Nutrition and Health : Essay

Nutrition, Digestion and
execution

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
a. Importance of good nutrition...................................................................................................1
b. One day diet plan....................................................................................................................3
c. Evaluation of the disorders caused by malnutrition................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
Basic aspects of digestive system...............................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
Metabolic processes of cellular respiration.................................................................................9
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................11
Essay..............................................................................................................................................11
Cirrhosis of liver compare to cocaine addiction:........................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Nutrition is a study involving the combination of a variety of nutrients that are present in
food and also, which helps in the maintenance of growth and development of the body. Digestion
is considered as a sort of biochemical reaction that helps in snapping the molecules of the food in
order to release energy (Choudhury, Mahanta and Borkotoki, 2014.). The execution of it
involves a process of breaking the molecules, either in order to have an efficient amount of
energy from it or for a successful disposal of the same from body. The report includes the
functioning of various nutrient groups in order to analyse its importance. Disorders caused by the
malnutrition have also been discussed in the report along with the basic aspects of digestive
system. It also involves metabolic processes involved in process of cellular respiration along
with a fact of comparison between cirrhosis and addiction of cocaine during the time of liver
damage.
TASK 1
a. Importance of good nutrition
A good nutrition helps in maintaining a sort of balance between different operations and
functions of the body. This involves a well and balanced diet which can help a person to cope
with the basic requirements and needs of the body and also, it acts essential enough to stay fit
and healthy. Also, it is important to ensure the fact that a good amount of nutrition in the body
can also help Mrs Smith to stay away from any sort of diseases or illness. There might be the
possibility that Mrs Smith is lacking in vitamins and minerals that are essential to keep the
functioning balanced, So Mrs Smith has to take some supplements of minerals and vitamins so
that she can have a balanced functioning of the operations and functions of body. Also, along
with that she needs to drink an efficient amount of water so that she can be able to manage her
weight effectively. A good nutrition will also help in making the immune system more strong
because a proper and balanced meal will help Mrs Smith in providing an increased efficiency of
the capability to compete with illness or health disorders. Also, if in case, Mrs Smith undergoes
some illness or diseases, a proper nutritional diet will help them to cope with the symptoms at
much faster rate. So, this can be termed to behelpful enough. There are various aspects that are
associated with the nutrient groups and these involve carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals,
vitamins and water. Every single factor has their own importance and they throw a different
impact on the functioning of the body. Water is considered as that factor which helps in handling
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the homoeostasis and also in carrying all the nutrients inside the body to the cells. Also, it can act
helpful enough in excluding out the wastes of the body. Mrs Smith should also take an
appropriate amount of water in order to have a balanced weight. Minerals also play an important
role.
As a very well known example of this can be considered as sodium, which is being used
in a variety of dishes in the daily routine. So, this can help in maintaining the overall volume of
fluid inside the body. So, there are various other minerals as well such as calcium, potassium etc.
Every mineral has some essential impact on the functioning of body. Mrs Smith also needs to
have an adequate amount of minerals and vitamins, so she may take supplements of the same so
that she can have an efficiency in the functions of the body, thus having a maintained weight as
well. Fats are another sources of nutrition and also helps in maximizing the absorption rate of
vitamins. Also, along with this, fats play a very important role in the growth and development of
an individual. Some examples of the food containing fats involves walnuts, avocado etc. There
are various types of vitamins and they play an important role in providing different functions
( Campa, Martinez and Sherman, 2016.). As in case of vitamin C, it can balance the structure of
collagen so that it can result in effectiveness of the vessels, bones etc. Vitamin D helps in
maintaining the rate of calcium in the body. So, Mrs Smith needs to take supplements of
vitamins and minerals so that different factors and operations of the body can stay maintained
and balanced. It is because this will result in an effectiveness of the functioning of operations of
the body. Minerals also helps in managing the volume of the fluids within the body. Along with
this, there are various other features of it as well such as building bones etc. So, Mrs Smith can
ensure taking an appropriate amount of the supplements of vitamins and minerals in order to
have an efficient rate of functioning inside body. Therefore, it is very important to have a better
rate of nutrition because it can help Mrs Smith in an enormous number of factors.
