Healthcare Data Collection and Analysis

This assignment focuses on the crucial aspects of data collection and analysis within healthcare. It guides students through the process of designing effective surveys, ensuring accurate data capture, and applying appropriate analytical techniques. The emphasis is on understanding best practices for collecting reliable and relevant healthcare information.

OPTION 1: Individual submission (begin with this template and use it to submit your draft)
Structured 3,500 word essay maximum excluding the words of these
questions and your list of references. Expand the explanation boxes as
required. This template contains approximately 1464 words.
You must use this worksheet to complete the assessment and
submit it through Turnitin.
Pair number
Name and student
number
Upasana patel
Second reviewer,
name and student
number
Date draft submitted
through TurnitIn.
Word count (not including the
words for the form and the
references):
Date of exchange
individual work and
discussion with
partner
Study assessed as described in:
Wilson, Dawn K., et al. "Results of the “Active by Choice Today”(ACT) randomized
trial for increasing physical activity in low-income and minority adolescents." Health
Psychology 30.4 (2011): 463.
Remember, you are assessing the study which is described, and not this single
publication. You will need to check and identify if additional information about
this study is available. If so then you can incorporate the information into the
responses. Please be aware that sometimes the information may conflict.
QUALITY ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Please complete these the questions presented as structured
paragraphs as you would in an essay. Highlight your selection
or cross-out the choice not applicable. Demonstrate your
knowledge of epidemiological principles within each section and
support your statements.
Part 1: (Initially undertaken on your own)

Show the structured PICO question of the study
School based versus home based intervention of Active by Choice Today (ACT) in increasing physical
activity. A survey of the low-income and minority adolescents in urban and rural areas.
COMPONENT RATINGS
A) SELECTION BIAS
(Q1) Are the individuals selected to participate in the study likely to be representative of the target
population?
1. Very likely
2. Somewhat likely
3.Not likely
4. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation: Somewhat likely
This is due to the study having randomly picking participants which makes it impossible to judge the individuals
participants interests and health needs. At best the study can narrow down the number of target participants
based on their age and gender and interest but this still does not deliver any assured that the participants fully
represent the target population (Davino & Fabbris, 2012). The target populations will be narrowed done to
specific interests and needs which cannot be catered to while performing study’s thus the target population
cannot be directly described to represent the target audience.
(Q2) What percentage of selected individuals agreed to participate?
1. 80 - 100% agreement
2. 60 – 79% agreement
3. less than 60% agreement
4. Not applicable
5. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation: Less than 60% agree to participate.
This is due to people not being prepared to dedicate their time towards performing the survey and answering
questions related to the survey as many people surveys will avoid considering health related issues (RSIPP,
2009). The surveys identified the individuals who had experienced a sudden and unexpected medical issues
during the past where more likely to participate and share some information with younger individuals less likely
to participate towards the surveys.
RATE THIS SECTION STRONG MODERATE WEAK
See dictionary 1 2 3
Provide your explanation: Rate 2
The section has been rated 2 due to the amount of information extracted from the survey being limited to the
number of individuals who dedicated good time towards the surveys and study. The number was below 60% of
individuals we approach of which only 40% of them were willing to discuss health concerns in depth (Vaus &
Vaus, 2013). The majority of individuals surveys simply avoided to comment or offered vague answers related to
the answers as a way to comply the study and move along.

