Organizational Behavior and Leadership Studies

This assignment delves into the realm of organizational behavior and leadership studies, examining the significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in children's externalizing behavior. It also explores the impact of personnel selection tools on counterproductive work behaviors and the motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, it discusses the organization as a social actor, corporate social responsibility, individual differences in executive functions, employee-organization linkages, and justice in turnover intentions. The assignment includes a meta-analysis of studies on these topics, providing a comprehensive understanding of organizational behavior and leadership.

Organisation and Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Comparing and contrasting different organisational structures and culture.........................1
1.2 Explaining the way in which relationship between an organisation’s structure and culture
put their impact on the performance of a business......................................................................2
1.3 Factors which influence individual behaviour at work.........................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations............5
2.2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management........................6
2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations............6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in
organisations in periods of change..............................................................................................7
3.2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace...............8
3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers ..............................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
4.1 Explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations..............................9
4.2 Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in
organisations...............................................................................................................................9
4.3 Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation........10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
.......................................................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
In the modern scenario, organisation behaviour can be known as a process in which
people interact within the number of group. This report is based on two organisations i.e. City
College and Enterprise Rent-a-Car. Thus, this assignment will discuss about different
organisational structures and their culture as per the given cases. Along with that, it will be
elaborating the relationship between structure and culture and the way they put their effect
business performance. Further, various leadership styles in context of selected organisations will
be explained along with different approaches that will be used by selected companies in their
working environment (Mowday, Porter and Steers, 2013). Last but not the least, different
motivational theories applied by selected companies will be discussed here along with studying
the impacts of technologies on team functioning.
1.1 Comparing and contrasting different organisational structures and culture
Basically, organisational culture can be understood as a large picture because it included
large number of group, topics, issues and so more. Apart from this, structure of a firm define
infrastructure, methods and different practices. Therefore, organisation structure helps to define
its working style and management system. Constitution of a company is correlated within the
culture of firm. Thus, organisation structure is an effective system which can be used for
defining hierarchy. Hence, infrastructure included jobs, responsibilities, functions and so more of
employees as well as company (Hebb, 2013).
In order to this, there are different type of organisation structures which depends upon
size, aim, targets, size, investment level and so more. Apart from this organisation culture
defines its working system, management, rules, polices, practices and so more. For example,
City College is a higher education institute which is established in Norwich England. Basically,
this organisation using function business structure for managing and controlling college activities
and functions. As well as its focuses on to maintain its culture within the institute. Apart from
this, in the context of Enterprise Rent-a-Car is a car retail company it is established in UK. It has
approximately 7200 branches in different cities. This organisation follows divisional structure for
managing and controlling business activities in effective and efficient manner.
Basis City college Enterprise Rent-a-car
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Basic information It is a higher education college
as well as it is established in
2002 Norwich England. Now
it is the part of City group plc.
It is a car rental company of
America. Basically it was
established in 1957 by Jack C.
Taylor.
Organisational structure This educational institute
follows functional organisation
structure for managing and
controlling activities in
effective and efficient manner.
In the the context of Enterprise
Rent-a-car, it follows
divisional organisational
structure.
Staff members/ locations This college has more than 200
staff members.
This company has more than
75000 employees.
Culture and management
style
For managing and controlling
activities of colleges as well as
for developing healthy
environment so that owner of
their institute focuses on to
implement better and
appropriate rules, regulations
and polices as well as which
should be followed by all staff
members and students.
Enterprise Rent-a-car believes
on to give fully satisfaction to
customers with the help of
better car services and
facilities as per consumer's
needs and requirements.
1.2 Explaining the way in which relationship between an organisation’s structure and culture put
their impact on the performance of a business
Organisation structure and culture are correlated with each other as both help to manage
and control business activities in a significant way (Samuels and Shugart, 2010). In context of
business, management and business structure assist to define, behaviour, ethics, norms, rules,
regulations, and attitudes. If an organisation adopts strictly hierarchical structure within working
environment so that all powers and rights only have top level management of the organisation
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due to it is order to create lack of freedom surrounding (4 Common Types of Organizational
Structures, 2017). In this situation all employees of the firm feel more restricted and bound for
taking decisions. In the other hand, if a company follows decentralized organisation structure, in
which shared powers and rights with its employees or staff members so that can be develop
healthy and effective working environment. Thus, staff person become independent,
personalized and accountable in nature as well as they will significantly perform its tasks within
better quality also in a effective style.
Illustration 1: Common organisation structure
(Source- Alton, 2017)
Company allocate its powers and rights to staff members on the basis of its behaviour and
working style. Therefore, organisation structure is a effective system of a business firm in which
employers of the company manage and arrange its management and allocate powers to staff
members on the basis of their position within the company. In order to this, it helps to define
roles, responsibilities and how to the flow information (Nadiri and Tanova, 2010).
