operations and project management

power point presentation and assessment 4000words Harvard referencing, text citation and references

Operations and project
management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
ACTIVITY 1: ..................................................................................................................................4
Covered in PPT...........................................................................................................................4
ACTIVITY: 2...................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Introduction: briefly explain the concept of continuous improvement.................................4
2.2 Prepare a continuous improvement plan based on your review and critique of operations
management principles within Toyota. Additionally analyses the effectiveness of the plan
using appropriate theories, concepts and/or models...................................................................5
2.3 Following from your answer to 2.2; justify strategies for achieving continuous
improvement of improved efficiency at Toyota by applying appropriate theories, concepts
and/ or models. ...........................................................................................................................7
ACTIVITY 3:...................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Apply each stage of the PLC to the given project; include the following supporting
documents: business case, project plan, work breakdown structure, Gantt Chart with Critical
Path..............................................................................................................................................8
3.2 Analyses the rationale for use of WBS, Gantt Chart & Critical Path, and leadership for the
Project.......................................................................................................................................10
3.3 Review and critique the effectiveness of the application of the PLC in the project using
appropriate models, concepts and theories................................................................................11
3.4 Critically analyse and critique how the use of appropriate theories, models and concepts
will be applied differently for large and small scale projects...................................................12
3.5 Critically evaluate the practical and theoretical effectiveness of the PLC in application to
this project using appropriate theories, models and concepts’..................................................12

CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Operations and project management in which operations management deals with the day
to day as well as strategic business concerns or issues in systematic manner. On other hand
project management majorly deals with the planning, organising, motivating and control various
works and activities in order to achieve organisational goals and objectives. It proved beneficial
for organisation by analysing design and control to bring improvement in operations, projects,
logistics and supply chain management issues in order to remain competitive in the marketplace.
This report covers the two case studies one on Toyota which faces some management issues and
other section of report based on Paul and Penny that aimed to expand their business and related
activities to remain competitive in the marketplace. This report cover the significance of
operations and project management by evaluating and implementing principles of operation
management. Then review and critique implementation of operations management with help of
six sigma and lean principles to gain optimum outcomes. For an organisation continuous
improvement is very much necessary by using methods and strategies to amend performance.
Further it explains Planning phrase with help of project life cycle and other supportive
documents. Also review and critique the effectiveness of PLC with help of models, concepts.
ACTIVITY 1:
Covered in PPT.

Operations:
Operations includes the manufacturing of products, manage quality and build one of best
services to consumer base. Operations is one of major function in an organization with
marketing, finance and supply chain to gain optimum outcomes. For operations function requires
the management of both strategic and day to day production and measurement of goods and
services in positive manner. As per the case study Toyota faces operation management issues
that approaches to quality that are very crucial for an organization to remain always competitive
in the marketplace. The major motive behind implementation of respective principle is to control
waste by improving the quality of products in order to gain positive outcomes.
Operations management:
Operation management which majorly concerned with the planning, organizing and controlling
the activities in concerned of manufacturing or provision of services to gain optimum outcomes.
In context of Toyota which faces issue of quality in which poorly placed or incorrect floor mats
under the driver seat that could lead uncontrolled acceleration in various models.
Main business functions:
Operation management is the one of effective branch which manage functions and
various process within the organization. There are various functions of operation management
that are as follows:
Finance:
Finance is one of most crucial factor for the operation management to ensure that all
finances have been consumed or utilized in their full extent and carried out in proper manner
while producing the products and services to gain optimum outcomes. In context of Toyota they
utilize all information related to finance to reach at optimum outcomes in proper manner.
Operation: The major function of operation management related with planning, organizing
and controlling various works and activities in an organization. The major function is to convert
raw material into finished products and services. In context of Toyota to produce and
manufacture products use operation management principles for gaining optimum outcomes.