Some well known examples of the beneficial factors can be considered as minimizing the
risks of health issues such as stroke, heart complications, maximized rate of immunity etc. So, all
these factors can actually help Mrs Smith to live a happy and healthy life. Therefore, it is very
important to ensure the fact that having a proper and balanced diet is very important for
maintaining the balance between different operations of the body, therefore Mrs Smith can also
ensure the same. The varying functions of nutrient groups also play an important role and every
single factor has its own importance on the processes of the body. There are various ways by
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which Mrs Smith can involve a diet rich in nutrition and some basic ways of it can be considered
as having a proper amount of fruits and vegetables, drinking an appropriate rate amount of milk,
including meat and other rich sources of proteins etc. There might be the possibility that because
of some eating issues, the person may not be able to take an efficient amount of nutrition from
the food such as digestion problems etc. So, for resolving the same, proper measures such as
treatments etc. can be taken accordingly so that Mrs Smith can also be able to have an
appropriate amount of the food. This will also help her to stay healthy and fit enough.
b. One day diet plan
Day Breakfast Lunch Dinner
Monday 2 boiled eggs
150 calories
1 toast 1 coffee
87 calories and
Vegetable salad
Tuesday 1 glass juice Meat with rice 1 small plate chicken
Wednesday 1 glass milk
366 mg of potassium
Boiled spinach Leafy vegetables with
rice
Thursday 1 boiled egg and 1
glass milk
75 calories + 366 mg
of potassium
Fruit salad
75 calories
1 small plate chicken
Friday 1 glass orange juice
and 1 toast
8% + 87 calories
Red meat Omelette with one
glass milk
39 calories
Saturday 1 banana and 1 milk
110 calories + 366 mg
of potassium
Omelet with rice Green leafy vegetables
85 calories
Sunday 1 glass juice and 1
sandwich
8% + 87 calories
Avocado with sea food 1 small plate red meat
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The body uses every single nutrition in a specific way. Well known examples of the
nutrients may be considered as minerals, carbohydrates, water, vitamins etc. that play a very
important role in providing an efficiency in the nutrients to the individual. Every single nutrient
has some specialisation that they throw a positive impact on the functioning of the body. As if in
case of carbohydrates, they act as one of the effective sources that helps in making the brain
sharp enough. Carbohydrates are considered as those sources that plays a very important role in
the functioning of the brain. For cells, protein plays a very important role. It is because the same
is broken down in the form of amino acids. An appropriate amount of water is required to keep
the body dehydrated enough that all the processing of the functions can take place in an effective
way such as the digestion etc. Vitamins are also considered as essential nutrients that helps in the
synthesis of collagen. Whether it is about the ligaments or the blood vessels or the bones, it plays
a very important role in the process of synthesis. (Agarwal and Mukhtar, 2017) There are
enormous number of vitamins and every vitamin has some significance that is being used on the
processes and operations of the person for having an effectiveness in the whole functioning of
the body.
IN case of minerals as well, there are a variety of minerals such as sodium, potassium,
calcium etc. that plays an important role in throwing an impact on the operations. As sodium is a
well known example as it is being used in the daily routine, so it helps in managing the overall
volume of the fluid so that all cells can be able to function in a basic and normal way. Calcium is
considered as another source that helps in making the bones etc. strong enough that there are
likely fewer chances of any sort of illness or diseases. Therefore, taking a proper amount of the
miners is equally important for maintaining an efficient functioning of the processes. The diet
chart has been prepared for Mrs Smith and it has been made by covering all the essential aspects
so that she can be able to live a healthy life and along with that, she can also be able enough to
manage the body weight. That is the reason, an adequate amount of vitamins, minerals and
liquid sources have been included in the diet chart. By these means, she will also be able to make
lesser use of supplements and will be having natural sources of these minerals, nutrients and
water. All the nutritional values have also been included in the diet chart of Mrs Smith so that
she can be able to live a healthier and happier lifestyle. By this, Mrs Smith will also be able to
manage her weight.
