Network and Communications

Running head: NETWORK AND COMMUNICATIONS 1
Network and Communications
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NETWORK AND COMMUNICATION 2
Question 1 (1)
The Ethernet connection is based on the media access methods to relay and convey data
from sender to receiver. The Ethernet has several capabilities which include the transmission of
data frames and receiving them, decoding of the data frames and confirming the validity of the
address before conveying them to preceding (Upper) layers of the IOS model. In addition, it also
detects errors on the network or within the frames (Geier et al.,2015).
Sender Receiver

NETWORK AND COMMUNICATION 3
Data moves down through the layer on the sender computer through the Ethernet cables
to the receiver. The application support layer enhances permits communication by the receiver
and the unrelated software systems. The transport layer ensures the transmission is appropriate
while the network layer is concerned with moving data across the devices. Each layer in the
sender receives information from the layer above it, adds its own information and passes the
whole package to the layer below it. When it reaches the physical layer, it is transformed into an
electromagnetic signal and convey through the physical link.
For the data to travel from one layer to the other, each layer must communicate to its peer
on the other end, during this peer-to-peer process the protocols of the two layers communicate to
one another; the source must communicate to its peer in the next layer, the destination layer. The
layers exchange information known as Protocol Data Communication (PDU). The dependency
function of each layer is aided by the service layer below it. To make the service a success, the
lower layer uses encapsulation to put the PDU from the upper layer to its data field. It then adds
the necessary headers the layers need to perform its function. As the data move, additional
headers are added. They are grouped into segments.
The layers use their own layer protocols to communicate with their peer layer in the other
end. Each layer’s protocol communicates to one another using protocol data units (PDUs),
between peer layers. The peer-layer protocol communication is attained by using the function
provision of the layers beneath it. The transport layer will insure that data is kept segmented
from one another. The Transport Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol commonly known as by its
abbreviations (TCP/IP) has four layers namely Application, Transport, Internet and Network
Access Layer which perform different functions to in aiding the data communication processes.

NETWORK AND COMMUNICATION 4
In encapsulation, PDUs are created by each protocol which entails the data and the
header that is to be transmitted. These data become the Service Data Unit (SDU) of the layer
below it. From the diagram above, the uppermost layer,7, PDU has a layer 7 header and
application data. When it is conveyed to 6 it becomes 6 SDU. The 6 layer attachés the data at the
beginning of L6H to give rise to layer 6 PDU which is later on passed to layer number 5. The
encapsulation process continues up to layer number 2 which initiate layer 2PDU, it transformed
into bits and forwarded to layer number 1
Question 1 (2)
The receiver will synchronize with the digital signals until it's done and receives the
whole frame. Once complete, it will pass it to the Data link layer which is above it. The data link
will check if there is an error in the data through the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). The data
link layer will remove any information that was initially put any the remote system's data link
layer thus moving to Network layer to form packets. The IP address is checked in the Network
layer, then strips off from packets and passes the rest to the Transport layer to form segments.