B) STUDY DESIGN
Indicate the study design
1. Randomized controlled trial
2. Controlled clinical trial
3. Cohort analytic (two group pre + post)
4. Case-control
5. Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after))
6. Interrupted time series
7.Other, please specify:
8. Can’t tell
Was the study described as randomized? If NO, go to Component C.
No Yes
If Yes, was the method of randomization described? (See dictionary)
No Yes
If Yes, was the method appropriate? (See dictionary)
No Yes
Provide your explanation:
The study and collection of data was randomized due to it requiring to collecting specific information directly
from the user to determine their perceptions and attitude towards health related issues. This made it important
for the study to be designed to collect information from the general public but also review and target a specific
group to record their wiliness to participate and provide information towards the surveys (Fink, 2003). This would
result in identifying they many middle aged people who experience serious health issues unexpectedly were
more willing to participate as compared to younger individuals who considered the medical conditions as
random. The survey’s results also showed there to be more respondents within or close to health care facilities
as compared to on normal side walk.
RATE THIS SECTION STRONG MODERATE WEAK
See dictionary 1 2 3
Provide your explanation: 1 - Strong
This sections has been rated as strong due to the section providing important information’s which could be used
to further improve future surveys and studies. The section helps identify important factors which related to the
type of surveys and study subjects who participated in the surveys and factors which influenced their
perceptions and interest towards sharing information. This would allow for the surveys and study designed
develop a more accurate study approach which could be used by the surveys to extract more information from
target participants in future (Groves, Fowler, Jr., Lepkowski, Singer, & Tourangeau, 2011). It also helped identify
important perceptions and wiliness the public has o wards participating on surveys thus helping narrow down a
target audience for the surveys and make them more effective in future.
C) CONFOUNDERS
(Q1) Were there important differences between groups prior to the intervention?
1.Yes
2. No
3. Can’t tell
The following are examples of confounders:
1. Race

2. Sex
3. Marital status/family
4. Age
5. SES (income or class)
6. Education
7. Health status
8. Pre-intervention score on outcome measure
Provide your explanation:
Prior to the surveys information collections was presumed to be equally extractable from all participants but the
surveys would help identify there were important factors which influenced the collection of data and feedback
from the interviewed individuals. Age, Education and health statuses helped attract user interest towards the
surveys. This was due to the participants who has reached an older age of experienced a health conditions
during their life time showing more interest with the desire to share their experiences or find out some new
treatment which offered more hope. This resulted in the older aged and people experiencing a health problem to
participate towards the surveys (Phillips, Phillips, & Aaron, 2013). The level of Education was another factor
which attracted survey participant interest as the higher educated people showed more interest towards
participating to expand their knowledge in the field. While many of the highly educated people did show interest
towards participating they limited their time towards the surveys but contributed important points related to
collecting important data and information’s.
(Q2) If yes, indicate the percentage of relevant confounders that were controlled (either in the
design (e.g. stratification, matching) or analysis)?
1. 80 – 100% (most)
2. 60 – 79% (some)
3. Less than 60% (few or none)
4. Can’t Tell
RATE THIS SECTION STRONG MODERATE WEAK
See dictionary 1 2 3
Provide your explanation: 2 - Moderate
The number of cofounders who participated in the study was below 60% which is a moderate turn out but can be
classified as a positive turn out due to the target surveys subjects being much larger. The cofounders
participating on these surveys had directly experienced health conditions or intellectual and brave to want to
know more regarding health sciences and development. Most participants turned a blind eye towards the
surveys despite of it being a health concern they needed to focus as it could have affected them as well (Aday &
Cornelius, 2011). The reaction from the surveys study can be closely linked to behavioural issues experienced by
the public with regard to issues such as smoking, tobacco and alcohol which has been proven to be harmful to
the individual’s health but people turn an ignorant eye on the health concerns. Similarly the majority of people
tend to turn an blind eye to health issues despite of knowing the information can the useful in future.
D) BLINDING
(Q1) Was (were) the outcome assessor(s) aware of the intervention or exposure status of
participants?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation: No
Assessors were not aware regarding the interventions or exposure status of participants as thus would influence
the surveys studies results. The study was aimed at plotting user interest towards participating on health
awareness surveys and their interest towards the subject thus the study targeted to approach random
participants to secure genuine information from them. Had no influence related to the intervention or statuses
this would have result towards influencing the surveys as there would be no need to perform the study (Groves,
Survey Errors and Survey Costs, 2005). If knowledge was available regarding participant reactions the
information would have been utilized to help narrow down the target audience which would help deliver a better