Strategy:
Respective function is very much important for an organization which refers to planning
tactics that helps to optimize resources to gain competitive edge over other businesses. In
business strategies includes supply chain configuration, sales and optimum utilization of human
resources. In context of Toyota to improve the quality of their products they use various
strategies and tactics in order to gain optimum outcomes.
Historical idea in operation management:
Frederick Taylor use principles of scientific management with motive of op-timing the
opportunities and simplify the job with motive of enhance productivity. Here are the principles
of Taylor:
 Replace the policy of rule of thumb method of work which methods based on the
scientific study of tasks and duties. Respective principle helps to optimize and simplify
the jobs to enhance the productivity level.
 Scientifically train and select the worker before then they leave the organization passively
leave the organization.
 Taylor principle states that cooperation have to ensure that workers followed the
scientific methods so that productivity should be enhanced.
 The another principle states that work should be distributed in within managers and
workers so that they can apply scientific management principles to plan and perform
systematically.
Lean manufacturing:
Respective method of operation management helps to organization in minimizing
wastage while producing the products and services. In context of Toyota which faces the issue of
quality by using lean manufacturing focus on minimization of wastage from the production
process to gain optimum outcomes.
Seven forms of waste:
Waste is harmful element for an organization that takes too much cost for them as well as
consumers. Here are the various kinds of cost that are as follows:
Transport:
Transportation refers to movement of materials from the one location to another. In it
includes the ridiculous transportation of raw material that leads wastage and harms productivity.

Inventory:
It refers to storing the products for long time in the warehouse that charges too much cost
and harms productivity.
Motion:
Motion refers to the movement of materials from one place to another unnecessarily that
takes too much cost and time to gain optimum outcome.
Waiting:
when one process of production takes too much time another series of activities takes too
much time that hampers the whole process.
over processing:
Over processing refers to the build products and features that are not necessary for
consumers that harms productivity and outcomes.
Over production:
Respective kind of waste occurs while organization product products more than the
requirement of consumers that harms profitability.
Defects:
Producing defective products that not useful for both consumers as well as organization
to gain optimum outcomes.
Flexible specialization:
Flexible specialization which is a business strategy build by an organization to make
oneself more competitive. Organization by using the multiple skills of employees and machinery
and equipment to gain optimum results. In context of Toyota that uses respective tool to provide
specialization to their employees in order to give one of their best efforts.
Mass customization:
Respective tool of marketing and manufacturing technique that helps to combine the
flexibility and personification effect in regards of custom made products to improve quality of
products.
Agile manufacturing:
Respective term used in an organization to create various processes, tools and techniques
to respond in very quick manner regarding the consumers needs and wants that changes with
controlling cost and quality frequently.

Introduction to Toyota:
Toyota which is one of well known name in manufacturing of automobile in the whole
world. Respective organization faces the issue of quality while manufacturing the products and
services as mentioned above in case. To improve the performance and in quality respective
organization uses various tools such as Six Sigma and lean manufacturing to gain optimum
outcomes.
Six sigma:
Six sigma is one of most important tool in context of organization in order to remove
waste by saving cost of manufacture goods and services at optimum level. Both methods are very
much useful for organization to improve the quality.
Compare and contrast the Six sigma and lean
Six sigma proved beneficial for organization for reducing the cost as well as to save time to gain
optimum outcomes for an organization.
On other hand lean manufacturing rely on the elimination of wastage by analysis of workflow
process to enhance consumers experiences in positive manner.
Six sigma Lean manufacturing
Six sigma proved beneficial for organization
for reducing the cost as well as to save time to
gain optimum outcomes for an organization.
On other hand lean manufacturing rely on the
elimination of wastage by analysis of workflow
process to enhance consumers experiences in
positive manner.
Implementation of the principles of operation management
There are large number of principles of operation management. Effective application of
those in working help in ascertainment of better results through optimum utilisation of materials,
equipment and technology. The main principles which are applied by Toyota in effective
functioning of their operations includes:
Reality: The principle of reality is about focusing over overall problem instead of the
techniques as these are not capable in itself to provide effective solution. The management takes
the decision on the basis of the issues. They never focus over use of some successful technique in
business for improvement. This is so success can be attained through removal of issues and these
can be determined with the help of evaluation only. So, hybrid and situation approach is the best

