Safety and Health Management Under the Oil and Gas Industry

This article discusses safety and health management in the oil and gas industry. It covers legal requirements, epidemiology of illnesses and injuries, and medical emergency response. The article also provides statistics and information on legislation and training, industry standards, and compliance with regulations. Course code, course name, and college/university are not mentioned.

Running head: SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS
INDUSTRY 1
Safety and Health Management Under the Oil and Gas Industry
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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 2
Safety and Health Management Under the Oil and Gas Industry
INTRODUCTION
Workers may find themselves in new locations due to the nature of their work. Among
such jobs include the oil and gas industry. This has seen many workers travel to new and distant
locations among them offshore locations. However, it brings about risks of hazardous event.
They include offshore platforms, coupled vessels potential risks like being affected by bad
weather. Hence, it poses medical risks that require medical emergency response (MER). Safety is
one of the most important if not the most vital constituents in any oil and gas industry activities.
This is due to the fact that the activities in the industry are mostly operational and involve a lot of
chemical, end products like hydrocarbons and other compounds that may pose health risks to
human beings and the environment.
AIMS
 To be able to define and analyze the MER in new locations and define it in terms
of population, epidemiology of the illnesses and injuries that the oil and other
staff members face.
 To be able to understand and expound on the legal requirements and standards
that are required to manage the challenges that the hazards create.
LITERATURE REVIEW
There are always injuries and illnesses that may affect the life and health of the
workers that work and live offshores. For this reason, medical professionals commonly
termed as medics are contracted to work offshores in the installations, so as to provide
primary care to the workers. The clinics are fully stocked with all medical equipment that are
used in managing the primary care as well as provision of medication. In some countries like

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 3
the UK, there are legislations that are put forth so as to stipulate the minimum requirements
that one is to meet before being approved to work offshores. However, there isn’t any rules
dictated towards the MER standards. Therefore, the offshore medics receive supervision from
onshore doctors through radios and phone links. However, such methods have improved
thanks to availability of internet and live video links that allow for quality care to be provided
to the patient, through new treatment options (OGP, 2006).
STATISTICS
A survey by Oil and Gas UK (OGUK) also formally known as United Kingdom
Offshore Operators Association (UKOOA), revealed that 19568 workers spent over more
than 100nights a year offshore. More to that there were 33947 workers that spend more than
25 nights per year offshore. More shocking statistics is that even though the oil and gas
industry as previously being defined as man territory, close to 1800 women have travelled
offshore in the UK sector (UKOOA, 2000).
Offshore Workers in 2006 Survey
>100 nights / year >25 nighhts/ year

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 4
Due to the nature of installations that are done offshores, the size and functions of the
workers tend to increase. If there is a crew that has an excess of 200 persons in board (POB),
then some of the installations end up being unmade. This means that they are visited by work
parties occasionally. There had been worry that the working staff is aged, as the OGUK study
placed an average of 41 years of the current workforce. Contrary to the thought, the workforce
worked at expected average wage despite the ageing (Ponsonby, 2008).
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURY AND ILLNESSES OFFSHORE
The medical emergency pattern has changed due to the UK sector of the Northern sea.
Studies conducted by normal revealed that 2162 evacuations were made between 1976 and 1984.
From the 1980s, illness cases equaled to those of injuries as contrary to the years before 1980.
The health and Safety Executive (HSE) UK sector of the northern sea had report of 3979
evacuations between 1987 to 1992. Of the evacuations, there was 55% illness cases and 45%
injury cases. By the last year of the study, 65% of the evacuations were accounted for. This was
brought about by the offshore operations and maintenance activities that increased due to

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 5
exploration and construction as well as operations and maintenance (Ponsoby, 2009).
UK secor North sea
study.
HSE in the UK
sector
Illness Cases Inuury cases Total evlatuation
illness cases of last
yar of study
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2162
3979
55 45 65
No. of Efficiency Column1 Linear (Column1)
The figure below shores the type of evacuation conducted from the UK offshore between
1987 and 1992.

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 6
There were more fractures (165/225) and crush injuries to the upper limb (62/72) during
drilling and constructions. Therefore, the Oil and Gas Producers Association from the statistics
sought to improve on safety. The injuries necessitated the medical staff and the facilities to be set
up for medical emergencies for the ailments.

