Project Management Techniques and Models

This assignment provides an in-depth analysis of various project management techniques and models, including Agile, Waterfall, and Earned Value Management. It discusses the importance of breaking down large tasks into smaller segments to complete projects within effective timeframes. The Waterfall model is also explained as a means to describe the effectiveness of project life cycles. References are provided from relevant books, journals, and online sources.

Operations & Project
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Critical review regarding implementation of operations principle in organisation context.. 3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
P2 Continuity in improvement plan based on review and analysis............................................8
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
P3 Apply each stage of the PLC along with providing necessary supporting documentation for
the project..................................................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................14
P4 Review and critique the effectiveness of the PLC in application to the chosen project .....14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Operations management is the process of being a branch of the organisation which gives
its contribution for having the continuous improvement in the performance of the employees by
providing and rendering the best and quality products and services to the customers. The main
aim of the operations management is to translate the workers and materials into goods and
services in order to enhance the productivity and profitability of the firm. Apart from this, project
management is refers to as the method of organizing all the activities performed to complete a
project task. The main aim of project management is to help the individual to foresee all the
issues and risks which could be occur while completing the project (Operations and Project
Management, 2019) . The present report is having two scenario, and according to the first
scenario the chosen organisation is Hot-Point, which is an American and European brand
company. This is engaged in the process of manufacturing, marketing and selling of home
appliances. On the other hand, in the second scenario, the chosen organisation is Sunshine
Drinks, which manufactures and sells the Fruit drinks and having very good reputation in the
marketplace. This report will mainly focuses to describe the importance of project management
and operations along with its principles and result of their applications. In addition with this the
project life cycle and the business case is also going be describe (Artto, Ahola and Vartiainen,
2016) . Along with this the solution of their serious issues are also to be ascertain in this report.

TASK 1
P1 Critical review regarding implementation of operations principle in organisation context.
The execution of the operations management will mainly emphasizes on the process of
marketing and operations, which manages the information and enables to establish or produce
the business strategy. The management team of each organisation is allotted with a task. The
principles which the firm should follow in order to attain the positive results, the principle stated
stated as below -
Operation Management Principles
1. Principle of Reality This principle states that the operations
manager of a firm should focus on the tool
rather than focusing on the issue, as because no
problem is having any permanent solution but
this might happen that the tool can help us to0
find the best solution.
2. Principle of Organisation All the department of any organisation are
interlinked just to work in collaboration so that
their work can be handled in an effective way,
and this can help them to attain their targets.
Along with this, this principle also states that
the organisation must perform their business
operations and activities in effective manner so
that it become easy for the firm to accomplish
their business goals.
3. Principle of Fundamental Each industry is having the specific goal on
which every employee is working and doing
the production to attain that goal. Thus this
principle will help the company Hot-point to
accomplish its desired business goals.
4. Principle of Accountability This principles states the roles and

responsibilities. Thus, the task is assigned by
the top management to the employees, and the
roles and responsibilities are assigned by the
superiors of the firm to their subordinates.
5. Principle of Success This principle states that success is equal to
volatile market. The success is depend on the
requirements and demands of the buyers and
their expectation are to be fulfilled by
producing the new product in the market as per
their choices.
Six Sigma
Six sigma is one of the main methodology which is used to solve the problems of the firm
and making the improvement in it by using the various tools and techniques. This is customer
focused and well defined problem solving methodology which is having the support of tools and
powerful and strong tools (Fleming and Koppelman, 2016) . The main use of six sigma is to
eliminate or remove the faults and cut the cost of the firm. The powerful six sigma tools will help
the firm to solve the management and operations issues. The various tools are outlined as below -

Define
This stage states and ascertain the requirements
and expectations of the customers. At this, the
firm Hot-point is going to identify the needs of
the customers so that they can be able to
produce their new product as per the choice
and preferences of the buyers in the market.
Measure
This stage will use to measure and identify the
current and actual performance of the firm.
This will mainly helpful in describing the
situation prevailing in the process of
production and the whole improvement which
is to be done from the real state.