As per above defined organisation structure of City college and Enterprise rent-a-car as
well as its background. Employees working performance is totally based on culture and
infrastructure of firm due to it is necessary for every business firm it should be effective and
efficient in nature. It may be impacts either positive or negative in nature. Ineffective
organisation structure and culture affects follows:
 Working performance and quality of employees become down
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 Revenue and productivity decreases
 Conflicts and obstacles creates
 Negative environment
Apart from this, better and appropriate organisation structure and culture influences in
such manner:
 It assist to increase working performance and quality of employees
 Company's sales and revenue increased
 Easy to attain organisational goals and objectives
1.3 Factors which influence individual behaviour at work
Generally, a person's behaviour is affected by several factors and causes in the
organisation, which are explaining under follows:
 Demographic factors: This factor defines socio economic background of person which
includes age, education, nationality, race, age, sex and so more (King, Felin and Whetten,
2010). Therefore, every organisation seeks to appoint a good candidate in company that
must be belongs to better socio economic background, well educated, effective
personality. Thus, demographic factors help to adopt and find out suitable and
knowledgeable persons within organisation for a particular job profile. For example: City
college and Enterprise rent-a-car always focuses on to appoint new staff in organisation
which should be belongs to good and effective background.
 Abilities and skills: The physical capabilities and skills of a person plays a significant
role for every organisation. Because working performance and quality depends upon their
capacity. Thus, skills can be defined as capable style of an individual with the help of
which they can significantly perform their tasks. Further, managers and employers of
company always try to match employee’s abilities and capacities with their particular job
requirements. For example: In the context of Enterprise rent-a-car, there are always
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required skilled and capable persons so that they can significantly perform their tasks
(Fine, 2012).
 Attitude: Basically, it includes several factors such as family, society, culture, collogues,
organisational factors all these are impacts on formation of attitude of a individual
person. The managers of the firm focuses on to develop positive attitude of its staff
members towards its company as well as its respective jobs.
TASK 2
2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations
In the context of leadership, it is a important style in which included leaders and its
followers. Thus, leaders must have special quality and capabilities so that leader can manage and
control its team members in effective and efficient manner. Therefore, managers of the
organisation should have leadership quality so that they can face any kind of situations of
company, problems, control, give proper motivation, take appropriate decision in the
organisation (Yu, Lu and Liu, 2010). In this addition, there are several types of leadership styles
which followed by City college and Enterprise Rent-a-Car as well as it has different theories and
approaches which are demonstrating under follows:
 Autocratic style effects: This leadership style can also known as authoritarian
leadership. It helps to define effective division between leaders and workers in a
significant way. In this context, leaders take is decisions without involvements of
employees. This type of leaders are more confidential and conformable to take
appropriate decision for systematically operating its company and strategic plans.
 Participative leadership effects: This leadership style also called democratic leadership.
It helps to give better and effective options for companies. Basically, this aspect is
opposite of autocratic leadership style because in which leaders are reverse own rights
and powers to take final decisions but gather feedback, ideas and suggestions from all
employees and followers (Miyake and Friedman, 2012).
 Delegative leadership effects: It can also known as laissez faire leadership style.
Basically, it carried out least and effective options. As [er this leadership aspect, leaders
are seldom offers to its followers as well as trust on its team members for making
effective decisions.
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2.2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management
Organisational and management theories basically used in several aspects of business.
With the help of them, a business firm can attain goals and objectives as well as may be get
success in competitive market place. In the context of Enterprise Rent-a-Car, this organisation
follows divisional organisation structure. Thus, in order to financial department of company
mangers and employers seeks to be achieve their decided targets with the help of set structure to
follow. Apart from this, human resources department of their organisation will have to take
effectively decisions as per the situation and condition of the enterprise (Holroyd and Yeung,
2012).
In the context of management theory, it underpins the values and beliefs of individual.
Sometimes, employees of the company does not agree with particular rules and regulations that
has been enacted by the top management of firm. In this situation, mangers must carried out their
jobs in effective and efficient manner. Therefore, it is not easy to consider together management
and organisational theories as a psychological control between staff members and employers.
Because due to this its not easy to maintain operations and activities of the company. In this
light, it is required to be determine how effectively company treating with its employees as well
as how staff members treating with its organisation. Additionally, how they are complete and
perform their tasks within the company (Lindgreen and Swaen, 2010).
2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations
As per above defined, management system of organisation was affected by several
factors such as sociology, economics, political science, anthropology, psychology and so more.
Therefore, management theories are categorised into three sections such as follows:
 Classical approach: This method of management based on traditional views and aspects.
This method helps to enhance efficiency so that organisation will effectively get success
in effective and efficient manner. It is based on functional interrelationships as well as
depends upon some principles such as experience, a bureaucratic structure and reward
punishment nexus. Therefore, classical management approach developed by three
different directions such as scientific management, administrative and bureaucratic
approach (DiPaola and Tschannen-Moran, 2014).
 Modern management approach: This aspects is the combination of classical with social
and natural sciences. Thus, it can be used for effectively system analysis. Additionally,
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evaluation of management theory with the contribution of classical, neo- classical and in
the last defined modern management approach. In which carried out new polices,
methods, rules and regulations, which assist to manage and control business activities in
effective and efficient manner. As well as assist to achieve organisational goals and
objectives of the company.