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c. Evaluation of the disorders caused by malnutrition
Malnutrition is considered as a situation when the person either lacks in having an
appropriate diet or they have a diet with less amount of nutrients that they are not even suitable
enough for coping with the bodily changes and factors. Also, malnutrition can be because of the
fact that the diet may also have an extra amount of nutrients because of which there are equal
possibilities of causing health issues as well. So, malnutrition can actually throw a very negative
impact on the internal operations and processes of the body. There are a variety of health issues
that are caused by having an inappropriate amount of diet (Guengerich, 2015 ). An improper diet
may also be considered as the one that lacks in nutrients such as carbohydrates, minerals,
vitamins etc. So, this can further cause enormous number of issues such as disorders or diseases
as well. Some well known examples of the diseases that can be caused because of the lack of an
efficient amount of nutrition or malnutrition are rickets, beri beri, Scurvy etc. Comparing all
these as below :
Rickets Beri beri Scurvy
 Rickets is considered
as weakening of bones.
 This is caused by the
deficiency of vitamin
D.
 The most efficient
source of vitamin D is
the exposure of light
from the sun. .
 Beri beri is also called
as thiamine deficiency.
 This is caused by the
nutritional deficiency
of vitamin B1.
 Sources of vitamin B1
can be dairy products,
whole grains, fish,
poultry etc. ( Campa,
Martinez and
Sherman, 2016).
 Scurvy means a severe
pain in some areas of
the body such as limbs,
but it can also lead to
the ulceration in teeth
and gums.
 It is caused by the
deficiency of vitamin
C.
 Sources of vitamin C
that can be used for
treatment of scurvy
involves oranges,
supplements of vitamin
C etc.
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6

TASK 2
7

Basic aspects of digestive
system
Digestion is considered
as a process in which the food
and its molecules are broken
down in order to release an
efficient amount of energy
from the body (Chew and Ip,
2017). There are two ways
actually in which the whole
process of digestion can be
classified into and these
involve the chemical as well as
the mechanical way. The
smaller parts of the molecules
after being broken are being
absorbed inside the body and
then, the process of release of
energy takes place. Different
organs involved in the process
of digestion with their
functioning are discussed as
under :
Salivary glands
Salivary glands are
considered as the glands that
makes the excretion of
lubricating liquid known as
saliva. Also, it is known for
breaking down the overall rate
of the carbohydrates. These are
Oesophagus
Oesophagus is
considered as a sort of tube
which establishes connection
between stomach and pharynx.
So, whether it is about the
food, water etc., the process of
transportation can be easily
achieved with the help of
oesophagus. The basic role of
oesophagus is to transport the
matter to the stomach so that
the further process of digestion
can also be able to take place.
A ring called the sphincter is
also present near the
oesophagus and its role is that
after the food has been entered
inside the stomach, it should
be trapped inside rather than
getting excluded from the
body without the breaking of
the molecules.
Stomach
Stomach is classified as
a sac which is a quite large
organ which stores food inside
it. The functioning of the
stomach is in a way that it can
be able to digest the food and
all the molecules can get
Gallbladder
The basic role of
gallbladder is that it analyses if
there is an excess amount of
bile present inside the stomach
and if there is, then the same is
being excluded from the small
intestines by means of gall
bladder. The excluded extra
amount is being saved inside
the gallbladder. So, there are
some meals that are heavy and
it is quite difficult to digest it.
So, for such meals, the extra
amount of bile that is being
stored inside the gallbladder is
being used so that those meals
can also be stored properly.
Large intestine
Large intestine is
considered as a tube just like
the small intestines but these
are long and thick enough and
are in a way that it covers over
the area of small intestines. An
adequate amount of water is
being absorbed by the large
intestines. So, the enzymes
along with the water that is
being absorbed by the large
intestines, helps in dividing the
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also referred as the exocrine
glands. In humans, there are
three pairs of salivary glands
that act responsible enough in
the whole process of digestion.
Along with breaking it in the
form of carbohydrates, it also
helps in keeping the mouth
moist enough so that person
may not feel dry because in
that case, the person will often
urge about drinking the water.
Because of the lubrication
being provided by the saliva,
the food reaches to the
stomach very easily. Pharynx
Pharynx is also
considered as a part of the
throat area of an individual.