Analyse
In this stage, the issues and problems are to be
processed and analyse which creates the
inefficiency in the process of production. The
firm Hot point will ascertain the solution for
the future and rising expectations of the
customers.
Improve
At this stage, the problems and issues are to be
identifies and then the improvement is to be
done on the issues inn order to attain the
desired outcomes. The firm Hot point will
provide the best solution of the rising demand
of customers so that they become loyal to their
firm.
Control
This stage will maintain the process which is
improved and establish a deep monitoring plan
which is essential to monitor the performance
of the employees by examine the processes and
the systems. In context with Hot-point, this
will identify the results of the new product
which was launched by them in order to check
whether the product is having the future
opportunity in the market or not.
Lean Principle
Lean production is one of the main approach of the management which is used to cut
down and eliminate the unnecessary and unessential things which is stated as waste in the
product and rendering the best quality goods and services to the customers (Gilbert and et. al.,
2015) . This can be used in any firm from the designing process to the process of creation or
production of the product. The firm Hot-point can be able to produce and create the new
innovative quality products in order to improve their productivity. Thus, there are some of the

principles which will provide the advantages to the firm in order to produce new product. These
principles are stated as below -
Define value This stage helps the firm to create the value of
the product but the value of the new product is
to be define by the customers as they are the
one who will buy this product. Thus, Hot-point
will able to eliminate the waste from this
product and value the product as per the choice
and preference of the customers.
Map Value Stream This stage states the flow of information which
is to be required to create a product without
having the wastage of the resources. This stage
include the map value stream and this will help
the firm to attain the business targets at each
stage of PLC. In context with Hot-point, this
will help the managers to examine and monitor
all activities which are related to the assigned
task to the employees such as designing,
manufacturing, and providing the best suitable
strategies.
Create Flow This stage helps to do the manufacturing in the
effective manner and aids to eliminate the
negative issues and problems which occur
during the process of accomplishing the
business operations and needs of the customers
in the proper manner.
Establish Pull This is the same principle which is used in the
JIT approach just to define that, in this all the
requirements of the customers are fulfilled in
order to satisfy their needs and demands

effectively.
Pursue Perfection This principle states that it is difficult to
develop the goods of the firm in the same
order. Thus, Hot-point can take the essential
adoption of advanced technology in their
organisation in order to develop the sustainable
and qualitative products.
TASK 2
P2 Continuity in improvement plan based on review and analysis.
BASIS APPROACH/PRINCIPLE IMPLEMENTATION
Quality
To have the good and best quality
products, the firm Hot-point must use
the TQM approach to make the quality
of its new product more effective and
flexible, so that more and more
customers can attract towards it to buy
their products.
To enable the quality of new product,
Hot-point should consider the lean
manufacturing for the improvement in
the quality of the products (Glukhov, Ilin
and Levina, 2015) .
Cost
To estimate the cost of the new
launching product, Hot-point will take
the use of variance so that this can also
be beneficial for the further
improvement in the products which
already exists.
In order to examine the cost, Hot-point
should follow the concept of six sigma,
as this will help the firm to enhance the
performance level of the employee and
also will help to cut or decrease the cost
of the product and attain the best results.
Delivery This Principle states to manage and
control the delivery process of the
product along with the development of
their new product which has been
launched at the larger stage.
The firm should use the six sigma
approach for the successful delivery of
the product to the customers. The six
sigma approach will consist to define,
measure, analyse, improve and control of

the product, as this process will help the
firm to transfer the product in
appropriate manner.
Safety
When a product is launched by the
firm, they faces many issues regarding
the safety of that product. Thus, Lean
production will help the firm Hot-point
to resolve all the issues related to the
security of product.
To secure the product, Hot-point will use
the Lean production, which will help
them to remove any kind of hazardous
factor in order to develop the product
effectively.
Effectiveness of Continuous Improvement Plan – The firm Hot-point must take care of
pricing and quality strategy of the new product which was launched by the organisation. The six
sigma approach is used by the firm in order to make their new product effective, also this
approach help to remove the faults occurred in the product (Harrison and Lock, 2017) . The
continuous improvement in new product is done inn order to get the feedback from the
customers that whether the product is fulfilling their expectation or not. This tends to increase in
the customer loyalty. There are some operations which is to be followed by the firm in order to
improve the product, this are stated a below - Priority to employee's need – The operations manager of the firm Hot-point mainly
focuses on the requirement of the customers and also put them on the first priority to
increase the efficiency of the firm. This is essential to give importance to the staff
members s they are the only one who is maintaining the communication and interaction
between the customers and organisation.
 Good relationship of Employee-employer – This is necessary ton have good and strong
relationship between the employees and the employer in order to attain the desired
outcomes and complete the work in effective manner. They are the one who are
responsible to define the positive working environment of the firm.