to adopt. In this case, organisation sometime lack in acceptance of advance technique but it
doesn't have negative impact.
Organisation: The process used by the Toyota to operate their function is about focus
over interconnectedness of different departmental functions. The advantage of the same is
ascertained in the manner that all the departments help each other that further aid in
accomplishment of their individual and overall goals. The confusion and duplication is the aspect
that can arise but this is not big against the benefits.
Success: This principle has major focus over consideration of the views of consumer.
This is the only way that an organisation can attain success in market. The same approach is used
by the management of Toyota in respect of bringing success in their operational activities. They
focus over change in their processes that ultimately benefits the consumers through providence
of their end product and service. Sometimes this will have negative impact over the stakeholders
but ultimately they able to persuade their mind through ascertainment of positive results.
Accountability: This principle is about taking the accountability or responsibility of the
work done. Toyota uses this principle in its functioning as they always focus over formulation of
rules and metrics which help to carry on the tasks in accordance to the standards. They take it as
must in nature which have negative impact too as not possible to comply all the standards that
creates negative impact over the behaviour of consumers. But, simultaneously this turned out as
the positive for an organisation as this will force them to to made changes in their processes and
effectively comply the all established standards.
Review and critique the implementation of operations management in relation to Six Sigma
methodology and Lean principles.
Operation management is the area of management which concerned for the designing and
controlling the process of production and redesigning the business operations in order to gain
desirable goals and objectives. In context of operation management lean principles and six sigma
plays very much important role to smooth-en organisational works and activities. Here are the
critical evaluation of Six sigma and lean principles
Lean principles:
Respective principle helps in reducing the wastage from sources that are varied as per the
material defects to worker ergonomics. But due to over use of it bring the major problems
required to examine the value of improvements.

Six sigma:
Six sigma proved beneficial to track the recording of the adding value to ensure that
quality is the output is best fit. On other hand it impacts on the business processes minute by
minute by generating large amount of empirical data that is very much time and cost consuming.
ACTIVITY: 2
2.1 Introduction: briefly explain the concept of continuous improvement.
Continuous improvement also known as Kaizen which is one of most method to identify
or evaluate the opportunities to bring work into streamline and reducing wastage. Respective
kind of practices bring into practice due to the popularity of Lean/ Agile and Kaizen in
manufacturing and business, and in today's world it used by the thousands of companies all over
the world in order to evaluate opportunities (Al-Abrrow, Alnoor and Abbas, 2019). Kinds of
ideologies and philosophies combined in order to gain excellent results by saving cost and time.
In context of Toyota which is world's great manufacturing success stories in the Toyota
production system that philosophy which organizes manufacturing and logistics by interacting
with suppliers and customers. Toyota production system known as lean manufacturing for the
objective of eliminate wastage to exactly what is waste and where it existed. Some other aspects
are also present that have contribution in development of the cycle of improvement known as six
sigma and lean principles. These both have their different functioning and work over different
determinant but interrelated with each other in terms of bringing improvement in overall process
of operation. Six sigma help in elimination of defects from the existing process or products but
lean principle contributes in development of the overall process where focus is provided on
providence of maximum level of value to customers through use of minimal resources.
2.2 Prepare a continuous improvement plan based on your review and critique of operations
management principles within Toyota. Additionally analyses the effectiveness of the plan
using appropriate theories, concepts and/or models.
Continuous improvement concept is wide in nature as analyzed above. The number of
aspects that can help an organization in building the nature of continuous development. Toyota is
multinational organization where management adopts the two different determinants to bring
improvement in operational efficiency includes six sigma and lean principles. Analysis

conducted above in respect to application of these against the principles of operational
management persist in organization ascertained that Six sigma method does not help in overall
removal of defect from the production process by providence of effective solution in respect of
elimination of one stage of production which is about control and simulation through merging of
the same with the aspect of construction design. On the other hand, lean principles also not able
to provide the maximum value to consumers through utilization of least amount of resources due
to ineffectiveness and incapacity of six sigma approach and its own incompetency in application
of Pull strategy. Both these approaches work differently but the manner of result is same that
attained by an organization includes improvement in the operational efficiency. So, required to
focus over formulation of continuous improvement plan which help to set the targets and provide
the direction of working towards its achievement. The plan includes the development of the three
different objectives where overall focus is provided on the removal of previous flaws and
attainment of the standards of operation management as set by the management of an
organization.
Objective 1
To remove the one segment from the overall production process to reduce the wastage of
time period in production process by 10 % within 2 year of time period through the use of six
sigma approach.
Resources required: Appointment of personnel's competent in merging the process of
constructive design and simulation. Also, needed high technology that help to combine the
designing and simulation process along with creation of competitive culture.
Timescale for review: In every Six months
Application: Six sigma is the approach which has main aim in respect of the reduction of
wastage's. Production time period is high in Toyota due to involvement of various stages. This is
used in respect of the merger of the two working segments to reduce the time period taken under
functioning of these stages. This includes the merger of simulation stage with constructive design
as determination of the characteristics at the time of designing provides flexibility which create
path of changes as per the needs of consumers and to bring improvement in the overall
performance. Math works simulation software is used by the different team of personnel's where
focus is provided over simulation along with designing. The features that help in its effective