The chewed amount of food
etc. of an individual is being
passed through the same till
the oesophagus. This is also
termed as a very important
factor of the respiratory system
(Ullah, Amin and
Afridi,2015). Basically, there
are two functions that are
being served by Pharynx. A
sort of flap is being attached
near pharynx and it helps in
absorbed properly so that an
efficient amount of energy can
be released out of it.
Hydrochloric acid along with
some digestive enzymes are
present inside the stomach
because these act as two
essential factors required for
an effective digestion of the
food in order to release the
energy (Shibany and
Tötemeyer, 2016). The
hydrochloric acid is being
released by the walls of the
stomach because it plays a
very important role in the
process of digestion. So, when
food is not being reached to
the stomach, the hydrochloric
acid gets absorbed by the walls
only and this can affect the
process of digestion to a huge
extent. Therefore, it is very
important that the person can
take meals on regular intervals
so that they can have a healthy
and balanced cycle with a
healthy digestive system as
well.
Liver
Liver is considered as
wastes in small parts of the
nutrients. Also, the amount of
wastes that is being collected
inside the large intestines is
being excluded out from the
anal. So, it can also be
considered that by means of
large intestines, along with the
wastes from the indigestion of
the food, dehydration of the
foods can also be excluded out
with the help of large
intestines.
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two basic functions, either it
routes the food till the
oesophagus or it performs the
process of respiration by
passing air till larynx.
an accessory organ which is
found in the right side of the
digestive system. Although
liver is that organ of the
digestive system which deals
with enormous number of
functions but major function of
it is the fact that it performs a
well development of bile and
then the same is being secreted
inside the small intestines.
TASK 3
Metabolic processes of cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is considered as a sort of pathway in which the glucose is broken
down in adenosine triphosphate (ADT). The whole process of cellular respiration is divided into
three processes and these are discussed as under :
Glycolysis
In the process of Glycolysis, the glucose is undergone enormous number of
transformations chemically. After a number of chemical reactions, the glucose is being converted
into pyruvate along with organic molecules. So, it is being transmitted in the form of two
molecules of pyruvate and three molecules of organic carbon.
Tri-carboxylic acid cycle (TCA)
TCA is also considered as a combination of various chemical reactions associated with
the collection of enzyme catalysed factors ( Spinella, Sawhney and Jalan 2016). It is also
10

classified as a major and important factors for the process of aerobic respiration within cells.
This can also be termed as Krebs cycle.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Some electrons from FADH2 and NADH are being stored inside the transport chain. In
this chain, they again become empty there. A gradient is being produced when all these electrons
come below the chain and when from the same, an efficient amount of energy is being released.
While this process, a wide amount of protons are being excluded out from the matrix and then
the formation of a gradient takes place.
There are various other ways also by which the breaking down of nutrients can take place
in the form of usable products and this can be achieved by the process of lipolysis. In actual, the
process of lipolysis can be considered as the breaking up of the lipids and the fats in order to
produce a wide range of the fatty acids (Choudhury, Mahanta and Borkotoki, 2014.). Usually,
the process of lipolysis takes place inside the adipose tissue. At the time of some activity or
exercise, or even during the time, the person is fasting, lipolysis makes use of the stored amount
of energy at that time so that a sort of balance can be maintained within it, handling all the
functions and processes at a higher extent. The activation process of lipolysis can take place after
the binding of protein kinase A. Also, after the activation process starts, it helps in maximizing
the overall rate of the process of lipolysis. Triglycerides are being stored inside the body as these
are being transported to the adipose tissues after being evolved from the blood. There are some
triglycerides present on the VLDL and all these present over it are gone through lipolysis with
the help of the cellular tissues. There, the formation of some components such as glycerol along
with the fatty acids is taken place as well. The process in which ammonia is being converted in
urea is also considered as deamination. Although ammonia is classified as one of the toxic bases
available and can prove very fatal as well but with the help of some enzymes and carrier
molecules, the whole procedure of the transmission of ammonia into urea can be taken place.