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 7
LEGISLATION AND TRAINING
A legal requirement is placed for the provision of medical care to the employees. This
falls under the Health and Safety legislation of the country that workers are under, in this case,
UK. The government places in requirements for the exploration of gas and oil, requirements for
recognizing the industry, where most tend to have very little on health and safety legislation.
Some countries have legislated the minimum medical requirements at remove sites and minimum
number for medical personnel required for the medical services. This ranges from certifications
to locations and hazards that are associated with the operations. This has resulted to risk-
assessment based approach in the UK compared to the before perspective requirements (Curlee,
2005).
Industry Standards.
The industries worldwide have come together to produce guidance documentation that is
aimed at being the best approach for the health care requirements. The standards may not be

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 8
mandatory for the companies to work with, as most companies have set their own minimum
standards for emergency response. Risk assessments are therefore carried out in the remote
locations and in some of the countries like the UK, that is required by the government. A medical
emergency plan has to be documented and drawn up for overall emergency response plan for the
facilities (Ponsoby, 2009). The response is divided into levels which are recommended by the
OGP (Oil Gas Producers). It includes:
MER OFFSHORE BY OGP
LEVEL 1 Basic First Aid
LEVEL 2 Advanced first Aid
LEVEL 3 Trained Medic paramedic or emergency
medical technician
LEVEL 4 Doctor or nurse working in a primary care
facility
LEVEL 5 Specialist doctor working in a secondary or
tertiary care facility
For offshore installations, level 3 is the best medical support with help from a number of
advanced first aiders. The medic is supervised at level for and often provided support from an
onshore doctor like within the first 4 minutes of the incidence. For every installation whose
POB.25, a MER is dedicated and mostly a medic is in charge of the response. Most of the
doctors who work offshore hail from Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The offshore installation
has a provider of medical care that is in contact through telephones or radio with a medical
supervisor at a different location which creates high responsibility and accountability in terms of
the advice given for the employees that are at work. If there is need for further treatment, the

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 9
patient will be removed from the site. The remote site emergency used as the traditional
management in site health care, involves having a practitioner providing treatment based on local
observations and relayed the information to a remote supervisor who is able to provide advise
where necessary. This is in regards to the specific procedures and administration of drugs (Rossi,
2010).
There are various limitations to these especially in treatment, due to the risk that drug
administration or undertaking of procedures may affect the worker. Thus, the procedures have to
be weighed by the remote supervisor. This brings about a huge difference between the medical
care provided offshore and that is provided in the normal health care systems. The medical
provider is often working alone for some hours before he or she can gain assistance. He or she
has little access to advanced medical facilities that are usually provided for onshore. This may
present difficulties especially for new medical care providers. This has resulted in the companies
providing additional training to the medical providers so as to prepare them for the paramedic
works offshore. The UK, Norway, Holland and a few others have enacted a legislation that
requires the individuals to take and pass certain training courses for the offshore medics. The
courses are internationally recognized by the Oil industry and they represent a basic firm
qualification for working in the remote areas of the health care. A diploma in offshore and remote
medicine is currently in development and there is plan to have it run with the royal college of
surgeons of Edinburgh so as to make it exist to the medics and provide an area of further
education (Saipem SpA, 2007).
The unavailability of identifiable qualification requirements for the work in isolated
environments coupled with the needs to find the practitioners, has contributed to the competency
issues currently being addressed. Most of the available medics aren’t sourced and managed by

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 10
the medical professionals and thus their lack of understanding and the need for awareness for the
specialized training needed for the area of work, may present many issues. The basic emergency
skills retention can also be problematic and thus there is need for advanced training in cardiac
and trauma life support. This is due to the fact that most remote sites have done have a medical
emergency and thus the work is conducted in routines and in terms of sick calls presented. The
UK course for such matters involve a 3 year training period. The fact that the skills are hardly
used may cause degradation of the same and thus prompting training at every operational site for
the same (SI 1989/1671, 1989).
Therefore, they need to follow the guidelines set forth by the OGUK, OGP International
petroleum industry environmental conservation association (IPIECA) for the medical equipment
and facilities installations. There is a sick bay provided for that has a treatment area and seats for
consultation with a resuscitation couch that’s rotatable by 360 degrees with suction, oxygen and
other equipment. It also has a sink, cupboard and running water. There is also an inpatient bed,
toilets, a shower availed for the patients, and a medic cabin that is located nearby. More to that,
the medics are in constant communication with supervising doctor. There is also a helideck
provided for evacuation and a gym and canteen nearby the sickbay in the vent of mass casualties.
Howver, some companies may compromise due to the constraints of space. Therefore, OGUK is
in charge of making sure that all drug and equipment inventories are met (OGP, 2006).
MEDICAL RESPINSE OFFSHORE.
There was a report handed in in 1985 that showed 743 cases dealt with by the remote site
support doctors on shore, required advice given to the offshore medics by 29%. In the past, this
was achieved through telephones and radios but in recent times, the internet and digital camera
images have taken over. For the medics to perform their work dutifully, there needs to be

