Information Security and Network Protocols

The assignment discusses various aspects of information security and networking, including security policies, router-based overseeing techniques, maintenance routines, and backup procedures. It highlights the importance of access control, dual management, and offsite backup for sensitive data. The document also touches on network protocols, such as TCP/IP, and provides a brief overview of internet topology discovery.

Networking
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Introduction

A computer network consists of two or more processing products that are
connected to be able to share the components of your system (its resources)
and the info you store there. The standard personal computer network
(which includes just two connected computers) can expand and turn out to
be more usable when additional computers join and include their resources
to those getting shared. The first computer, your own, is known to otherwise
you local computer commonly. More advanced to be used as an area to do
work, a workstation, compared to as a storage or managing location, a
server. As increasing numbers of personal computers are connected to the
particular system and share their resources, the particular network will get a
more effective tool, because employees making use of the particular network
with more info and more capability are able to achieve more through those
additional computer systems or additional sources. The real power of
advertising computers becomes apparent in case you envision your own
network expanding and then connecting it along with various other distinct
networks, allowing guide and communication revealing all through both
networks. Which is, one network can be linked to another network and
become a far more powerful tool because of the better resources.
LO1 Examine networking ideas and their protocols
Component of networks:
Marketing and advertising computers initial and tracking the cable
connections later can quickly become complicated and unmanageable as
you look for which personal computer communicates along with and shares
resources which additional computers. In your individual network, do you
share almost everything with your buddies? In your family member’s
network, would you want your own guardians or parents to find out your
every thought? You might have your information-sharing plan in your mind,
and it is essential to keep track from it so you don’t make a mistake and
promote something where it had been not really intended.

System varieties:
Peer-to-Peer Networking Summary
Peer-to-peer networking is the utilization of the particular pretty powerful
computers (personal computers) that exist at the edge of the particular Web
for more than just client-based computing tasks. The modern pc (PC) has a
very fast processor chip, vast memory, and a big hard disk, none of which
are now being fully utilized when carrying out common computing tasks for
example e-mail and Web searching. The modern PC can easily work as both
a customer plus server (a peer) for most types of applications.
The typical processing model for many applications is the client/server
model. A machine computer usually has huge resources and responds in
order to requests for resources plus data from client computer systems.
Client personal computers initiate demands for information or assets from
machine computers.
Peer-to-peer networking has the subsequent advantages over
client/server network:
Content and resources could be shared from both the middle and the edge of
the system. In client/server networking, articles and resources are shared
through only the center of the system typically.
A network associated with peers is scaled and much more reliable than a
single machine effortlessly. A single server is definitely subject to a single
point associated with failure or even can be a bottleneck in times of high
network usage.
A network of colleagues can share its processor chip, consolidating
computing resources regarding distributed computing tasks, instead of
depending on a single personal computer, like a supercomputer.

Client/server
Client/server identifies the relationship between two computer programs in
which one system, the client, makes an ongoing assistance request from
another plan, the server, which satisfies the request. Although the
client/server idea can be used by applications within the single personal
computer, it is a more important concept inside a network.
The client/server design has turn out to be one of the main ideas of network
processing. Most business applications becoming written today use the
client/server model. So does the particular Internet's main program, TCP/IP
<tcpip.htm>. In marketing and advertising, the term has been used to
distinguish distributed computing by smaller sized dispersed computers from
the "monolithic" centralized computing of personal computers. Yet this
distinction has generally disappeared as mainframes plus their applications
have also considered the client/server model plus turn out to be part of
network processing.
Cloud Storage
Cloud Space for storage is a service where data can be remotely maintained,
managed, plus backed up. The ongoing services are available to users more
than a network, which is the internet generally. This particular allows the
user to shop files online so that the consumer can access them through any
location via the internet. The provider company makes it available to the
user online simply by keeping the uploaded documents on an external
server. This provides companies using cloud storage space services
convenience and relieve, but can be costly possibly. Users should also be
aware that copying their information is still necessary when using cloud
storage providers, because recovering data through cloud storage is much
more slowly than local backup.