Also, the whole process of the conversion in the form of uric acid from ammonia is very energy
intensive. Also, it can also be considered that if the ammonia will be converted into ammonia,
some less amount of energy will be taken in place as compared to that of the uric acid.
TASK 5
Essay
INTRODUCTION
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Cirrhosis is a disorder of liver in which the liver does not perform its function properly.
It is a slow progressive disease that takes many years to develop. The development of scar cells
takes place that replaces normal and healthy cells of our liver (Guengerich, 2015 ). The liver
starts to be lumpy and hard due to formation of scar cells. The portal vein helps in passing of
blood into the liver. This vein is made tough due to formation of scar cells that affects normal
function of liver. This task covers the cirrhosis of liver due to addiction of cocaine including
nitrogenous waste and drug metabolism of hepatocytes during the phase of liver damage.
Main body
Cirrhosis of liver compare to cocaine addiction:
Cirrhosis of liver : It is condition of liver in which liver stops functioning properly. The main
reason behind this is the formation of scar tissue. Scar tissue is developed when deep, thick layer
of liver gets damaged. This scar tissue is developed when new collagen fibres (a natural
occurring protein)are formed by defence mechanism of our body. New tissue that is formed have
different quality and texture than the surrounding tissue of liver causes in the malfunctioning of
liver. There may be many possible reasons of improper functioning of liver but here it dealt with
the context of cocaine addiction.
Cocaine is a natural occurring psychotic drug that is obtained from coca plant. This is not a legal
drug yet it is used most frequently across the world for recreational purposes. One is thing is
common with this drug is that users become easily addicted of it ( Ip and Chew, 2017). It is
marketed in powder form and people use this as an addictive drug so this drug is listed as
Schedule I drug means it has more abusive potential than medical usefulness. This drug make
people feel like energetic, happy and excited but it is very dangerous for human. Medically it is
used as a potent local aesthetic that works by inhibiting the voltage -gated sodium channel that
causes fall in neuron conduction. The production of norepinephrine and serotonin is blocked by
cocaine within our body cells.
In this context hepatotoxicity is caused by the regular use of cocaine. Cocaine
hepatotoxicity is usually termed as acute hepatic necrosis. There is no sudden unexplained death
of young adults due to use of it but high risk of hepatotoxicity may be developed after the acute
use of cocaine. Hepatotoxicity is arisen after the acute overdose of it that results in hormonal and
chemical changes within our body. It is medically stated that our most of body metabolism
passes through liver. Our central nervous system is also affected by cocaine along with liver.
12

After the ingestion of cocaine, initially serum aminotransferase (an enzyme that catalyse the
interconversion of amino acids) and LDH level (lactate dehydrogenase -an enzyme that catalyse
the conversion of lactate to pyruvic acid) is minimally increased. The prothrombin timing
becomes abnormal that cause the disseminated intravascular coagulation due to which there is
rise in the bilirubin level after 2 -3 days and immunoallergic features starts to develop.
Histological structure of liver is started to change due to improper release of harmonies and
chemicals within it. The symbolic features that is developed resembles ischaemic hepatitis or
liver injury due to hyperthermia. The symptoms that appears due to cocaine hepatotoxicity are
refractory hypotension, hypoglycaemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, seizers, liver
failure, acute renal failure and death as well. Nausea, vomiting and increase in body temperature
are the common symptoms but these symptoms are not enough for hepatotoxicity identification.
A proper diagnosis is required for the clear identification of cocaine phototoxicity.
Dealing of liver with nitrogenous waste .
Our liver is a complex organ that performs over more than 500 different functions .Our
body is not able to store excess of proteins and amino acids so excess of proteins in form of
amino acids are transported from small intestine to liver. Two important functions of it is the
control of amino acids' concentration and detoxification. Everyday proteins are taken by human
body and it is converted to energy in form ATP to perform different mechanical activities. These
proteins are the long combined chain of different types of amino acids. These amino acids are
utilized by liver for tissue protein synthesis, heme formation, nucleotide precursors formation
(pyrimidine and purine). Excretion of excess nitrogen is taken place by the urea cycle. Two
amino acids are involved in this cycle which are not used for the protein synthesis i.e Ornithine
and Citruline. Ornithine is used in citric acid cycle to produce carbon that reacts with ammonia
molecule further in urea cycle. Nitrogen balance is maintained by liver so it is called the
gatekeeper of nitrogen in our body. Nitrogen is the main chemical group of amino acids and
when the concentration of free amino acids increased in blood plasma as well as in plasma
proteins, it is excreted by liver in form of urea by the mechanism of urea cycle. There are two
amino acids Glutamine and glutamate that are very helpful in recycling ammonia instead of
excreting it as wastes products in form of urea.