feedback rate from the surveys which could be used to improve surveys results.
(Q2) Were the study participants aware of the research question?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation: YES
Yes the majority of the study participants were aware and clearly understood the research questions used during
the surveys with 80% of the survey participants responding to the surveys questions without needing
clarifications and further explanations. The remaining 20% of the study participants mis-understood the question
but where also able to respond to the questions after a brief explanation of the questions (Chow & Liu, 2008).
Once grasped they would contribute important information and insight related to the question which would be
registered and help deliver important points towards the survey’s results.
RATE THIS SECTION STRONG MODERATE WEAK
See dictionary 1 2 3
Provide your explanation:1 - Strong
This section has been rated as strong due to the powerful response provided by the participants who
participated towards the surveys. This clearly demonstrated the individual’s wiliness to participate in the surveys
and provide important feedback and information which would proof to be important towards developing future
surveys and studies. This section also helped identify important aspects such as surveys participant
understanding of the topic which can be utilized to determine the surveys questions validity. Questions where
clearly understood by the participants thus demonstrating the surveys had been designed correctly but also
raises concern that the survey may require to include more technical questions in future to help identify areas
which may not be understood and therefore require additional focus (Boutron, Ravaud, & Moher, 2016). This will
help identify future areas of concern and help make surveys more challenging so as to address the most
information related to medical issues
E) DATA COLLECTION METHODS
(Q1) Were data collection tools shown to be valid?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation: Yes
The data collection tools used on the survey and study were shown to be accurate due to the data collected
respond responds r to the study questions. A combinations of physical face to face, online and telephonic
surveys where performance in which participants where asked the same questions. On all tools the participant
responded in the same manner regarding the surveys as mentioned earlier. Older members of society, people
with medical conditions and higher educated people participated in the surveys by dedicating some of their
time. Older people and people suffering from certain chronic medical conditions showed unconditional interest
towards the surveys and dedicate maximum time to respond to all surveys study questions (Olsen, 2014).
Educated people participated but showed a limited towards how long the survey was performed thus surveys
questions needed to be prioritized with to the re importance while approaching participants with a higher
education level.
(Q2) Were data collection tools shown to be reliable?
1. Yes

2. No
3. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation: Yes
The data collection tools used to collect information during the surveys has proven to be effective due to them
having collecting important data from the surveys subjects. They also demonstrated that the face to face,
telephonic and online surveys respondents had the similar backgrounds which led them to participating in the
surveys. This also demonstrated they the various surveys data collection tools had a similar result on respond
and who volunteered to participate on the surveys (Baker, 1998). The data correlated when compared between
the different surveys medium platforms which demonstrated that the survey tools where reliable and likely to
yield genuine results when used on different communication medium.
RATE THIS SECTION STRONG MODERATE WEAK
See dictionary 1 2 3
Provide your explanation: Strong
The section has been rated as strong due to the section having helped collect accurate information from the
survey respondents despite of the surveys adopting different survey study medium. The survey was
performance through face to face interviews, telephonic calls and online surveys and the results from all three
survey data collection methods demonstrated a similar response from the participants (NAPress, 2002). This
makes it important to classify the data collection methods as very successful since the data correlated from all
sources and helped respond to the survey needs.
F) WITHDRAWALS AND DROP-OUTS
(Q1) Were withdrawals and drop-outs reported in terms of numbers and/or reasons per group?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can’t tell
4. Not Applicable (i.e. one time surveys or interviews)
(Q2) Indicate the percentage of participants completing the study. (If the percentage differs by
groups, record the lowest).
1. 80 -100%
2. 60 - 79%
3. less than 60%
4. Can’t tell
5. Not Applicable (i.e. Retrospective case-control)
RATE THIS SECTION STRONG MODERATE WEAK
See dictionary 1 2 3 Not Applicable
Provide your explanation: Strong
The statistics related to the number of withdrawals and dropouts experienced during the surveys and interview
was documented resulting in a high rate 80% of participants declining to participate in the surveys altogether.
The remaining 20% who opted to do the surveys would also less than 60% of the individuals opting to complete
the surveys (Blossfeld, Maurice, Bayer, & Skopek, 2016). Most participants who performed the survey lacked
time or where in a hurry thus only filled out important points and answered important questions before moving