A number of these on-going services are release to a certain number of g/b,
with additional storage readily available for the particular monthly fee. Just
about all cloud storage services supply drag‐and‐drop accessing and syncing
of folders and documents in between your desktop plus mobile devices, and
the cloud generate. They also all allow accounts users to collaborate along
with each additional on paperwork.
A cluster (as it pertains to computers) describes a group of servers and extra
resources that are connected via hardware, software and systems to behave
as if they had been the single system. There are various reasons this is an
attractive action to take, for smaller companies also. These reasons consist
of: higher availability, scalability, load balancing, systems management and
parallel processing. We'll talk read more about each of these applications
later with this course. But the main factor to realize right now regarding
clustering is that its goal is to make the particular group of computer
systems appear (to the outside world and also to internal consumer
departments) as though they were one, totally incorporated system that is
continuously obtainable and always working quick!
Virtualization
Virtualization can be explained as the abstraction of actual resources into
logical items, such that a single physical reference can show up as many
reasonable items and multiple actual physical resources can appear because
the particular single logical device. The primary motivation behind
virtualization is to hide the actual physical characteristics and unimportant
information these property from their finish clients. Thus, each consumer
gets the illusion of being the particular lone user of that actual resource
(one-to-many virtualization). Or even multiple real resources show up as the
particular single digital resource to the user (many-to-one virtualization).
Networking standards:

OSI Model
The OSI Design is a theoretical, seven-layered type of how networks work.
The particular Open Systems Interconnect Design (the OSI Model) is really a
theoretical model of networking that will sets up network functions in to
seven layers (physical layer, data link layer, network layer, session layer,
application layer, transport layer and presentation layer) and specifies the
conversation interfaces between the OSI Model's layers and between system
endpoints utilizing an OSI Model-based protocol suite.
The OSI Model's Seven Layers
o OSI Model - Actual Coating
o OSI Model - Data link Layer
o OSI Model : Network Layer
o OSI Design - Transport Layer
o OSI Model - Program Coating
o OSI Model - Display Layer
o OSI Model : Application Layer
TCP/IP Reference point Model
TCP/IP means Transport Control Internet and Process. It is the network model
utilized in the current Web architecture too. Methods are set of rules which
usually govern every possible communication over the network. These
protocols explain the movement of information in between the source and
location or the internet. These methods offer simple naming plus addressing
schemes.
TCP/IP which is Transmission Control Protocol plus Internet Process was
developed by Area of Defense’s Project Study Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) as
a part of a research project associated with network interconnection to
hyperlink remote machines.

The functions that stood out throughout the research, which led to producing
the TCP/IP reference design were:
Layer one: Host-to-network Layer
Protocol can be used to connect to the host, so the packets can be sent over
the top of it. Varies from host in order to network and host in order to
network.
Layer 2: Web layer
Choice of a box switching network which is depending on a connectionless
internetwork coating is called the internet level.
Level 3: Transport Layer
This decides if data transmitting should be on parallel route or perhaps single
path.
Features such as multiplexing, splitting or maybe segmenting on the info is
carried out by transport layer.
Layer 4: Application Level
The TCP/IP specifications referred to a lot of applications that have been at
the top of the protocol bunch. Some of them were TELNET, FILE TRANSFER
PROTOCOL, SMTP, DNS etc
.
TELNET is a dual end communication process which enables connecting to
some remote machine and operates programs on it.
FTP (File Move Protocol) is a process, which allows File transfer amongst
users connected over a network. It really is simple, reliable and efficient.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transportation Protocol) is the particular process, which is
used to transport electronic mail among a destination and resource, directed
via the path.

DNS (Domain Name Server) solves an IP address right into a textual address
for Website hosts connected over a network.
Topology
Network Topologies
Two networks have the exact same topology if the connection configurations
are the same, although the networks may differ in physical interconnections,
distances between nodes, transmitting rates, and/or signal sorts.
Vertical Topology
o Hierarchical
o Fine mesh
Horizontal Topology
o Star
o Coach
o Tree
o Ring
Protocols:
Within modern protocol design, methods are “layered” according to the OSI
7 layer model or even a similar layered model. Layering is the design basic
principle which divides the process design into a true quantity of smaller
parts, each component accomplishing a particular sub-task, plus interacting
with the other parts of the particular protocol only in the small number of
well-defined ways. Layering allows the right parts of the protocol to be
designed plus tested without the particular combinatorial explosion of cases,
maintaining each design fairly easy. Layering permits familiar methods to be
adapted to uncommon circumstances furthermore.