application includes algorithm development, data analytic, visualization and numerical, As end
result they provide consumption of less time period and flexible approach.
Review: Review after six months ascertained that reduction in time period of production
is reduced with significant percentage. Effective future performance help to attain the objective.
Objective 2
To ascertain effective application of pull strategy of lean principle with the approach of
six sigma for the purpose of increment in optimum utilization of resources by 10% within 2 years
of time period to deliver maximum value to the consumers.
Resources required: Competent personnel's, technology that help to deliver optimum
value
Timescale for review: Every six months
Application: The main focus of pull strategy is upon completion of work on time when
they demanded. The integration of this with six sigma help in identification of the software
which help to remove the one unnecessary stage from production process i.e. simulation through
merger of the same in construction designing. The software used in this process includes Math-
works simulation software. Now, the overall number of stages that remains includes concept,
styling and packaging, construction along with simulation, testing and industrialization. Merger
of designing and simulation provide flexibility to made changes before testing and also help to
provide maximum value in available resources.
Review: From the review after 6 months derived the sales is increases with significant
amount which proves the fact about the deliverance of higher value. Continuation of the same
help to achieve the objective.
Objective 3
To ascertain effective merger of the functioning of the two departments through use of
six sigma and lean principles in development of 10% more competent production process within
2 years of time period.
Resources required: Formulation of new team, merger of the two departments through
appoint of personnel's where they able to perform designing and simulation aspects
simultaneously.
Timescale for review: Every six months

Application: Use of Math-works simulation software help to adjoin the two departmental
functions which help in designing of competent production process through use of effective
combination results of the two adjoining approaches six sigma and lean principles.
Review: Reviewed after six months that value is improved and also time period is
reduced with significant amount. This resultant into the development of the overall process.
Continuation of all the aspects in effective way help to accomplish this objective too.
Effectiveness of plan
Continuous improvement plan is build with the help of approaches like six sigma and
lean principles to bring improvement in operational management aspect. The effectiveness of the
plan is determined only with the help of evaluation of application and results attained with the
contribution of these approaches. Six months review of application and results in respect to both
approaches is positive in nature which help to accomplish all the three objectives of the
organization. So, overall these help the organization in attainment of all the objectives within the
2 years of time period through deliverance of high value in less time to their consumers. The
change in process is major in nature whole one process is removed through merger with the use
of Math-works simulation software. It not only help to attain the objective of reduction in time
period and increment in value but also provide flexibility to the overall production approach.
After review and critique of the operation management principles in context of Toyota it
has been evaluated that there are majorly seven kinds of wastage's which create hazardous effects
on the profitability and sustainability of the business activities (Antony and Gupta, 2019). In
context of Toyota which uses their own production system that are known as Toyota production
system designed out to eliminate overburden and inconsistencies to eliminate wastage. It is
accountable to significant effects on the process values by delivering the best value in smooth
manner.
Here are the continuous improvement plan in context of Toyota that are as follows:
Plan Do Check Act
Over production:
over production is to
manufacture or
The Toyota production
systems which also
refereed to Just in time
To check the
respective system of
production Toyota
So in context of
Toyota they have to
plan and coordinate