TASK 3
P3 Apply each stage of the PLC along with providing necessary supporting documentation for
the project.
In order to launch new product in marketplace, it is very necessary for manufactures to
send the product from the life style of product. It includes in identification of product to the point
of end stage. Product life cycle is the combination of two forms in which first is product and
second is life cycle of product. Whereas, product consist all the things which is tangible in the
nature such as auto mobile, supply of goods and intangibles like transportations and so on. In
regards with life cycle of product it improves the quality of product at market place (Kerzner,
and Kerzner, 2017) . Product life cycle is also include in several terms such as production, raw
material, disposal or proper utilization.
In this case, Sunshine drink company produce their energy drink with the name of spring
water. There are different types drinks which are available in the market, that's why as per this
company need to study about several sources of advertisements in order to achieve product value
at market place. These all processes are very important for making company famous. This
organisation uses new or different qualities of product in order to get famous their product which
will helpful for making lot of customers in an effective manner (.Kundu and et. al., 2015.). Along
with this, sunshine drink company also have to focus on the products and several strategy
knowledge through their competitors for gaining ideas like what type of quality or energy water
they produced. There are 4 steps in the product life cycle which are given below:
1. Introduction stage : This is the first stage of product life cycle, which determine the
initiation of products. In this product just identified as everything is based on product. In
order to launch new product efficiently. It is also essential for sunshine company to fulfil
the demand of customers effectively. In this, investment rate is very high as compare to
the low return rate.
2. Growth : In this second stage manager has to pay more attention in order to satisfied
customers, as it is the chance to gain high profit. That's why manager has to develop
strategies for enhancing the profit (Lam and Lai, 2015) .
3. Maturity : In this third stage of product life cycle it comes when all the actual customers
of commodity has buy it and now the sale of product come down and only competitive
marketing of that product can raise it's future sale in an effective manner.

4. Decline : It is the last stage of product life cycle it also known as negative stage of
product. This is because popularity of product get disappear also product sales
automatically decreased. By this customers are not able to take any type of interest
people losses their hope from the products.
Project methodologies: As per this, variable task is the cost, scope and times is constant.
Framework is adopted in order to take initiate in the project for gaining better results (Nicholas,
and Steyn, 2017) . That's why at the time of implementation of project, needs and scope to be
adjusted for maximisation in values of business.
Tools : In this chart, Gantt chart will be further used that will help sunshine company in
order to track several activities related to the launching of new product and development like
energy drink in the flavour of spring water which began from the idea generation for launching
final product in the market.
Business case : This case is related with lot of resources such as suppliers, raw material,
funds, manufacturing area, power and electricity etc. which all are required by sunshine company
to began their new or innovative television in product in the market.
Executive summary : This case of business will cover the future opportunities for
sunshine in order introduce their energy drink with spring water. That's why its includes in
opportunities or problems also concentrate on the plan of action or fulfil them.
Problem or opportunities : In this, the opportunities for sunshine is to enter with new
product into the marketplace like energy drink with spring water.
Solution of the opportunity : Solutions is that where company manager or leader able to
take correct plan of action to supply the actual product in the market.
Overview of the company Sunshine company manufactures and sells the Fruit drinks and
having very good reputation in the marketplace. This involves in
making the process of manufacturing product and marketing as
well.
Vision & Mission Sunshine vision is to “Making benefits for the consumers” and their
mission is to make their happiness of all customers.
Objectives The major objective of Sunshine is to listen customer queries every

time and implement innovative ideas an effective manner.
Strategies For this plan Sunshine prepare lot of different or unique strategies
in order to influence customers towards the spring drink.
Project plan: It is a important key for successful project in order to develop any firm or
start a new venture.
Cost Cost determine the product identification like without cost product is
nothing. In this the manager of Sunshine company has decide the
budget of energy drink “spring drink” that is £1000.
Resources There are lot of resources like workforce, cost, communication and
fund etc. will be used to make good project in an effective manner.
Research methodologies It includes in secondary research in order to justify the scope of new
product at market place.

Gantt Chart – This chart is used by the project manager to track the progress of the
entire project. This chart is used to track the task performed by various individuals and
overall progress of the project (Perry and et. al., 2018) . This is type of bar chart which
describe the schedule of the project. This is not specified for a specific field and can be used
in any type of project.