on. The same applied the online surveys where questions of more importance where given more time and
accuracy whereas less important points overlooked or answered randomly.
G) INTERVENTION INTEGRITY
(Q1) What percentage of participants received the allocated intervention or exposure of interest?
1. 80 -100%
2. 60 - 79%
3. less than 60%
4. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation:
60-79% precent of participants who participated in the surveys received the allocated interventions related to
the surveys due to them having dedicated adequate time towards the survey. The remains participants failed to
receive the allocated intervention due to being in a hurry to complete the survey. They information provided by
all participants was considered accurate but the interventions used to educate the participants regarding the
surveys was not communicated clearly to all participants due to the lack of some participants dedicating
adequate time towards the survey.
(Q2) Was the consistency of the intervention measured?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation:
The level of interventions of participants was measured through the amount of time dedicated towards doing the
survey by each participant. The surveys documented that participants with medical conditions and elder
members of society dedicated more time towards the surveys with many completing the surveys studies in
detail. 30% of the participants were classified under higher educated people who dedicated some time towards
the surveys and clearly mentioned to keep the surveys brief due to time constraint. This resulted in fewer
questions being answered and focuses being placed only on the important points questions from the survey.
(Q3) Is it likely that subjects received an unintended intervention (contamination or co-
intervention) that may influence the results?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation:
20% of the surveys participants requested for clarification regarding the surveys questions which resulted in the
surveyors needing to provide an explanation and example related to the survey questions so the participants
could comprehend the question (Saßenroth, 2013). This may have influenced a number of survey answers but
even so this would have only affected less than 5% of the total survey participants. With this in mind a flexibility
of 5% of the response can be considered t eliminate and chance of unintended influencing of the results which
may have occurred due to providing explanations.
H) ANALYSES
(Q1) Indicate the unit of allocation (circle one)
community / a group of people / individual or patient
(Q2) Indicate the unit of analysis (circle one)

Community / a group of people / individual or patient
Provide your explanation to Q1 & Q2:
Q1 – the analysis was allocated towards individual with each surveyor approaching and individual or patient to
request for the response related to the survey questions. The survey would be limited to individuals as it would
help extract individual information and perceptions related to the surveys and how it affected the public. The
data from individual participants would help define specific areas the survey needed to highlight related to
healthcare education and the system.
Q2 – the analysis would be focused towards securing information from the community as a whole. This was not
limited to patients as this may favour the results thus the community would be approached as a whole. The
surveys would also broaden its reach by calling participants and inviting people to participate in the survey
online which would deliver a wider perspective and more data from different participants for the surveys which
would help improve the survey results.
(Q3) Are the statistical methods appropriate for the study design? [Please attempt to answer this
question within your current knowledge of statistics. You may wish to state the limitations of your
knowledge]
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation: YES
There are many statistical methods which can be used to simulate important survey models from this study but
to initiate the statistics methods and approaches it is important for the surveys to be documented carefully so as
all data is collected. This data can then be translated in to numeric and visual diagrams and graphs which can be
used to plot the study designs approach and data collected (Heeringa, West, & Berglund, 2017). This information
can then be used to plan future surveys as well as set goals for future surveys which can be aimed at to help
focus surveys results. Surveys statistical methods are crucial towards reporting the finding and should be
presented in vidual demonstrations to help viewers comprehend the finding easier and correlate to areas which
may be lagging and require improvement.
(Q4) Is the analysis performed by intervention allocation status (i.e. intention to treat) rather than
the actual intervention received?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can’t tell
Provide your explanation: No
The survey intention was not aimed at offering treatment or counselling but was aimed at collecting information
which could help with improvements in health processes and education. The public’s perception would then be
collected and data plotted, analysed and reported to determine important areas of healthcare which needed
amendments and change (Axinn & Pearce, 2006). Challenges patients faced while seeking treatment and other
concerns would also are located to determine how the overall healthcare system could be improved.
GLOBAL RATING
COMPONENT RATINGS
Please transcribe the information from the grey boxes on pages 1-4 onto this page. See dictionary on how to rate
this section.
A SELECTION BIAS STRONG MODERATE WEAK
1 2 3
B STUDY DESIGN STRONG MODERATE WEAK