Liver is known as the detoxification organ of human body and ammonia is regarded as
one of the most highly toxic substance in body. So it is not allowed to accumulate in human
13

body. The catalysts present in liver help carbon dioxide to react with the ammonia molecule,
NH3 to produce less toxic nitrogenous compound. The elimination of nitrogenous produce takes
place from liver cells to the blood stream and then transported to kidney where blood is filtered
and urea is passed out in the form of urine. Urea is a very small and soluble molecule, so it is
easily excreted by kidney. During the process of detoxification, deactivated toxins are deposited
to the bile and this deactivated toxins are passed out-of-body when bile is secreted through liver
for digestive process of fats.
Hepatocytes as a primary site of drug metabolism
The main parenchymal tissue of liver consist of hepatocytes cells. The mass structure of
liver is made by hepatocytes. Protein synthesis, protein storage, transformations of
carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids are performed by the
hepatocytes cells. Most of the dug is metabolised by hepatocytes cells. Other major roles
preformed by liver are detoxification of systemic and portal blood along with production of
critical blood and biliary components. A number of liver derived in vitro systems such as slices,
primary and immortalized hepatocytes (Choudhury, Mahanta and Borkotoki, 2014.). microsomes
and S9 fractions are used to find out the metabolism and potential toxicity of new drugs. In last
few years primary hepatocytes have become a standard in vitro tool to evaluate the hepatic drug
metabolism. This is also very helpful in cytochrome P450 induction and drug interactions.
Cytochrome P450 are the specific type of proteins containing heme as a co factor.
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are found mostly in all kingdoms of like animals, plants,
fungi, bacteria and even in viruses. A prominent role in the metabolism of both endogenous and
exogenous compounds are performed by Cytochrome P450. It is widely acknowledged for
primary determinant of toxicity and carcinogenicity of exogenous compound. There are many
drugs which are ingested in the form of inactive drugs but as it is passed through liver it gets
converted to its active form. Pro drugs are the one of the best example of inactive drug but when
it is ingested, the inactive pro drug is get converted into active form and show their therapeutic
effects. Glucose metabolism also takes place in the hepatocytes cells of liver through a plasma
membrane glucose transporter that is known GLUT2. Hepatocytes are also involved in the
production of glucose in fasted state. Primary hepatocytes cultures are particularly are used in the
evaluation of low turn over compounds. This is also used for biliary clearance to make improved
biliary clearance predictions. The primary hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are made more
14

predictive for in vivo outcome as this is very useful in providing the complete assessment of drug
metabolism, enzymatic metabolising actions, transcriptions factors and other cytokine to get
more and more in vivo toxicological response. Iv nitro studies of primary hepatocytes are
performed where all the conditions required for cells are available.
Conclusion
Liver is regarded as one the most metabolic organ of human system. The affects of
cocaine over liver metabolism, problems occurred due to cocaine uptake, signs and symptoms
that are appeared due to hepatotoxicity have been discussed. Apart from this the functions liver.
Mechanism of nitrogenous waste, urea cycle along with primary hepatocytes functions and
applications in the advancement of drug metabolism have been studied.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the report that an efficient amount of nutrients is very essential
to have a healthier and happier life style. A good nutritional die may also mean the diet full of
minerals, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates etc. that act essential enough for maintaining the
functioning and operations of the body in an efficient way. All the basic aspects covering the
organs along with their functioning have also been discussed in the report. It also involves
Metabolic processes of cellular respiration along with the comparison of the cirrhosis of liver
with cocaine addiction during the time of liver damage.
15

REFERENCES
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