IPv4 Subnet and Addresses Masks It information how to use ipv4 details in
the security appliance. A good IPv4 address is a 32-bit number written in
dotted-decimal point out: four 8-bit areas (octets) converted from binary to
decimal numbers, divided simply by dots. The first a part of an IP address
recognizes the network on which the particular host lifestyles, while the 2nd
part identifies the particular web host on the given network. The particular
network number field is known as the network prefix. Just about all hosts on
a given system share the same network word but must have the special host
number. In glassful IP, the class from the address chooses the border
between the network prefix as well as the host number.
If you need many addresses on your network, plus they do not really need to
be sent on the Internet, you can use personal IP addresses that the Web
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) recommends (see RFC 1918). The
following address ranges are usually designated as private systems that
should not really end up being advertised:
o 10. 0. 0. 0 through 10. 255. 255. 255
o 172. 16. 0. 0 through 172. 31. 255. 255
o 192. 168. 0. 0 through 192. 168. 255. 255
IPv6 Addresses IPv6 is the latest of the Internet Protocol right after IPv4. It
provides a good extended address space, the made easier header format,
improved assistance for options and plug-ins, flow labeling ability, plus
authentication and individual privacy features. IPv6 is described within RFC
2460. The IPv6 addressing architecture is defined in RFC 3513.
IPv6 Address Format
IPv6 contact information are represented as a number of eight 16-bit
hexadecimal areas separated by colons (: ) in the structure: x: x: x: by: x: x:
x: by. The following are two drawings associated with IPv6 addresses:

• 0DB8: 7654: 3210: FEDC: BA98: 7654: 3210: 17A
• 2001: 0DB8: 0000: 0000: 0008: 0800: 200C: 417A
In the following TCP/IP process stack table, we list all the protocols according
to their own functions in mapping towards the OSI 7 layers system
communication reference model. Nevertheless, the TCP/IP constructions will
not follow the OSI model carefully, for example, most TCP/IP programs run on
top of the transport level straight
Protocols, TCP, presentation, without the session and UDP layers within
between.
o TCP/IP Protocol Collection
o BOOTP: Bootstrap Process
o DCAP: Data Hyperlink Switching Client Access Process
o DHCP: Dynamic Host Construction Process
o DNS: Domain Name Methods
o FTP: File Transfer Process
o Finger: User Information Process
o HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Process
o S-HTTP: Secure Hypertext Move Protocol (S-HTTP)
o IMAP and IMAP4: Internet Message Entry Protocol
o IPDC: IP Gadget Control
o IRCP (IRC): Internet Relay Chat Protocol
o LDAP: Light weighted Directory Access Process
o MIME (S-MIME): Multipurpose Web Mail Extensions (Secure
o MIME)
o NAT: Network Address Interpretation
o NNTP: Network News Move Protocol
o NTP: Network Period Protocol
o POP & POP3: Post Office Protocol (version 3)
o RLOGIN: Remote Login within Unix

o RMON: Remote Supervising MIBs in SNMP
o SLP: Service Location Process
o SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Process
o SNMP: Simple Network Administration Protocol
o SNTP: Simple System Time Protocol
o TELNET: TCP/IP Terminal Emulation Process
o TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Process
o URL: Uniform Reference Locator
o X-Window: X Windowpane or even X Protocol or even By System
o Presentation Layer
o LPP: Lightweight Presentation Process
o Program Layer
o RPC: Remote Treatment Call protocol
o Transport Coating
o ITOT: ISO Transport More than TCP/IP
o RDP: Dependable Information Protocol
o RUDP: Reliable UDP
o TALI: Transport Adapter Coating Interface
o TCP: Sending Manage Protocol
o UDP: Customer Datagram Protocol
LO2Explain advertising products and operations
System products:
Hubs
Hubs are simple system devices, and their simplexes are reflected in their
affordable. Small hubs with 4 or 5 ports (often referred to as workgroup
hubs) cost less than fifty dollars; with the requisite cables, they offer
everything needed to create the particular small network. Hubs with
additional ports are accessible regarding networks that need better capacity.

