sweetness
such as stewed fruits. The
breads for both the Danish as
well as the sandwiches can be
prepared using whole grains
such as whole wheat and oats
for enhanced fiber content.
Dinner The Caesar salad must include
gluten free croutons such as
those mad from gluten free
oats, or soy, nut and rice
flours. Similarly, the pastry
sheets for the Mille Feuille
must be made using gluten
free alternatives such as gluten
free oat flours, rice flours, rice
flours, or oat flours (de la
Horra et al. 2018).
Low fat cream or Greek
yogurt can be used for the
sauce of beurre blanc.
Likewise, whole grain
croutons with yogurt as a
dressing can be used to
prepare the Caesar salad. For
the Mille Feuille, dark
chocolate can be used if
customers wish to savor the
taste of chocolate. Sugar
substitutes such as Stevia can
be used to sweeten the fruits
or alternatively, whole
raspberries can be added to
add natural sweetness devoid
of excessive sugars (Sharma et
al. 2016).

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Question 5
1. Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction can be caused
due to a faulty diet rich in saturated and trans fats. To result in beneficial health
outcomes, the diet must be free from the above unhealthy fat sources such as red meats,
junk foods, fast foods, processed foods and whole milk or milk products. The diet must
be rich in antioxidants and fiber such as colorful fruits and vegetables, sources of omega
3 fatty acids such as salmon, herring and trout and whole grains such as oats, whole
wheat flours which help in the reduction of unhealthy low density lipoprotein cholesterol
and increase of health high density lipoprotein cholesterol (Pan, Lin, Hemler and Hu
2018). Further, adding sources of soluble fiber such as apples (pectin) and oats (beta
glucan) have also been found to be beneficial in the management of a healthy heart due to
their gelling properties which absorb lipids from the gut, hence hindering fat absorption,
resulting in their excretion and reduction of blood levels of harmful lipids, which may
prove to be beneficial for patients of cardiovascular disease (Grosso et al. 2017).
2. Low consumption of dietary calcium and vitamin D may result in poor bone density and
related disease such as osteoporosis. Consumption of good sources of dietary calcium
such as milk, milk products such as cheese, yogurt, almonds, legumes, pulses, soy
products along with Vitamin D exposure and consumption such as mushrooms, sunshine
and fortified butters and cereal products can prove to be beneficial. Along with
consumption of calcium, the consumption of vitamin D is equally necessary since it aids
in the absorption of calcium, resulting in enhance bone calcium content and increased
bone density (Childress, Harbrecht and Heaberlin 2018).

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3. Obesity has been recently recognized as an epidemic and a disease leading to severe
health consequences such as metabolic syndromes, cancer and renal disorders, caused
due to a consumption of a diet rich in saturated and trans fats, sugars, refined flours
accompanied by a sedentary lifestyle. Hence, consumption of a diet rich in whole grains,
unsaturated fat sources such as vegetable oils and skimmed milk along with non-starchy
vegetables and adherence to exercise has been proved to be beneficial (de Git and Adan
2015. Consumption of a diet which is rich in fiber and whole grains such as cereals,
fruits, green leafy and seeded vegetables also prove to be beneficial in the management
of obesity by enhancing the satiety level in individuals and reducing their consumption or
cravings of junk foods. A key dietary modification which greatly benefits obesity patients
is the reducing the consumption of sugary foods, especially beverages since sugar is
relatively metabolized easily, resulting in its conversion ad deposition as abdominal fat if
the individual does not engage in adequate exercise in order to burn the excessive calories
(Sáinz et al. 2015).
Question 6
Dietary Needs Requirements
Lactose Intolerance The diet of such individuals must be devoid of
foods containing lactose such as milk and milk
products. However, to prevent and Vitamin D
deficiencies, calcium rich, dairy alternatives
such as soy and soy products, almonds,
broccoli, mushrooms, legumes, seeds and
fortified breakfast cereals and butters must be
incorporated (Deng et al. 2015).
Low Sodium The diet of such individuals must be devoid of
or contain less of sodium food sources such as
table salt, green leafy vegetables, packaged
foods, processed foods, seafoods and junk
foods. The palatability of the diet can be
enhanced by the adding spices such as peppers