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 11
equipment from x-rays, oxygen saturation to laboratory tests, and communication either via cable
or satellite. Platforms and organizations for data exchange are also important. Lastly, there needs
to be medical personnel. Several models are used in the order of first opinion which is attained
after use of equipment like x rays. Second opinion which is when the urgency level is defined
and advice for treatment given. There is also shared clinical management when the diagnosis
isn’t as obvious (King, 2012).
COMPLIANCE AND UPTODATEDNESS WITH LEGISLATION
The HSW 1974 ACT (Health and Safety at Work) requires that all employers be able to
ensure their safety and health of their workers or employees, and any other that may be involved.
With that, it places in specific regulations that are meant to deal with the incidences and this
include regulations on noise, chemical and radiations. These apply mostly to those that work
offshores and the standards are placed to help firms comply with the broad specifications
stipulated in the act. The offshore employers are required to have a legal duty towards their
workers’ health and more so in controlling the risks that lie within the operations that the workers
are involved in. Therefore, the owner has a responsibility towards all his or her workers. At the
same time, contractors have a responsibility towards their workers and their health. These duties
overlap with those of the owners so as to ensure that the health and safety of the employees are
ensured. The act also stipulates that the employees are required to ensure that they are not to
endanger themselves or others while attending to their duties. For this reason, the employees are
required to be under the legislation through provision of information, instructions and also
training. This ensures that they are equipped with the relevant knowledge and skills that enable
time to carry out their activities efficiently as they are assigned. More to that, the act requires that

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 12
the worker be skilled in the work that he is assigned to as training enough isn’t efficient.
Therefore, courses are provided for (HSE UK, 2017).
RIDDOR Report
It’s important for health practioners to report injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences
in social and health care (RIDDOR). However, there is a procedure and requirements needed for
the report to suffice. The guidelines fall into the RIDDOR 2012 sheet and only apply to health
and social care sector. They must be connected to work. Therefore, the reports majorly
concentrate on work connected incidences from work activities, equipment and environment
influenced incidences. The reports offer alerts the enforcing authorities on events and also help
them navigate through cases and make decisions on whether to forego a case or to investigate it.
The reports inform the authorities especially locally on how to identify how the safety and health
risks arise, how to reveal them through trends and how to target activities that normally lead to
incidences (International Labour Organization, 2015).
Under RIDDOR specifications there are some cases that are unable to be reported due to
the health and safety at work act of 1974 (HSW Act). Where there are serious management
failures that had the potential to cause serious harm or even death, the local authorities are more
prone to investigate the case. According to the report, cases that are reportable include, death of a
person whether that is work related or not, accidents that have resulted in an employee dying or
suffering injuries that cause his or her being absent in work, accidents that have resulted in an
employee not being able to work and being rushed to the hospital, an employee suffering from
occupational diseases, and dangerous occurrences that have been specified under the HSW Act
(McCoy, 2016).

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 13
The act allows for a responsible person to be able to report on harmful incidences and this
may be an employee, self-employed person, employer to the injured person or someone who is in
control of the place where the injured person works. It’s also the responsibility of the agencies in
charge of the workers to report clear and true facts in regards to an injury or other incidence at
work. These incidences can be reported online and also via telephones for fatal and specific
injuries. For the reports to suffice and be able to be re-ordered, there is key importance to ensure
that the date and methodology of reporting is followed upon. At the same time, it’s important to
ensure that the date, time and pace of incidence is properly reported, the personal details of all
persons involved and also that a brief description of the incidence is recorded as well. All these
must be done within three days of injuries. This is to coincide with requirements by the Social
Security (Claims and payments) regulations of 1979. Similarly, employment organizations must
ensure that they are able to provide such reports to the Safety and health representatives in
compliance with the safety representatives and safety committees regulations of 1977. Injuries
have an extension of not more than 15 days since the first seven days of the injuries incidence
and not more than 10 days since the incidence occurred (Curlee, 2005).
Statistics to Offshore Accidents and Risks (HSE, And Oil and Gas)
Even with the broad ranges of ideas offered and the approaches that have been taken in
order to reduce risks and improve health and safety performances for the workers and other
surrounding communities around oil and gas industry projects, the industry still finds it hard to
reduce the high fatalities and injury rates that have been reported. In the US, by 2013 there was a
total of 138 fatalities reported placing the fatality rate at 7.6 times higher than the average for the
entire country. This is due to the uncommon nature of the industry. Therefore, there has been

