Analysis of Medical and Health-Related Topics

This assignment involves analyzing a collection of medical and health-related research papers. The provided documents cover a wide range of topics, including acute high-altitude illnesses, oxygen therapy, urinary tract infections, fracture healing, heat-related deaths, human body temperature regulation, asthma management, abiraterone in prostate cancer, diabetes risk factors, and liver cirrhosis. The analysis requires identifying suitable assignment titles, meta titles, and meta descriptions for a platform publishing past papers and solved assignments. A summary of the assignment is also provided, highlighting specific details and information about the research papers being analyzed.

Running head: PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMENT
Patients’ case study assesement
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

1PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
1.1
A cell is mainly consists of three parts and they are a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a
nucleus. In a cell, there are several cell organelles like ribosome, mitochondria, and
lysosomes.
1.2
The main functions of a cell are to furnish the structure of body, supply nutrients,
forming different types of molecules, metabolizing nutrition’s and replicating itself. Cells
also permits specific nutrients and molecules according to their size.
1.3
The oxidation of food molecules like glucose into water and carbon dioxide is
referred to as cellular respiration. The whole process occurs in mitochondria in two
steps.ATP holds the released energy in this process.
1.4
The most important compounds for a cell to survive are oxygen and glucose for
respiration. The compound is water because without water they are unable to execute the
essential reactions.
2.
Cellular adaptation is the changes made by the cell itself in reply to unfavourable
environmental changes. It can be either physiological or pathological.
3.
The four major types of cellular adaptation are atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and
dysplasia. Atrophy refers to the reduction in cell size. However, the whole organ size will be

2PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
reduced if enough number of cells have atrophied. In early human development, thymus
atrophy is an important example of physiological atrophy. Hypertrophy refers to the
increment of the cell size. The organ can be hypertrophied with the hypertrophy of the cell.
Hypertrophy may be caused by the mechanical signals or by the trophic signals, the kidney
and the heart have the higher chances of hypertrophy. Hyperplasia is the condition where
number of cells is increased due to cell mitosis. Hyperplasia is of two types- compensatory
and hormonal. Compensatory hyperplasia occurs mainly in epithelial cells of bone marrow
cells,intenstines.Hormonal hypertrophy is mainly common in organs that is dependable on
estrogen.For example in uterine cells hyperplasia is more common. Metaplasia refers to the
replacement of differentiated cells by an other type of cells. The changes occurred in
bronchial cells in response to an irritant like smoke or smog is the common example of
metaplasia. It is thought that this replacement of cells is reversible.
4.
4.1
Simple diffusion is the process of moving solutes along a concentration gradient
through a semipermeable membrane.It is completed by the hydrogen bonds between the
solutes and the water molecule. In human body, transportation of water is example of the
simple diffusion. Water molecules are transported to cell from high to low concentration.
4.2
Facilated diffusion is the process of active transport in which one molecule is
transported with the help of another molecule along with their concentration gradient.
Through facilitated diffusion, protein molecules can be transported along with carbohydrate
nucleosides.

3PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
4.3
Osmosis is the process by which solvent passes through plasma membrane from low
to high concentration. In human body, dialysis is the example of osmosis.
4.4
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by the fluid outside or within the
capillary at resting condition. Due to the hydrostatic pressure, filtration occurs in the kidney.
5.
5.1
The effect of diving in human body is mainly vasoconstriction caused by the
increased amount of oxygen in the body. This results in high blood pressure and lowering of
heart rate and cardiac output.
The signs of diving in human body are chest pain, rashes in skin, joint pain in major
joints like shoulder and elbows.
5.2
The primary effect of high altitude on human body is the hypobaric hypoxia that is the
lower concentration of oxygen in the body.
The primary sign of high altitude is acute mountain sickness ( AMS) which includes
symptoms like headache,dizziness,vomiting (Bärtsch and Swenson 2013).
5.3
The main effect of temperature in human body is pyrexia and mental dysfunction due
to high temperature.

4PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
The signs and symptoms of the temperature on human body is mainly heat rash,heat
syncope and heat stroke (Harlan et al. 2014).
6.
6.1
The main pathophysiological changes due to carbon monoxide poisoning is formation
of myoglobin that cause reduction in cardiac output and blood pressure. This may result in
brain ischemia.
6.2
Seven possible signs and symptoms of this condition can be dizziness,blurred
vision,loss consciousness,nausea, weakness, shortness of breath, vomiting.
7.
7.1
Surgical response is the stress that body experiences after a surgery. It results due to
release of several hormone and inflammatory response.
7.2
Penetrating trauma refers to the injury due to piercing of an object through skin and
enters into the bodily tissue. This results in open wound in the body.
7.3
Blunt trauma is the non-penetrating trauma and in this case, skin wound is not
necessary.
8.1

5PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Outer part of the body.
Response to question 8.2
Coronal line on torso.
Response to question 8.3
Frontal part of the body.
Response to question 8.4
Backside of the body.
Response to question 8.5
Closer to the frontal side
Response to question 8.6
Closer to the posterior portion
Response to question 8.7
Thing, which is above
Response to question 8.8
Thing, which is in lower position
Response to question 8.9
Something, which is closer to the torso
Response to question 8.10
Distal means which is apart from torso.
Response to question 8.11

6PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Trunk of the body
Response to question 8.12
Sections of body
Response to question 8.13
Plane collateral to sagittal suture.
Response to question 8.14
Bisects of the vertical bodyline
Response to question 8.15
Vertical plane dividing the body into dorsal and ventral.
Response to question 8.16
Divides the body into inferior and superior.
Response to question 8.17
Pressure exerted by the flow of blood in the wall of the blood vessels.
Response to question 8.18
Value isolated from weight and height of the individual.
Response to question 8.19
Amount of blood ejected per minute
Response to question 8.20
Rapid breathing with abnormality
Response to question 8.21

7PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Increased amount of blood carbon dioxide level
Response to question 8.22
Lack in oxygen supply into a specific organ
Response to question 8.23
Inner pressure of skull
Response to question 8.24
Movement of gastro-intestinal tract
Response to question 8.25
Filtration of excess fluid by kidney.
Response to question nine.
Response to question 9.1
Inadequate blood flow to the brain tissue results in cell death.
Response to question 9.2
Lack of oxygen causes infarction to the tissue.
Response to question 9.3
Headache, spasticity, hemiplegia, numbness
Response to question 9.4
Head up position would improve blood and oxygen supply in the brain tissues.
Response to question 10.
Response to question 10.1

8PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Bunch of neurological disorders, which is characterized by epileptic seizures.
Response to question 10.2
Changes in gene expression and ion channel distribution is associated with the disease.
Response to question 10.3
Attacks of seizure, decreased consciousness, contraction of chest muscle, bitten of
tongue.
Response to question 10.4
It will help in protecting patient during tonic phase.
11.1
Raynaud's disease refers to the condition in which vasospasm occurs in fingers, toes.
11.2
This situation happens due to decrease in blood supply in smaller arteries that supply
to the skin
11.3
The symptoms are whitening of skin, numbness, prickly feeling.
11.4
Calcium channel blocker increases peripheral circulation by arteriolar vasodilation.
12.1
Asthma refers to the shortness of breath or wheezy sound during breathing.
12.2

9PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Asthma causes squeezing of the trachea and production of mucous. This results in
narrow down of air pathway (Cornet et al 2013).
12.3
The main symptoms are shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing
12.4
Corticosteroids reduces inflammation and mucous production in trachea (Price,
Fletcher and Van Der Mole 2014.).
13.1
Pneumonia refers to the lung infection those results in air sac inflammation.
13.2
In these disease alveoli is filled by pus or fluid resulting in cough with pus.
13.3
Symptoms are chest pain during breathing, fever, nausea, shortness of breath.
13.4
Hydration will decrease the viscosity of mucous and that will ease the breathing for
the patient.
14.1
Peptic ulcer refers to inflammation due to sores in stomach and small intestine.
14.2
The inner mucous cell line is destroyed by the attack of Pylori and long-term use of
NSAIDs.

10PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
14.3
The main symptoms are nausea,stomach pain,vomiting,intolerance to fatty food.
14.4
In case of H.pylori, antibiotic is effective for killing Pylori.
15.1
Liver cirrhosis is the ultimate stage of liver fibrosis.
15.2
Liver cirrhosis mainly occur due to formation of scar tissues during self-repairing
process of liver.
15.3
The symptoms are jaundice, weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite.
15.4
High protein diet will avoid tissue wasting and PCM (Tsochatzis , Bosch and
Burroughs 2014.).
16.1
Gout is a form of joint pain with various complications.
16.2
Accumulation of urate crystals causes local inflammation in the joints .
16.3

11PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
The symptoms are severe joint pain,redness and inflammation, difficulty in
movements,swollen area of joint.
16.4
Allopurinol helps in reduction of uric acid level in the body and that results
prevention of gout attack.
17.1
The disease refers to the tingling and numbness of arm and hand
17.2
The compression of median nerve ,that passes through carpal tunnel region of
wrist ,is responsible for this disease.
17.3
The main symptoms are pain and numbness in thumb,weak grip,ache in upper
arm,pain in wrist.
17.4
Splint will reduce the symptoms of curpal tunnel syndrome in some way.
18.1
Nephrotic syndrome refers to a kidney disorder in which presence of protein in the
urine is ditected.
18.2
Damage in small blood vessels in kidney is associated with nephrotic syndrome.
18.3

12PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
The symptoms are edema, weight gain,foamy urine,loss of appetite.
18.4
Restriction in salt intake will help in reduction of protein concentration in urine.
19.1
UTI refers to the infection by bacteria in either of bladder,kidney or urinary tract.
19.2
The bacteria E.coli first enters the bladder and then forms colony to spread infection.
19.3
The symptoms are burning during urination,bloody urine,flank pain,frequent
urination.
19.4
Increase in fluid intake helps in flushing out of the bacteria and they have lesser time
to attach with the bladder (Foxman 2013.).
20.1
PID is a inflammatory disease of female reproductive system
20.2
In PID bacteria distrubs the normal barrier of reproductive tract during abortion or
miscarriage.
20.3
The symptoms are lower abdominal pain,painful urination utarine bleeding ,pain
during intercourse .

13PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
20.4
Antibiotic will reduce the inflammation and this will result in improvement of PID.
21.1
This disease refers to the formation of cancer in posted gland.
21.2
In the disease prosted gland cells are converted into cancer cells .
21.3
Main symptoms are kncturi , hamaturia , free Quentin urination ,dysuria .
21.4
5 alfa reductase inhibitor reduces the chance of prosted cancer almost by 25 %
through multimodal therapy (Ryan et al. 2013)
22.1
Diabetes mellitus is a disease with absence of insulin.
22.2
Destruction of beta cells of pancreas is associated with this disease.
22.3
Weight loss, polyuria, dry mouth, polypsia .
22.4
Insulin will reduce blood sugar level but in can cause hypoglycaemia (Schlesinger
ET al.2013)

14PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
23.1
Hypothyroidism refers to the decreased production of thyroid hormone.
23.2
Immature thyroid gland is responsible for lower amount of hormone production.
23.3
Enlarged thyroid gland, hoarse voice, poor appetite, Weight loss.
23.4
During Hypothyroidism, metabolism is slow low calorie diet will help to regain the
weight of the patient.
24.1
SLE is an autoimmune disease in which the healthy tissue of is attacked by the
immune system of the body.
24.2
Abnormality in apoptosis produces antibodies against the immune system itself.
24.3
Symptoms are malaise, fever, muscular pain, joint pain.
24.4
Hydroxychloroquine helps in preventing self-damaging of the cells by its immune
system itself.
25.1

15PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Hodgkin's disease refers to the cancerous condition of lymphatic system.
25.2
Uncontrolled growth of lymphatic cells is associated with this disease.
25.3
The symptoms are fever, ithching, weight loss, painless swelling of lymphatic nodes.
25.4
Chemotherapy helps in destroying the cancer cells of the system.
Response to question 26.
Response to question 26.1
Disease of the inner ear may result in permanent hearing loss.
Response to question 26.2
Alteration in endolymph in the inner ear.
Response to question 26.3
Allergies, migrains, viral infections, head trauma
Response to question 26.4
Antihistamines reduces the vertigo effect.
Response to question 27.
Response to question 27.1
Vision impairing due to old age
Response to question 27.2

16PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Injury to eye tissues
Response to question 27.3
Blurred vision, yellowing of eye colour, difficulties in night vision, sensitivity to light
and glare vision.
Response to question 27.4
Avoiding heavy lifting helps the patient to prevent further pressure to the eye.
Response to question 28
Response to question 28.1
Conversion of eating material into energy with or without the help of oxygen.
Formation of carbon dioxide and water from glucose is the example of metabolism
Response to question 28.2
Inspiration of oxygenated air and expiration of less oxygenated air is referred to as
respiration. Breathing is example of respiration.
Response to question 29.
Response to question 29.1
Respiratory alkalosis
Response to question 29.2
Renal acidosis
Response to question 29.3
Renal alkalosis

17PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Response to question 30.
Response to question 30.1
Mr. Reynold has improved physical status.
Response to question 30.2
He would be continued with the same medication as he is responding to the medication.
Response to question 31.
Response to question 31.1
Insertion of bacteria through a cut skin is referred to as cellulitis
Response to question 31.2
Mainly caused by the streptococcus and staphylococcus bacteria.
Response to question 31.3
Rash, warmness in the affected area, inflammation in the skin (Arakaki et al. 2013).
Response to question 32
Response to question 32.1
Provide vasodialator, provide sufficient oxygen
Response to question 32.2
Proper bandage, provide painkiller
Response to question 32.3
Continuous observation of blood pressure, provide appropriate diet
Response to question 32.4

18PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Prevent further eating of seafood, provide proper anti allergic
Response to question 32.5
Observe for any inflammation in that area, biopsy to check if there is any kind of
malignancy has grown or not.
Response to question 32.6
Continuous monitoring of blood neutrophil, Supply blood neutrophil through
intravenous process.
Response to question 33
Response to question 33.1
Should alert the doctor as soon as possible and observe the patient properly.
Response to question 33.2
Age,sex,past medication, blood pressure, heart rate,temperature,occupation,
assumption about the disease, family history, surgery history, record changes.
Response to question 33.3
Doctor should promptly respond to the scenario to treat as soon as well.
Response to question 33.4
Pharmacist would provide proper medicines in exact time to treat the patient.
Response to question 33.5
Exact recording of medications, proper medicine list, date of check-up, and diet chart
all should be included.
Response to question 34

19PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Response to question 34.1
Homeostasis is the maintaining equilibrium of systems of the body.
Response to question 34.2
Imbalance of homeostasis causes disease in our body.
Response to question 34.3
Increase body temperature because vasodilation and it results in more blood flow to
the skin. This causes radiation of heat from the outer part skin of the body. As a result
temperature homeostasis will be maintained (Houdas and Ring 2013).
Response to question 35.1
Cooperation of all systems in the body
Response to question 35.2
Burning of food material to energy with the help of oxygen
Response to question 35.3
Science of interacting nutrition in food.
Response to question 35.4
Production of new classes from the existing one
Response to question 35.5
Method of getting older.
Response to question 36.
Cells produces tissues, tissues produces organ and organs produces a whole system

20PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Response to question 37
Response to question 37.1
Used to treat acute pain
Response to question 37.2
Reduces pain by inhibiting COX1 and COX2
Response to question 37.3
May cause ulceration with overuse (Geusens et al. 2013).
Response to question 37.4
Acetylsalicylic acid ( ASA) is the drug in aspirin.
Response to question 38.1
Severe chest pain due to coronary heart problem
Response to question 38.2
Coronary artery spasm or blockage
Response to question 38.3
Chocking sensation, heaviness in the chest, epigastrium, and referred pain.
Response to question 38.4
Supplemental oxygen helps to increase oxygen supply to cardiac muscle and helps in
reducing pain (Arslan et al. 2013).
Response to question 40.
Response to question 40.1

21PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Cardiac arrest
Response to question 40.2
Migraine pain
Response to question 40.3
Pneumonia
Response to question 40.4
Paralysis
Response to question 40.5
Asthma
Response to question 41
Response to question 41.1
Glasgow Coma Scale( GCS) (Chen ,Grothe and Schaller 2013).

22PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
References
Arakaki, R.Y., Strazzula, L., Woo, E. and Kroshinsky, D., 2014. The impact of dermatology
consultation on diagnostic accuracy and antibiotic use among patients with suspected
cellulitis seen at outpatient internal medicine offices: a randomized clinical
trial. JAMA dermatology, 150(10), pp.1056-1061.
Arslan, F., Lai, R.C., Smeets, M.B., Akeroyd, L., Choo, A., Aguor, E.N., Timmers, L., van
Rijen, H.V., Doevendans, P.A., Pasterkamp, G. and Lim, S.K., 2013. Mesenchymal
stem cell-derived exosomes increase ATP levels, decrease oxidative stress and
activate PI3K/Akt pathway to enhance myocardial viability and prevent adverse
remodeling after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Stem cell research, 10(3),
pp.301-312.
Bärtsch, P. and Swenson, E.R., 2013. Acute high-altitude illnesses. New England Journal of
Medicine, 368(24), pp.2294-2302.
Chen, B., Grothe, C. and Schaller, K., 2013. Validation of a new neurological score (FOUR
Score) in the assessment of neurosurgical patients with severely impaired
consciousness. Acta neurochirurgica, 155(11), pp.2133-2139.
Cornet, A.D., Kooter, A.J., Peters, M.J. and Smulders, Y.M., 2013. The potential harm of
oxygen therapy in medical emergencies. Critical Care, 17(2), p.313.
Foxman, B., 2013. Urinary tract infection. In Women and Health (Second Edition) (pp. 553-
564).

23PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Geusens, P., Emans, P.J., de Jong, J.J. and van den Bergh, J., 2013. NSAIDs and fracture
healing. Current opinion in rheumatology, 25(4), pp.524-531.
Harlan, S.L., Chowell, G., Yang, S., Petitti, D.B., Morales Butler, E.J., Ruddell, B.L. and
Ruddell, D.M., 2014. Heat-related deaths in hot cities: estimates of human tolerance
to high temperature thresholds. International journal of environmental research and
public health, 11(3), pp.3304-3326.
Houdas, Y. and Ring, E.F.J., 2013. Human body temperature: its measurement and
regulation. Springer Science & Business Media.
Price, D., Fletcher, M. and Van Der Molen, T., 2014. Asthma control and management in
8,000 European patients: the REcognise Asthma and LInk to Symptoms and
Experience (REALISE) survey. NPJ primary care respiratory medicine, 24, p.14009.
Ryan, C.J., Smith, M.R., De Bono, J.S., Molina, A., Logothetis, C.J., De Souza, P., Fizazi,
K., Mainwaring, P., Piulats, J.M., Ng, S. and Carles, J., 2013. Abiraterone in
metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy. New England Journal of
Medicine, 368(2), pp.138-148.
Schlesinger, S., Aleksandrova, K., Pischon, T., Jenab, M., Fedirko, V., Trepo, E., Overvad,
K., Roswall, N., Tjønneland, A., Boutron-Ruault, M.C. and Fagherazzi, G., 2013.
Diabetes mellitus, insulin treatment, diabetes duration, and risk of biliary tract cancer
and hepatocellular carcinoma in a European cohort. Annals of oncology, 24(9),
pp.2449-2455.
Tsochatzis, E.A., Bosch, J. and Burroughs, A.K., 2014. Liver cirrhosis. The
Lancet, 383(9930), pp.1749-1761.