1 2 3
C CONFOUNDERS STRONG MODERATE WEAK
1 2 3
D BLINDING STRONG MODERATE WEAK
1 2 3
E DATA COLLECTION METHOD STRONG MODERATE WEAK
1 2 3
F WITHDRAWALS AND
DROPOUTS
STRONG MODERATE WEAK
1 2 3 Not Applicable
CIISM.Ra01388
GLOBAL RATING FOR THIS PAPER (circle one):
1 STRONG (no WEAK ratings)
2 MODERATE (one WEAK rating)
3 WEAK (two or more WEAK ratings)
Part 2:
Discuss now your report with your partner working through each item and the
epidemiological principles. Complete the remainder of these questions. You may change
your initial responses from the independent draft that was submitted prior to discussion.
With both reviewers discussing the ratings:
Is there a discrepancy between the two reviewers with respect to the component (A-F) ratings?
No Yes
If yes, indicate the reason for the discrepancy
1. Oversight
The oversight different between reviewers was related to the how each interviewer reviewed the interactions
and reactions the interviewer people had during the interview. In many reviewers claimed that interviewees
simply filled the form to escape from the surveys but in my perception thus surveys was genuine. Genuine
feedback was clear since the feedback and interest associated to the surveyed individuals was clearly visible as
many would contribute their in-depth knowledge and feedback related to the healthcare situations (Hasib, 2013).
Individuals who were only filling the surveys for formality did not demonstrate keen interest in basic aspects
such as understanding what the survey’s was about. The rating is there for accurate according to me as they
have been given based on the feedback and focus given by the surveyors.
2. Differences in interpretation of criteria

The different in interpreting o the data is due to each interview observing the survey’s subjects from a different
perspective. It’s common for people to have different perceptions related to a process thus each individual will
have a different view on the survey’s individuals perceptions and reaction to the survey which influence how
each surveyors will rates the refunding’s.
3. Differences in interpretation of study
The survey’s participants of the study also plays and important role towards their feedback as they are likely to
dedicate more interest towards the project if the subject interests them. Age and health conditions were also
factors which influenced the individual which was an important aspect which influenced interest towards the
survey (Bryon, 2011). Educated professionals participated in the survey’s as they considered it as being their
moral obligation but elderly and people suffering from medical conditions continued their full dedicating towards
responding to the survey’s in a more genuine manner.
Describe what happened when you exchanged your drafts and the describe outcome of the
discussion (you may describe what you learned during the process):
On exchanging the survey’s result drafts I was immediately attracted by the overall survey rating which scaled
the survey for have yielded moderate results as per the expectations. This may be linked to my age and
experience which has allowed be to understand they survey’s attract low responses and harnesses the genuine
response for a survey’s must be carefully evaluated to secure the best result.
If you were unable to complete the above comparison, please describe the reason and state the risk of failing to
undertake a comparative assessment after initial independent assessment.
Final decision of both reviewers (circle one):
1 STRONG
2 MODERATE
3 WEAK
Provide your explanation:
The interviewers will be scaled at moderate as they did not demonstrate an optimism and low morale related to
the survey. It would have been better is keener interest was placed on the survey’s keeping in mind survey’s
tend to consumer lots of time which is limited resource among many people. This makes every minute they
dedicate to the survey valuable and needs to be carefully
Results:
How large was the effect of the intervention? Is the effect clinically meaningful? (consider the
outcomes measured, whether the primary outcome is clearly specified, and the key results for each
outcome)
Provide your explanation:
The effects of the intervention covered a wide spectrum of society and yielded meaningful clinical information’s
and findings which could be used to help further improve the healthcare system and clinical care. Outcomes
where closely monitored and reported and the results documented to help improve the development of future
survey’s which could be used to improve health care and clinical survey’s.
Your overall conclusions about this study:
Considering both the trustworthiness of the study and the findings, make a brief overall conclusion and describe
what you think the implications would be in practice.
Provide your explanation:
The study has played an important role towards educating young health care professionals regarding the
response they can expect from the public with regard to sharing information. Health care is classified as a

