Neuroprosthetic Technology for Spinal Cord Injury Patients
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Added on  2023/04/19
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This article discusses the use of neuroprosthetic technology, specifically brain-computer interfaces and electrical neuromodulation, in aiding the recovery of spinal cord injury patients. It explores the benefits, limitations, and future advancements in these technologies.
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Introduction Spinal cord injury leads to loss of sensation and function below the level of lesion (Burns, et.al, 2012). The spinal locomotor circuits, which modulates locomotion through the sensory information from the body periphery, are severely damaged after the spinal cord injury. The spinal cord, however, has the ability to remodel these circuits. To help restore both motor and autonomic functions and give sensory feedback, neuroprosthetic technology has been innovated. These include brain-computer interfaces and electrical neuromodulation. This paper will discuss these neuroprosthetic in detail. Brain-computer interfaces Brain-computer interfaces allow the manipulation of computers with the thoughts of an individual. They are used for transforming the signals from brain activity into control signals for external devices (Jackson, & Zimmermann, 2012). It has greatly assisted in providing alternative communication and mobility to patients that suffer from injury to the nervous system. The brain- computer interface can effectively improve the quality of life of patients who encountered spinal cord injury by controlling the replacement devices or strengthening the residual neuronal pathways efficacy. Basic movements have been found to get restored in spinal cord injury patients when brain-computer interfaced is used in combination with functional electrical stimulation (Ho, et.al, 2014). This technology makes the direct control of brain functional electrical stimulation possible. For example, grasping movement can be controlled with this which patient with spinal cord injury cannot perform. This system also enables the movements in the hand, fingers, and elbows in such patients. This happens with much more accuracy.
The neuroprosthetic also replace the absent or weak movement function. This system may also be used to combine various movements pathways to make it more efficient in day to day applications. The direction and velocity of a wheelchair can also be controlled with this system by use of a hybrid brain-computer interface through the combination of motor imagery and P300 (Rohm, et.al, 2013). These will function to identify the go and stop commands. A robotic-leg orthosis for a spinal cord injury patient can be controlled successfully by application of the motor imagery-based brain-computer interface. Brain-computer interface, therefore, seems to be a satisfying technology which will greatly improve the quality of life for the spinal cord injury patient. This is because it aids in restoring the motor functions by replacing the motor functions with devices that are computerized or by altering the neural plasticity. Electrical neuromodulation This involves the use of electrical interfaces to interfere with the activities of the neuron. It is the transmission of low-level electrical impulses by use of electrodes to a particular muscle in the client extremities in order to enhance contractions and maximize recovery (All, 2012). It has been associated with success in handling various neurological disorders, such as, Parkinson’s disease, that is, the stimulation of the deep brain and epidural brain stimulation (Li, et.al, 2011). Spinal cord injury patient can also benefit from this neuroprosthetic to recover well. It is useful in aiding the body functions that are basic, for example, bladder control and respiratory. This is done through the restoration of skilled hand function and volitional movements. This can be done through variousmethods; electrical stimulation of the peripheral musclesand even stimulation of the brain or spinal cord itself. The peripheral muscles stimulation may be done via brain-controlled bypass devices or directly. Respiratory paralysis or respiratory impairment may occurasaresultofcervicalspinalcordinjurydependingontheseverity.Theuseof
electrophrenic respiration has proven to restore the ventilator-independent breathing in some individuals with spinal cord injury (Hachmann, et.al, 2017). Improvement of the hindlimb motor function has also been seen as a result of epidural electrical stimulation. Its therapeutic effect on the forelimb has however not been known. This system, however, has some limitations. This includes the lasting power of the neuromodulation devices, the prices and less knowledge on the mechanism of action. Efforts should, therefore, be aimed at overcoming these challenges with improving technology. This will benefit the spinal cord injury patient more since their specific needs will be addressed even better. Conclusion Although both brain-computer interface and electrical neuromodulation help a lot in aiding the recovery of the spinal cord injury patient, there is still a lot of modification that needs to be made in order to realize the full potential of technology in the management of these patients. The advancement in technology has to come up and develop these systems in a more modernized way that will lead to the realization of the specific need of the patients. This will help to address the patient's problems and handle each patient as unique from others, which is important in their recovery.
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