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and various herbs such as ginger and garlic.
Green leafy vegetables such as lettuce can be
incorporated (Song et al. 2016).
Celiac Foods containing gluten such as wheat and oats
must be avoided and prepared using gluten free
alternatives such as soy flours, nut flours,
potato flours, rice flours or gluten free oat
flours (Bascuñán, Vespa and Araya 2017).
Diabetes Mellitus Excessive sugars and high glycemic index
foods such as mangoes, grapes, watermelon,
refined flours, saturated fats and red meats
must be avoided. Low glycemic index foods
with high fiber such as oats, whole grains and
green leafy vegetables can be added to reduce
blood sugar fluctuations and maintain stable
energy levels. Saturated fats such as red eats
and junk foods must be avoided and nuts and
seeds can be given to aid to enhance insulin
sensitivity (Urrutia, Mercado and 2017)
Question 7
Customers Requirements
Jewish Customers The menu must be prepared using Kosher
products such as Kosher salt and meat and milk
products from cud chewing animals with
hooves such as cows, bulls, goats, lambs,
sheep, springbok and veal (Tieman and Hassan
2015).
Muslim Customers The diet must comprise of meats prepared
using Halal practices such as beef and chicken,
and devoid of Haram foods such as alcohol and
pork (Soon, Chandia and Regenstein 2017).
Hindu Customers The diet must be primarily be vegetarian
devoid of any meat sources with greater
emphasis on grains and curries (Rasul et al.
2018).
General The individuals ethnic background along with
any spiritual beliefs must be considered.
Likewise, allergies and vegetarian, vegan or
non vegetarian preferences must also be
considered during menu planning (Modesti et
al. 2016).

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Question 8
For modifying the textures of foods, patient requirements in terms of ability of ingestion
and clinical condition of the patient must be considered. Patients with oral ulcers or aged patients
with dentures must be required to consumed texture modified foods such as juices, liquids,
mashed, semi solid or soft foods. Likewise, post operative patients who have undergone
gastrointestinal operations or elderly patients with compromised digestion may be required to
consumed bland and soft foods (Abbey, Wright and Capra 2015). Modifying the texture of the
diet can only be successful in terms of products or equipment which have the capability of
mashing, grinding or pulverizing the foods. To prepare and present texture modified
presentations, the equipments commonly used include blenders, food processors, juicers, meat
grinders, meat pulverizers, mashers and graters (Rothenberg and Wendin 2015).
Question 9
Food allergies which are common globally include peanut allergies, lactose and gluten
intolerances, egg, soy, prawn and eggplant allergies. If not adhered to, the reactions to such
allergies and intolerances can result in gastrointestinal symptoms, asthmatic symptoms and
anaphylactic shocks which may prove to be fatal (Randall, Buxton and Afshari 2017). If
requirements such as food allergies, intolerances, food drug interactions and medical conditions
are not adhered to, then it may lead to indigestion, loose bowels, asthmatic spasms, nausea,
vomiting, itchiness and skin redness, allergic rhinitis and anaphylactic shocks which may result
in the death of the patient or result in reduction of drug potency, aggravation of harmful patient
health symptoms and negative health outcomes in the patient (Lee et al. 2017). To avoid
negligence and legal requirements, patient and individual assessments must be conducted to
identify the potential preferences and needs of the clients. For ethical and legal compliance,

7MENU PLANNING AND COOKERY
clients must be informed about the presence of potential allergens and ingredients used in
preparation of the concerned diet and menus (Lee and Sozen 2016).
Question 10
Bread, cereal, rice, pasta, noodles: calories, Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, B Vitamins, Sodium,
if fortified then Vitamin D and E (Tapsell et al. 2016).
Vegetables, Legumes: Calories, proteins, dietary fiber, iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium, B
vitamins (Fabbri and Crosby 2016).
Capsicum, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and tomatoes: Dietary fiber, Vitamin K,
lycopene, calcum, indoles, sulforaphanes, calories, capsaicin, Vitamin A, carbohydrates
(Blekkenhorst et al. 2018).
Dark green and orange vegetables like spinach, broccoli, carrots and pumpkins: Vitamin
A, calories, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, iron , folic acid (Wirth et al. 2017).
Question 14
Diet Key Features
Vegan The diet is devoid of meat and milk products
and any foods procured from animals such as
honey. The diet included vegetables, fruits,
grains, nuts seeds (Janssen et al. 2016).
Lacto Vegetarian The diet is devoid of meat but includes
vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, seeds and dairy
products (Melina, Craig and Levin 2016).
Ovo vegetarian The diet is devoid of meat and milk products
but includes eggs, grains, fruits, nuts, seeds and
vegetables (Sabaté and Wien 2015).
Ovo lacto vegetarian The diet is devoid of meat but includes eggs,
milk and milk products, fruits, vegetables,
nuts, seeds and grains (Rosi et al. 2015).
Pesco vegetarian The diet includes selective meats such as only
fish and seafood, along with vegetables, grains,