Bridges
Bridges are usually networking devices that link networks. Sometimes it
really is essential to divide networks into subnets to reduce the amount of
traffic upon each larger subnet or even for protection reasons. As soon as
divided, the bridge attaches the two subnets and handles the traffic flow
together. Today, network switches have got replaced bridges.
Routers
Routers are an increasingly common view in any network environment, from
the small home office that utilizes one to connect to an Internet support
provider (ISP) to a business IT environment where shelves of routers manage
details communication with disparate remote control sites. Routers make
internetworking possible, and in view of the, they warrant detailed interest.
Gateways
The term gateway is definitely applied to any device, program, or software
application that can carry out the function of converting data from one
format in order to an extra. The key feature of the gateway is that it converts
the particular format of the data, not really the data itself.
Modems
Modem is really a contraction of the terms modulator and demodulator.
Modems carry out the particular simple function: These people convert
digital signals through the computer into analog signals that can travel
throughout conventional phone lines. The particular modem modulates the
transmission at the sending end plus demodulates at the receiving finish.
Network User interface Cards (NICs)

NICs-sometimes referred to as network cards-are the systems by which
computer systems link to a network. NICs come in all shapes and sizes, and
they are available in prices to suit all funds. Think about the following when
purchasing a NIC.
ISDN
Terminal Connectors when the speed provided by the modem just isn’t
sufficient, you must seek alternatives. Among the speedier options available
is definitely an ISDN link. ISDN can be the particular digital communication
technique that can be used over a conventional telephone line, although
certain requirements must be met for a great ISDN line to be offered (such
as the availability of the particular service and the proximity of the location
to the Telco’s site).
Wireless Access Point (WAP)
Wireless access points, known as either WAPs or cellular APs, are a tyranny
device plus receiver (transceiver) device utilized for wireless
NEIGHBORHOOD NETWORK (WLAN) radio stations signals. The WAP is really
a separate network device along with the particular built-in antenna
generally, tyranny device, and adapter. WAPs use the wireless infrastructure
system mode to provide the particular link point between WLANs and also a
wired Ethernet, LAN. WAPs also usually have various ports permitting a real
method to expand the network to back up additional clients.
Network software program:
Computer
Clients plus servers the most common networking partnership is the client-
server model. The particular model contains three parts: the client, a

machine, and a service. A service is the fact that task that a machine may
execute (such as providing files over a network as well as the ability to apply
a command). A machine is the machine that will perform the task (the device
that offers the service). A customer is the machine that is asking for the
ongoing service. These types of titles are usually utilized in the construction
of a specific service rather than in observing a machine: one machine’s client
may be an extra machine’s server.
Client/server and P2P systems are implemented since virtual networks of
nodes and logical links constructed on top of an existing (aka underlay)
network, typically the Web These types of virtual networks are called overlay
networks The overlay is a sensible view that might not really directly mirror
the actual network topology
Program server
Kinds of client providers:
o mail server
o file server
o fatal machine
o name machine
o authentication server
o entrance server
o management machine
Characteristics of client-server architecture
• Server plus Client machines need various amount of hardware

• Consumer plus server machines might belong to different suppliers.
• The client or even server app interacts straight
• The transport process then uses lower level protocols to send
Server type:
Traditionally understand servers are:
o FTP computer systems
o Proxy servers,
o Online game machines
o Web servers
The desk below lists the most common varieties of servers that are
implemented on the network:
o Type Description
o File server Stores network users' data files
o Print out server manages the printers which are connected to the
network and the publishing of user documents for the network printers
o Communications server handles many common communications
features for the network, such as email, fax, remote access, firewalls or
Web services
o Software server Shares network-enabled versions associated with
common software plus eliminates the need for software to become
installed on each workstation
o Data source server manages common databases for that network,
handling all information storage space, database requests plus
administration for data
o Domain name server Authenticates and authorizes computer
systems and users to access resources within the logical domain name
Machine selection:

He machine offers transformed how small businesses function, and with
falling costs plus improving efficiency, there has certainly not been a better
time to begin using the server in your business - but which one if you
undertake?
With a number of machine types to choose from, it can be the challenging
task understanding your options plus making the right choice then. In case
you have an onsite server? Can a cloud-based server provide the best
service for your organization?
Workstation:
The workstation (WS) is the particular computer focused on the particular
user or number of users engaged in corporation or even professional work.
This contains one or more high resolution displays and also a faster
processor than a pc (PC). A workstation also offers greater multitasking
capability due to additional random access storage (RAM) drives and
generates capacity. A workstation might also have the particular higher-
speed images adapters and more connected peripherals.
LO3 Design efficient networked techniques
Bandwidth:
Bandwidth is defined as a number inside a band associated with wavelengths
or frequencies. Band width is also defined as the amount of information that
can be transmitted in a set amount of time. For digital products, the
bandwidth is usually expressed in bits for each second (bps) or bytes for
each second. For analog devices, the bandwidth is portrayed in cycles per
2nd, or Hertz (Hz).

The particular bandwidth is important for I/O devices particularly. For
example, a quick disk drive can be impacted by a bus with a lower
bandwidth. This is the main reason that will new buses, such as AGP, have
already been developed for your PC.
Users:
A user accounts in Windows is recognized by the following attributes:
Consumer name - the name you happen to be giving to that account.
Security password - the password linked to the user account (in Home
windows 7 or perhaps older variations you can also use blank passwords).
User group - A user accounts must be a known associate of at least one user
team.
Type - a type end up being obtained by all consumer accounts which defines
their own permissions and what they can fag Windows.
Marketing and advertising services plus applications:
VPN Site-to-site
Attaches 2 LANs privately
VPN host-to-site
Hyperlink a remote computer to private network.
VPN host-to-host
Private connection in between 2 computers
IPSec
IP layer security that authenticates and encrypts network link.
GRE

Generic router encapsulation
SSL VPN
User may connect to a remote system WITHOUT a client, just their web
browser.
PPTP
Similar to PPP however it controlled the GRE tunnel to send info securely to
communicate with private network.
TACACS
AAA machine for device admin (routers, switches), so this particular enables
commands.
The entire packet can be encrypted.
Permission and anthem are handled. Separated which usually allow, anthem
once, authorize many.
RADIUS
AAA machine for network access just password in encrypted.
RAS
Remote access service
Unified voice solutions
Allow you to use multiple products with 1 number. One particular unified.
Network controllers
Gadget for implementing managing and setting network devices
PPP (point to point connection)
Attaches 2 hosts remotes
L2TP

IPSec Authentication header (AH)
Part of IPSec that authenticates the information being relocated and checks
integrity
IPSec Encapsulation protection payload
Encrypts the IPSec data tyranny
Communications:
Information Communication may be the exchange of data (in the form of Os
plus 1s) between two products via some form of transmission moderate
(such as a wire cable).
Information Communication is considered
Nearby - if the communicating gadget are in the same building.
Remote control - if the device is usually farther apart.
The functionality of a data discussion program depends on three
characteristics.
One Delivery: The system must provide information to the correct place.
2. Accuracy: The program must deliver data exactly.
3. Timeliness: The program must deliver data promptly.
Discussion
1. Message -- the message is the info to be communicated.
2. Tv-sender - the TV-sender is the unit that sends the data information.
3. Receiver - the particular receiver is the device that will receive the
message.
4. Moderate - the transmission moderate is the physical path through which
a message travels from TV-sender to receiver.
Scalable:

The current data centers may include tens of thousands of computers with
significant aggregate bandwidth requirements. The particular network
architecture typically consists of a tree of redirecting and switching
components along with progressively more specialized plus expensive
equipment moving up the particular network structure. Unfortunately,
whenever deploying the highest-end IP switches/routers even, resulting
topologies may only support 50 percent of the aggregate bandwidth
accessible in the edge of the system, while still incurring remarkable cost.
Non-uniform band width amongst data center nodes complicates application
design and limitations overall system features.
Choice of components:
Tools Requirements
Apart from the database system, there can be as much as four types of
hardware necessary for use of the Enterprise system:
o Internet Device
o Job Server
Business objects (boo) Server (optional)
Most configurations will need four separate actual devices for production
procedure: just one dedicated Web Server, Just one dedicated Job Server;
just one dedicated Business Objects Device, along with a single databases
server.
 Customer
 DSL/ISDN/Cable Internet Connection
 Keep track of that can support a resolution associated with 1024 x 768
 2GB RAM
 Web Server
 Intel® Xeon® processor (Dual second. 93 GHz)
 4 GIGABITE or more of RAM
 Forty GB system drive + 20GB drive

