Neuroprosthetic Technology for Spinal Cord Injury Patients

Neuroscience
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Introduction
Spinal cord injury leads to loss of sensation and function below the level of lesion (Burns,
et.al, 2012). The spinal locomotor circuits, which modulates locomotion through the sensory
information from the body periphery, are severely damaged after the spinal cord injury. The
spinal cord, however, has the ability to remodel these circuits. To help restore both motor and
autonomic functions and give sensory feedback, neuroprosthetic technology has been innovated.
These include brain-computer interfaces and electrical neuromodulation. This paper will discuss
these neuroprosthetic in detail.
Brain-computer interfaces
Brain-computer interfaces allow the manipulation of computers with the thoughts of an
individual. They are used for transforming the signals from brain activity into control signals for
external devices (Jackson, & Zimmermann, 2012). It has greatly assisted in providing alternative
communication and mobility to patients that suffer from injury to the nervous system. The brain-
computer interface can effectively improve the quality of life of patients who encountered spinal
cord injury by controlling the replacement devices or strengthening the residual neuronal
pathways efficacy. Basic movements have been found to get restored in spinal cord injury
patients when brain-computer interfaced is used in combination with functional electrical
stimulation (Ho, et.al, 2014). This technology makes the direct control of brain functional
electrical stimulation possible. For example, grasping movement can be controlled with this
which patient with spinal cord injury cannot perform. This system also enables the movements in
the hand, fingers, and elbows in such patients. This happens with much more accuracy.

The neuroprosthetic also replace the absent or weak movement function. This system may
also be used to combine various movements pathways to make it more efficient in day to day
applications. The direction and velocity of a wheelchair can also be controlled with this system
by use of a hybrid brain-computer interface through the combination of motor imagery and P300
(Rohm, et.al, 2013). These will function to identify the go and stop commands. A robotic-leg
orthosis for a spinal cord injury patient can be controlled successfully by application of the motor
imagery-based brain-computer interface. Brain-computer interface, therefore, seems to be a
satisfying technology which will greatly improve the quality of life for the spinal cord injury
patient. This is because it aids in restoring the motor functions by replacing the motor functions
with devices that are computerized or by altering the neural plasticity.
Electrical neuromodulation
This involves the use of electrical interfaces to interfere with the activities of the neuron. It is
the transmission of low-level electrical impulses by use of electrodes to a particular muscle in the
client extremities in order to enhance contractions and maximize recovery (All, 2012). It has
been associated with success in handling various neurological disorders, such as, Parkinson’s
disease, that is, the stimulation of the deep brain and epidural brain stimulation (Li, et.al, 2011).
Spinal cord injury patient can also benefit from this neuroprosthetic to recover well. It is useful
in aiding the body functions that are basic, for example, bladder control and respiratory. This is
done through the restoration of skilled hand function and volitional movements. This can be
done through various methods; electrical stimulation of the peripheral muscles and even
stimulation of the brain or spinal cord itself. The peripheral muscles stimulation may be done via
brain-controlled bypass devices or directly. Respiratory paralysis or respiratory impairment may
occur as a result of cervical spinal cord injury depending on the severity. The use of