product products and
services before it is
actually required
(Chapman, 2019.). It
is highly costly in
nature due to it
prohibits smooth flow
of materials and
degrade quality and
productivity
negatively.
that helps to produce
just as it is needed. By
using respective tool
they able to reduce
storage cost, reduce
defects and lessen lead
time.
have to turning off the
tap which required a
lot of courage because
the problem of
overproduction is
hiding but revealed in
future.
with their inner system
of organisation by
coordinating and
relating with
minimization of waste
that not only save cost,
time but also helps in
save cost of inventory.
Inappropriate
processing:
In appropriate
processing refers to
the many organisations
have to use expensive
kind of high precision
equipments whereas
simpler tools and
techniques should be
used sufficient. This
is the major cause of
poor plant layout
because of the
subsequent operations
are located far apart.
Respective kind of
practices within the
organisation harms the
productivity and
resources in that
respective organisation
have to focus on Six
sigma by use low cost
automation, by
combining with
immaculately
maintained often with
older machines.
To check the results
organisation have to
plan and coordinate
with their staff
members by accessing
their skills and
capabilities in order to
gain optimum
outcomes. By
investing in smaller,
more flexible
equipments where
possible and creating
cells after combining
steps in order to
reduce the wastage of
inappropriate
processing. So for an
organisation it is very
much essential to
After observing or
evaluating the gaps in
against solution of
inappropriate
processing
organisation uses
proper tools and
techniques in order to
remain always
competitive in
marketplace.

effectively evaluate
each and every
attribute in proper
manner
To judge the effectiveness of the plan it is very much needed to apply the theory of Kaizen which
defined as an continuous improvement plan to bring changes that are worthy for organization of
all processes and systems of a particular project to remain always competitive in marketplace
(Ferraris, Erhardt and Bresciani, 2019).
There are five S of Kaizen that helps to solve the major problems in order to attain desirable
outcomes that are as follows:
Five S of Kaizen which is a systematic approach that helps to fool proofread the whole
system, rules and standards to provide one of the best and healthy work culture in organization.
Japanese company which never criticize their organization and show that they are dissatisfied. So
process of Kaizen helps to give satisfaction level to employees by coordinating each and every
aspect in proper manner.
SEIRI:
Respective theory stands for sort out, in which employees sort out to coordinate or
organize things in proper manner. For an organization it is very crucial to label out components
such as critical, most important, not needed now and useless (Fewings and Henjewele, 2019).
So in context of Toyota they have to throw out all the useless activities which takes too much
time and cost. Hence, it is very much important to organize and kept safe one of most critical and
most important for an organization that reduce organizational creativity and productivity.
SEITION:
Seition relates to organize as per the research it is evaluated that employees waste half of
their resources that are precious in nature and important to remain always relevant in the
marketplace. In context of Toyota which faces kinds of problems so it is very much crucial for
them to save their resources and time by organizing and allocating in proper manner.
SEISO:
The word Seiso denotes the shine workplace. It defines about sanity at the workplace by
De cluttering workstation. Clean work place increase the employees productivity by giving them
positivist in giving their best efforts.

SEIKETSU- SEIKETSU:
Respective word denotes the standardization by setting certain standards and rules to
ensure that organization gain superior quality to remain always competitive in marketplace. In
context of Toyota they focus on managing standards of product towards waste minimization by
determining the goals and objectives in proper manner.
SHITSUKE or self discipline:
Employees needed to respect the organizational policies and norms as self discipline is
very much important to save the cost and time to gain potential outcomes (Goodman, 2019.). In
context of Toyota which faces the problem of over production and inappropriate processing so
organization and their employees needed self discipline to coordinate each and every aspect in
proper manner.
2.3 Following from your answer to 2.2; justify strategies for achieving continuous improvement
of improved efficiency at Toyota by applying appropriate theories, concepts and/ or
models.
To bring improvement in the actions and activities in context of Toyota which faces some
kinds of problems or issues by using the various models or concepts such as Kaizen, Lean
production and many more (Ho and Chuah, 2019). To improve the quality organization uses
various tools that are very much important for them by cutting cost and time. Kaizen translates to
change for better which is one of most simple concept used by all companies all over world at
individual, team and organization level. Hence in context of Toyota by using the Kaizen and lean
manufacturing evaluates the gaps to serve in best manner.
The justification in respect to the strategies which are used and mentioned in the
continuous improvement plan includes six sigma and lean principles. Here, both of these applied
collectively where six sigma focus over reduction of time duration of production through
elimination of the one stage. On the other hand, lean principle focus over acceptance and
application of overall idea where value is increased of the overall process towards the consumers
through optimum utilization resources. SAF strategy model is used for the purpose of evaluation
of the viability of the above mentioned strategy.
Suitability: This help to check the suitability of the strategy on the basis of the different
factors like the above mentioned strategy uses the strength of the organization, help to overcome
the issue and help to achieve the objective. Six sigma and lean principles has used the