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 14
strategic efforts made towards mitigating the health, safety and environment (HSE) incidences
through measuring them in details. This has led to collection of vast information on related
incidents in the hopes of spotting trends and discovering patters that can bring about potential
solutions. However, there have been a number of factors that derail the efforts and this include
lost on incident statistics (Heath & Safety Executive, n.d.).
This happened despite most (Health safety and environment) HSE data having been
encrypted and categorized numerically. Secondly, there has been a significant amount of
information that still resides as historical. Many of these data collectors had to rely use of
systems like emails and spreadsheets amongst others. HSE incident reporting and management
of information still presented hindering issues. There is also the issue of highly customized and
dismantled nature of the HSE data within sectors that created a problem that had operators refer
to data as dark data. Such data still don’t garner attention and therefore is unnecessary
insufficient (Oil & Gas UK, 2007).
Business Case Justifications for Firms Relating to Reduction of Risks and Use of
Management Risks.
Back in 2012, on August 25th, an explosion occurred at the Paraguayan Refinery
Complex. This saw over 151 injuries happen and 48 people died. The refinery complex was part
of the Amuay oil refinery. A similar incidence happened at the Deepwater Horizon drilling,
where an explosion occurred on April 20th 2010. There was fire on the Deepwater Horizon
Submersible Mobile Drilling Unitus (MODU) and thus saw 11 workers die while 16 others were
seriously injured. There were massive offshore spills in the Gulf of Mexico and thus to date still
remains the biggest accidental marine oil spill that has ever happened in the world. It also
remains the biggest environmental disaster globally to date (Chauhan, 2013).

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 15
The U.S. Council, NORA Oil and Gas Extraction reported that between 2003 and 2008,
there were 648 oil workers that had been injured fatally and also there were 29.1 deaths per every
100,000 workers which was a rise by 8 times. These were either due to highway crushes or
workers being stuck in between the equipment in the order respectively. This prompted a need
for clear and emphasized data and more effective ways of managing the safety and health
systems. This is for the reason that the workers in oil and gas industries are predisposed to many
dangerous risk factors and therefore, ensuring their wellbeing is important. Therefore, periodic
health checkups for each and every worker at the plants need to be done to ensure normal health
and working conditions. This is per the OSHMS (Occupational Safety and Health Management
systems) (Chauhan, 2013).
Use of data recorded by digital devices and application software have been known to help
in gaining insight into markets, products, and consumers behavior. This has helped increase
efficiency in operations, change of strategies, build up better customer services and products and
identification of new markets. The information has helped firms maintain a competitive
advantage over their opponents. Similarly, it has helped in leveraging of data and predictive
analytics for operational risks mitigations. Also, it helped the managers to be able to recognize
and understand and reduce risks to infrastructure, industrial operations and supply chains.
Application of new tools also presents new challenges. However, it also provides hope for HSE
types of phenomena analysis and also more protection for many types of data. This provides a
link between related investments and safety performance (Tan, 2016).
Reporting, Recording and Monitoring Health and Safety Systems in The Oil and
Gas Sector.

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 16
There are various hazards that face workers at oil and gas industries. Because they are so
broad, they have been grouped into safety and injury hazards and health and illness hazards. The
latter constitutes of motor vehicle accidents (caused by either fatigue or instability of the hands),
contact injuries. Fire and explosion (caused by highly inflammable hydrocarbons, presence of
oxygen), slips, trips and falls, and enclosed spaces (Caused by limited openings, unfavorable
natural ventilation, or wrongful designs) (De Sanctis, 2001).
On the other hand, health and illness standards include the chemical hazards (toxic,
corrosive and irritants), physical hazards (noise, vibrations and temperatures occurring at their
extreme), biological hazards (virus, parasites and bacteria), ergonomic hazards (manual activities
and bad postures), and psychosocial hazards (caused by overworking, isolation and violence
amongst others). All the hazards can be caused by seismic survey evaluations, exploration and
drilling, decommissioning, development and production, transportation and storage, marketing,
pipeline constructions and management, product refining, petrochemical and sales and
distribution (Tan, 2016).
Application of One Risk Assessment Model
It’s important to ensure that the risks are managed in order to ensure a safe working place
and the heath of the workers. Therefore, several models can be approached. However, the
approach needs to be systematic and therefore one of the best model is the solution model. This
is based on the PDCA Cycle. It consists of Planning, doing, checking and then acting (Tan,
2016).