Work breakdown Structure – This is the process of dividing the complex and
difficult projects to simpler and manageable tasks (Rosemann and vom Brocke, 2015). This
method is used by the project managers to simplify the execution of the project. In this the
larger tasks are divided into small pieces, and these sections can be easily simplified and
estimated. This structure is not for any specific or particular field, it can be used to manage
any type of project.
TASK 4
P4 Review and critique the effectiveness of the PLC in application to the chosen project
The effectiveness of project life cycle is based upon two things which are named as
suitability and reliability at the similar time. In context with Sunshine Drinks, the firm is going to
produce Energy Drink by using the spring water ( Schwalbe, 2015) . Ton understand the concept
of entire PLC, the waterfall model is going to be discussed. The waterfall model consists of
various different stages, which are outlined as below -
1. Requirements : This is first stage of waterfall model, which states the requirement of the
idea which is going to be launched. In context with sunshine Drink, the required things
which are to be needed while producing the Energy drink such as Spring water, energy
powder, etc., are to be gathered at this stage.
2. Product design : This is the designing phase of the product. Thus, this defines that how a
product is going to be looked. In context with Sunshine Drinks, the Energy Drink which
is produce by the firm should be such attractive and delicious in drinking that more and
more customers can get attracted towards the drink in order to buy it ( Takey and de
Carvalho, 2015) . Thus this will enhance the productivity and profitability of the firm.
3. Implementation : This is the stage of implementation, here the full-fledged energy Drink
is produced and execute by the firm so that there product get promoted and gain the
attention of more peoples.
4. Testing : This is the Testing phase of the model, thus the testing is to be done by getting
the feedback or reviews of the customers ( Todorović and et. al., 2015) . This stage states
that the product of Energy drink is fulfilling the expectations of the customers or not.
5. Deployment of system : This stage is the ending phase which is to be closed with a level
of maturity by reaching at the target of attaining the goals and objectives.

6. Maintenance : This is the stage of maintenance which is to be required for every product
of the firm, as only this will help the product to not decline its sale.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report it has been concluded that operations and project
management is important for each firm in order to complete its project task in effective time
frame. In the above report the principles of operations management has played the crucial role.
Along with this, the business case and the project life cycle has been explained in the above
report in order to develop the new product effectively and efficiently. The report also include the
work break down structure and the Gantt chart just in order to divide the larger task into smaller
segments so that the project get completed in effective time frame. At last, the waterfall model is
also explained so that the effectiveness of the project life cycle can be described effectively.

REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Artto, K., Ahola, T. and Vartiainen, V., 2016. From the front end of projects to the back end of
operations: Managing projects for value creation throughout the system
lifecycle. International Journal of Project Management. 34(2). pp.258-270.
Fleming, Q. W. and Koppelman, J. M., 2016, December. Earned value project management.
Project Management Institute.
Gilbert and et. al., 2015. Case management system and method for collaborative project teaming.
U.S. Patent 9,189,756.
Glukhov, V. V., Ilin, I. V. and Levina, A. I., 2015, August. Project management team structure
for internet providing companies. In Conference on Smart Spaces (pp. 543-553).
Springer, Cham.
Harrison, F. and Lock, D., 2017. Advanced project management: a structured approach.
Routledge.
Kerzner, H. and Kerzner, H. R., 2017. Project management: a systems approach to planning,
scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Kundu, A., and et. al., 2015. A journey from normative to behavioral operations in supply chain
management: A review using Latent Semantic Analysis. Expert Systems with
Applications. 42(2). pp.796-809.
Lam, J. S. L. and Lai, K. H., 2015. Developing environmental sustainability by ANP-QFD
approach: the case of shipping operations. Journal of Cleaner Production. 105. pp.275-
284.
Nicholas, J. M. and Steyn, H., 2017. Project management for engineering, business and
technology. Routledge.
Perry and et. al., 2018, April. Successful Management of Major Marine Operations for the
Hebron Project. In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference.
Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process
management. In Handbook on business process management 1 (pp. 105-122). Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg.
Schwalbe, K., 2015. Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.
Takey, S. M. and de Carvalho, M. M., 2015. Competency mapping in project management: An
action research study in an engineering company. International Journal of Project
Management. 33(4). pp.784-796.
Todorović and et. al., 2015. Project success analysis framework: A knowledge-based approach in
project management. International Journal of Project Management. 33(4). pp.772-783.
Online
Operations and Project Management. 2019. [Online]. Available
through:<https://www.beds.ac.uk/research-ref/bmri/centres/bisc/opm>.