 Job Machine
 Intel Xeon processor chip (Dual 2. 93 GHz)
 7 GB or more of RAM MEMORY
 40 GIGABYTE system generate + 20GB drive
LO4Implement and identify networked techniques
Devices:
Include the Device to the Listing
As an alternative to using the Search device to add devices to the gadget
list, add individual products to the list manually.
Check Gadget Diagnostics
To determine whether the device is online and the particular network is
useful, make use of the Device Installer Ping option. This method guarantees
the device is working and determines the speed of the response from the
device.
Confirmation of construction and online connectivity:
TCP/IP Guide Overview
This tutorial is made to provide the user with sufficient information to resolve
the particular issue being experienced with Device Installer. For further
detailed information the TCP/IP protocol, please go to www.google.search
and com for RFC791, RFC950, or TCP/IP.
Subnets
If Device Installer reported the subnet issue with your PC, this really is
because the PC’s IP deal with and the IP address you happen to be trying to
assign to your Lantronix device are on different subnets. The IP addresses
from the device and the PERSONAL COMPUTER working Device Installer must

be on the same Neighborhood Network and subnet. Intended for Device
Installer to provide a good IP address to your Lantronix device effectively:
o Your own PC’s IP address as well as the address you want to specify for
your Lantronix device must become on the same subnet.
o Simply no routers or gateways may exist between your PC as well as
your Lantronix device. Device Installer will not support assigning an IP
address across an entrance or even router.
Secure Layer provides three main abilities, which open the door for most
creative secure options.
o Secure command-shell
o Safe file transfer
o Slot forwarding
System monitoring
System analysis is the process of taking network traffic and checking it
carefully to determine what is going on the network. Two Monitoring
Strategies are discussed in the subsequent sections: Router Based plus Non-
Router Based. Monitoring uses that are built-into the routers themselves and
do not really need additional installation of hardware or even software are
referred to as Router Based techniques. Non-Router centered techniques
require additional products and software to be set up and provide increased
flexibility. Each technique is further talked about in the following paragraphs.
Router Based Overseeing Techniques
Router Based Overseeing Techniques are hard-coded to the routers and offer
little versatility because of this. A brief explanation of the very most
commonly used monitoring techniques is usually given below. Each method
has undergone years of growth to become a standardized model.

Maintenance routine
Details Security Policies would be the cornerstone of information safety
performance. The Security Plan is intended to identify what is expected from
a business with respect to security of Details Systems. The overall objective
would be to control as well as guide individual behavior in an attempt to
decrease the chance to information assets simply by accidental or even
deliberate activities.
Backup
Back-up should be preserved often on the space provided on central server
from the department or on the storage space media as per department plan.
Keep paper copy associated with machine configuration file. Keep your DATs
or other detachable media in a secure place away from the computer.
Always back-up the data before leaving the particular workstation. For
important plus sensitive data offsite back-up should be used.
Conclusion
Access in order to operating system commands is to be limited to those
persons who else are certified to carry out systems management /
administration functions. Actually, then such access should be controlled
under dual manage needing the specific approval associated with senior
management. He particular operating system controls the computer
operation with it are usually utilities and commands which usually set-up and

maintain the computer environment. All operational techniques, from PCs to
big hosts, should be hardened to get rid of all unnecessary development
equipment and utilities prior to shipping to end-users. Information Safety
issues to be considered, whenever applying the policy range from the
following! Staff with entry to the command line, can succeed in executing
system instructions, which could damage and damaged the operational
system plus information files Operating system instructions could be used to
disable or even circumvent access control plus audit log facilities.
Reference
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international conference on mobile applications, systems and services
(MOBISYS 2003), San Francisco, May 2003.
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