organization strength of large number or resources effectively in process of reduction of the time
period and increment in the value provided to customers.
Acceptability: This is the process which includes about the measurement of risk, return
and stakeholder reaction towards the strategies as this will help to effectively understand the
aspect of acceptability. Reduction in time and maximization of value help to get the more valued
product by the consumers in cost effective way.
Feasibility: This is about checking the organization capacity. Toyota has sufficient
amount of funds which allows the use new software effectively. The available resources with
organization are enough in the successful application of both these approaches and attainment of
objectives.
In accordance to all the three options, analyzed that the strategy of six sigma and lean
principles is viable and effective in nature in respect to the bring continuous development in
operational aspects of the organization. On all the three criterion of suitability, acceptability and
feasibility approach used by organization justified as profitable and productive in nature as not
only organization gets the benefit from the application of these approaches but also the
customers get the optimum satisfaction.
ACTIVITY 3:
3.1 Apply each stage of the PLC to the given project; include the following supporting
documents: business case, project plan, work breakdown structure, Gantt Chart with
Critical Path.
Paul & Penny is a D.C based Crochet wear and home goods organisation that are pioneer
in designing and hand made accessories for all age group. Respective organisation aimed to
running a leisure centre in Clapham to enlarge business opportunities by revolutionized their site
suitable in Croydon. To proceed in right direction it is very crucial to Plan the project in proper
manner by using various tools and techniques that are as follows:
Project life cycle:
The project life cycle which usually broken down into four phases that are initiation,
planning, execution and closure. In context of Paul & Penny they aimed to revolutionized their
site in Croydon for that they have to coordinate by PLC:
 Initiation: In initiation stage the business need to find out the major opportunities, issues
or brainstorm to meet the needs and reap out important opportunity (Ho and Chuah,

2019). In context of Paul & Penny they aimed to add some new features in their site to
remain always competitive in marketplace. For that they have to plan and coordinate
from the very initial level to bring idea into practice.
 Planning: Once project approved it is potential to move forward by building business
case, statement of work and many other documents to gain optimum outcomes. In context
of Toyota they break down the whole project into smaller tasks for successfully
completion of task. In context of respective organisation they bifurcate works and
activities into smaller sections after accessing their skills and capabilities.
 Execution: In that stage management gain business approval basis on developed plan and
building a effective team (.Kerzner, 2019. ). It is time to work and put it into practice,
with help of project manager all activities should be keep on track by managing time
lines. In context of Paul & Penny they build one of most effective team after analysing
their skills and capabilities for gaining effective outcomes.
 Closure: Team after completed project enter into the closure stage by using final
deliverables, resources and by determining the success of project.
Business case:
In business case consist of all reasoning or initiatives for a project. Here are the important
deliverables of business case:
Executive summary: Paul & Penny aimed to revolutionized their site to gain sustainability and
competitive edge into the marketplace. For that they plan and coordinate with their staff
members to gain potential outcomes.
Goal: the major goal is to enlarge business opportunities by finding out taste and preferences of
consumers.
Solution: To accomplish respective goal organisation have to promote their products and
services by using various promotional events.
Execution time: Respective project takes almost one to two year.
Project plan:
Project plan which is a formal document designed to guild and control the phrase from
initiation till its completion.
Work breakdown structure:

WBS is one of most important tool to divide the complex project into simpler and
manageable tasks to allocated tasks and duties in proper manner (Nobe, 2019.). WBS proved
beneficial for a project to divide tasks and responsibilities in appropriate way.
Gantt chart:
Gantt chart commonly used in project management to show activities which displayed
against the time zone. In context of respective project they by using bar chart bifurcate the
works and activities in order to gain potential outcomes.

3.2 Analyses the rationale for use of WBS, Gantt Chart & Critical Path, and leadership for the
Project.
Before using such kind of documents for a project it is very much essential for an
organization to evaluate importance (Owda And et.al ., 2019.). With the help of WBS, Gantt
chart and critical path an organization can bifurcate the works and activities in against the time
zone to gain potential outcomes. Respective documents shows the scope, estimate cost and
allocation of resources by managing risk factor over the schedule time period.
Leadership is very crucial for an organization as well as project, for a specified project
the leadership style plays very major role. In respective project the situational leadership style
plays major role in which actions changes as per situation to handle all aspects of related project.
In context of Paul & Penny they by using respective projects follow all tasks and actions in
appropriate manner.
With the help of critical path in the project helps to organization to prioritize tasks that
required a greater focus. The prioritized tasks directly impact on the ability of an organization to
complete the project on specified time and efforts. So it is very much important for an
organization while began a new project in order to gain suitable direction for it.