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 17
There has been a suggestion by a researcher, Kuo (2007) to have a fresh safety
management system called the Generic Management system (GMS) which consists of two parts
linked together.
The system follows a five-element process where the criteria of risk management is
defined, then the resources are organized to meet the goals. The plan is implemented and results
measured and lastly, the implemented plan is reviewed (De Sanctis, 2001).
The scheme is procedural contains four generic steps which include:
PLAN
Strategic HSSE Roadmap
Workflows
Targets and Objectives
Key priorities
ACT
CHECK
DO
Management review
Action for continuous improvements
Risk and injury
Health and illness management
Training and assessment
Regulatory compliance
Monitoring
Modeling
Trends
Audits
Performance indicators
Management
SYSTEM
Process
Scheme

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 18
 Hazard identification
 Risk assessment
 Risk reduction
 Emergency preparedness
When the hazard is identified, the risks can be assessed and a probable way of mitigating
through them can be implemented (The national Academics of Sciences, Engineering and
Medicine, 2016).
SAFETY CULTURE
Risk Management Process
The process is important in ensuring that there is prevention of injuries and work-related
illnesses. The process is key in all matters safety and health and it consists of identifying the
risks, evaluating and prioritizing, and implementing preventative measures that helps in
controlling the risks. Key importance is placed in specific situations that include the job safety
analysis. This involves evaluating certain tasks and jobs, processes taken in reducing or
preventing risks and hazards in the As Low as Reasonably Practical (ASLARP) order, inspecting
and performing work place audits, and management changes identification. The procedure flows

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 19
an ascending order that includes planning, risk identification, risk assessment, risk recording, risk
control, follow on assessment and finally monitoring and reviewing (Campbell, 2012).
Effective Record Keeping
 It’s important to ensure that all reports are up to date and also that they have the
following information:
 A company with more than 10 workers needs to have an accident book
 The occupiers or workers of mines, factories or quarries also need to have accident books
 RIDDOR Records need to be kept for a minimum of 3 years after the date of the last
incidence
 RIDDOR records need to be kept 5-6 years so as to allow for more time for any civil
litigations made
 Incident need to be reported within 10 days after the occurrence of an incident. This may
include work related deaths, serious injuries, work related diseases, over 7day injuries,
injuries to the public members, dangerous occurrences and dangerous gas fittings in a
workplace (International Labour Organization, 2015).
The Position and Responsibilities of The Health and Safety Practitioner.
There are over 20,000 people working in the offshores under employment of the UK
government. These people are exposed to occupational health risks. This is an issue that not only
affects them individually but also their families as well. This also tends to have a long-term
effect on their life qualities but also their financial security too. Therefore, of key importance is
managing the occupational health, health risks and mitigation and welfares associated with the
line of profession. Occupational health involves the protection of workers in terms of their
physical and mental health and also ensuring that their workplace welfares are attended to. This

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 20
includes a wide range of activities but in all these, ensuring their health by preventing illnesses is
the most important. These are in the line of a health practioners and involves identifying,
assessing and controlling the health risks. Some other key aspects to concentrate on include.
Ensuring that the initial fitness is maintained and also continued with so as to maintain
productivity at work. There is also provision of first aid and emergency medical services,
providing health education and promotion as well and lastly, rehabilitation after any illness or
injury needs to be ensured. The oil and gas industry has been known to cause health issues
amongst them hearing loss, dermatitis, respiratory illnesses and muscoskeletal disorders. More to
just the health implications, there have also been the high costs that are connected to treatment
solution or even legal litigation matters inclusive of compensation claims (Chauhan, 2013).
The health practioners have a huge responsibility in the oil and gas industries in terms of
providing medical attention and assistance in the vents of incidences and more so in creating
awareness of the safety and health risks in such industries. Prevention is always better than cure
and most of the incidences that occur and directly affect the health of the workers can be
avoided. It’s important that a heath practioners is able to create awareness of the sort of activities
that can lead to injuries and ill health. This will help the workers avoid the activities or if
unavoidable, take more precautions when executing them (HSE, 2013).
For instance, deaths in the industry are mostly caused during loading, unloading or
maintenance of vehicles, being struck by a moving vehicle, falling loads, or collapsing of
vehicles and spills from of chemicals. If the drivers place key interest in handbrakes, safe
positioning of the drivers sear and the drivers during loading and unleafing using the fork-lifts, or
during repair works, then incidences causing deaths will be reduced. A health practioners is able
to make visits and analysis of the type of work that the workers engage in and how best to

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 21
formulate prevention measures so as to avoid injuries and deaths. By using a structured approach
in solving a problem, she is able to control risks that can prevent harm caused by hazards
(McCoy, 2016).
CONCLUSION
Telemedicine seeks to continue improving medical emergencies in the remote locations.
This enables the sick patients to be closer to the medical specialists for medical attention.

SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 22
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