primary requirement every individuals has but at the same time the study helps clearly demonstrate they people
are not willing to dedicate their time towards contributing towards health and other data collection survey’s
(Davino & Fabbris, Survey Data Collection and Integration, 2012). This may be related to people having grown
too busy to have time to participate in such acts but also it is likely they are placing all their faith on the
professionals in the field and do not find it necessary to contribute their insight and feedback to the health
survey’s
References:
Aday, L. A., & Cornelius, L. J. (2011). Designing and Conducting Health Surveys: A Comprehensive Guide. John
Wiley & Sons.
Axinn, W. G., & Pearce, L. D. (2006). Mixed Method Data Collection Strategies. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Baker, R. P. (1998). Computer Assisted Survey Information Collection. John Wiley & Sons.
Blossfeld, H.-P., Maurice, J. v., Bayer, M., & Skopek, J. (2016). Methodological Issues of Longitudinal Surveys: The
Example of the National Educational Panel Study. Springer.
Boutron, I., Ravaud, P., & Moher, D. (2016). Randomized Clinical Trials of Nonpharmacological Treatments. Buca
Roton: CRC Press.
Bryon, M. (2011). How to Pass Data Interpretation Tests: Unbeatable Practice for Numerical and Quantitative
Reasoning and Problem Solving Tests. Kogan Page Publishers.
Chow, S.-C., & Liu, J.-P. (2008). Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials: Concepts and Methodologies. John Wiley &
Sons.
Davino, C., & Fabbris, L. (2012). Survey Data Collection and Integration. New York: Springer Science & Business
Media.
Davino, C., & Fabbris, L. (2012). Survey Data Collection and Integration. New York: Springer Science & Business
Media.
Fink, A. (2003). How To Design Survey Studies. SAGE.
Groves, R. M. (2005). Survey Errors and Survey Costs. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Jr., M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2011). Survey
Methodology. John Wiley & Sons.
Hasib, M. (2013). Impact of Security Culture on Security Compliance in Healthcare in the United States of America:
An Information Assurance Approach. Tomorrow's Strategy Today,.
Heeringa, S. G., West, B. T., & Berglund, P. A. (2017). Applied Survey Data Analysis, Second Edition. Boca Roton:
CRC Press.
NAPress. (2002). Studies of Welfare Populations: Data Collection and Research Issues. National Academies Press.
Olsen, W. (2014). Data Collection: Key Debates and Methods in Social Research. London: SAGE.
Phillips, P. P., Phillips, J. J., & Aaron, B. (2013). Survey Basics. American Society for Training and Development.
RSIPP. (2009). Reengineering the Survey of Income and Program Participation. National Academies Press.
Saßenroth, D. (2013). The Impact of Personality on Participation Decisions in Surveys: A Contribution to the
Discussion on Unit Nonresponse. Springer Science & Business Media.
Vaus, D. D., & Vaus, D. d. (2013). Surveys In Social Research. Routledge.
There are no sources in the current document.
This worksheet is based upon the EPHPP “Qualitative Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies”
and with permission was modified for teaching purposes. Incorporated are components from the
CASP Randomised Controlled Trial Checklist.
M.Ra013
Complete this checklist for final submission (Compulsory)
|_|This is your own original work.
|_|Pair number and partners are stated
|_| Word count is stated on the first page and the maximum is not exceeded.
|_| Draft copy (word document) was uploaded to Turnitin no later than the due draft date.
|_| Exchange of drafts and discussion has occurred with the persons stated as the partners.
|_|The discussion and exchange with the partner occurred after only a substantial undertaking of
the assignment.
|_| Appropriate citation and referencing has used.
|_| Submission (MS-Word document), uploaded through Turnitin by the due date.
Declaration of editorial assistance (Compulsory)
Did this essay have the benefit of professional editorial advice, of any form? |_| Yes |_| No
 If yes, is the name of the editor and a brief description of the service rendered, listed as part
of the acknowledgements or other prefatory matter in the submitted essay? |_| Yes |_| No
 Was the intent to use an editorial service declared this in advance? |_| Yes (required) |_| No