3.3 Review and critique the effectiveness of the application of the PLC in the project using
appropriate models, concepts and theories.
To acknowledge the effectiveness of the project life cycle that categorize various works
and activities in systematic manner (Rendon and Snider, 2019. ). In context of respective project
by using the Water fall model organization can achieve effectiveness of PLC that are as follows:
Water fall model:
The waterfall approach which helps to divide the whole process into separate phases that
are as follows:
Requirements:
The first phrase which involved to understand kinds of needs to design and their various
purposes and functions. In context of Paul & Penny they firstly find out the major requirement to
bring tasks into market.
System design:
In respective stage of waterfall model they as per the purpose or objectives design the
whole system accordingly. It elaborates the requirements of various systems and equipment in
defining the overall architecture system.
Implementation:
In it system or planning is done in proper manner in small groups called units that are
integrate into next phrase. Each and every phrase and its functionality is tested to check their
viability.
Integration and testing:
Units which are developed into implementation phase integrated into the system to verify
test in proper manner (Schermerhorn Jr And et.al ., 2019.). In context of Paul & Penny they
bring idea into practice they verify each and every aspect in proper way to get desirable
objectives.
Deployment of system:
after completion of both functional and non functional testing the product is deployed in
market to gain potential outcomes.
Maintenance:

Respective step takes place after installation and involved modifications to the system to
improve performance. Respective kind of modifications occurs due to change request initiated
by consumers by removing defects to gain potential outcomes.
In context of Paul & Penny they by follow respective stages verify the potentiality
3.4 Critically analyse and critique how the use of appropriate theories, models and concepts will
be applied differently for large and small scale projects.
For an organisation before launching a new product and services into marketplace it is
very much necessary to evaluate the appropriateness of theories and practices. The waterfall
model is one of most important tool for an organisation as it allows departmentalization and
control all activities in proper manner ( Turner, Lecoeuvre, Sankaran and Er, 2019). It helps to
build a schedule by setting deadlines for every stage of development by analysing each and every
phrase in proper way. In context of large projects the whole process is systematically followed
by management as it takes too much time and cost to imply it in proper manner after evaluating
each and every aspect such as resources, cost, time, targets, talent and many more. On other
hand in small projects that not have potential budget to imply such kind of theories and practices
into their organisation so they skip some steps to reach at desirable goals promptly. In context of
Paul & Penny they possess the large project in that aspect they follow the full fledged process to
evaluate each various factors with their contribution in achieving outcomes. In that regards by
using the waterfall model that specifies the departmentalization and control over activities. In it
schedules can be set with the deadlines for each and every stage of development and a product
processed through the development process in systematic manner.
3.5 Critically evaluate the practical and theoretical effectiveness of the PLC in application to this
project using appropriate theories, models and concepts’.
To remain always relevant in the business environment it is very much important for an
organization to critically evaluate the effectiveness of PLC. In the words of Andra Picincu in
today's scenario more and more companies adopted the project life cycle in order to evaluate the
effectiveness of each and every step to judge importance (Describe the Advantages and
Disadvantages of Project Management, 2019). Project life cycle helps in setting the goals and
objectives, in context of Paul & Penny they while aimed to launch new program they establish
priory objectives to give proper guidance to people who are working with them. It also helps in
improving the communication in between the people in order to share the proper knowledge and

information within the people to remain competitive. On other hand to pass through the whole
cycle it needed too much cost and time with efforts for gaining desirable objectives and goals.
Sometimes it in organization increased the level of complexity by building stressful environment
at workplace. So it is very crucial to use various tools and techniques in order to save the cost
and time in proper manner.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that operations management is very much
important for an organization to control and regulate each and every activity within the
organization. By using the various theories and practices organization can plan the activities such
as project life cycle to gain potential outcomes out of it. By using certain principles of operation
management that directly contribute towards in improving performance and save cost and time
for gaining effectual outcomes to remain competitive in marketplace.

REFERENCES
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Online:
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