TASK 3
3.1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations
in periods of change
Management is one of the important aspect for every organisation, hence it included
formal pattern, rules, regulations, polices, system and so more (Fearon and et. al., 2010). Apart
from this, leadership is a quality in which a person leads to others for getting success in entire
competitive market. Therefore, power of the leaders plays vital role to motivating others in
effective and efficient manner. In the context of leadership styles, there are several type of
leadership styles are exist in working environment of company. As per the goals and objectives
of business firm will select appropriate and suitable leadership style.
Generally, organisational change plays important role because with the help of this can
get long term success as well as assist to survive in competitive market place. Further, while
change something in enterprise so there have chances to lose its reputation as well as decrease
market share of the firm if employers does not effectively prepare themselves as per the changes
in system and organisational situations (Babcock-Roberson and Strickland, 2010).
 Transformational leadership: This leadership style followed by City college and
Enterprise rent-a-car. Basically, in which included four factors such as idealized
influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration.
All these factors helps to increase motivation and confidence level of staff members of
organisation, so that they will significantly perform its tasks within better outcomes.
Additionally, this leadership style assist to enhance working performance of employees
so that working quality of staff members can meet with decided expectations of
organisation.
Effects of Transformational leadership
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Idealised influences
+
Individualized
consideration
+
Inspirational
motivation
+
Intellectual stimulation
=
Performance Beyond
Expectations
This leadership style helps to motivate employees of the organisation towards their tasks
as well as for getting success. Highly motivated and confident staff members significantly
perform their operations as well as increase profitability of the company (Bloom, Sadun and Van
Reenen, 2012).
3.2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace
There are several factors which helps to motivate persons for effectively performing
tasks. Hence, there are different type of motivational theories such as Intrinsic, scientific
management and motivation hygiene theory.
In the context of intrinsic motivation approach, in which management teams motivate to
staff members with the help of intrinsic rewards system. This motivational approach basically
followed by City college for increasing motivation and confidence level of students within the
college.
Apart from this, scientific management theory has included different aspects and views
with the help of them significantly motivate staff members of the organisation. For example, this
motivational approach used by Enterprise rent-a-car for motivating employees.
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3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers
Motivation can be understand as a process with the help of this a person significantly
perform its tasks within better and effective quality. Motivating employees can easy to achieve
decided goals and objectives. As per above defined motivational theories which is useful for
managers of the company such as:
 Job satisfaction
 Team workforce
 Healthy working environment
 Success
 Achievements
Therefore, one of the major function of managers and leaders of organisation is to
motivate their staff members so that they can make their confidence and motivation for getting
success (Walumbwa and et. al., 2010).
TASK 4
4.1 Explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations
Generally, Group behaviour can be known as behaviour of human group. Group of
persons creates by some specific and common targets which they wants to be achieve in future in
effective and efficient manner. Therefore, human behaviour is variable in nature due to is
receptively change as per the environment. Group can be wide and composition, basically group
members are working for common targets and goals. In the context of City college, there are
made group of students then decide a objective which have to achieve by them. As well as set
time limits and rating system. For getting success and better rating all groups will tries to
effectively perform their tasks as well as focuses on the targets.
4.2 Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in
organisations
Generally, team work is the internal part of organisation which working for achieving
common goals and objectives. There are several factors which impacts team work of company
such as status, background, importance of team work and so more. Thus, before preparing team
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or group of persons should be effectively analyse and identify all factors which may be directly
impacts on company either positive or negative (Pache and Santos, 2013).
One of the major factor is competition, Enterprise rent-a-car is a rental organisation of
UK. Outside of the company regularly increased competition which impacts on team work of
this company. Due to this cause sometime team members cannot systematically and effectively
perform the tasks as well as cannot give fully satisfaction to customers.
4.3 Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation
Quality of company's services assist to enhance customer's satisfaction and loyalty level
in effective and efficient manner. For managing and increasing quality and standards of
organisation must be organisations focus on to adopt smart and innovative technologies in entire
business life so that they will give fully satisfaction to their customers towards their expectations.
In the context of Enterprise rent-a-car, as per above defined it is a car retail company of UK. For
producing cars for public it focus on to adopt new technologies so that they can implement better
and smart techniques and features for customers. Thus, they can feel safe while driving a car as
well as can get satisfaction.
But sometimes new technologies mat be negative impacts on business firm because it is
not easy for every customers to understand new features and functions of cars. As well as it
might be negative affects on team work. Because it hard to give proper information and training
to all members how to operates new technologies due to this develop conflicts and
misunderstanding between team members. In this light, new and smart technologies impacts on
organisation as well as team functions either positive or negative in nature.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned this study, it can be concluded that in the organisation
different persons are working for getting success as well as for achieving their decided targets so
that their behaviour and working style also different from each others. Hence, organisation
structure and human behaviour correlated with each other. It has been defined about organisation
structure and culture of City college and Enterprise rent-a-car. Therefore, there has been
elaborated several factors such as attitude, demographic, personality and so more all these
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affected on individual working performance. Additionally, this report has been defined about
three style of leadership style such as autocratic, democratic and delegative with the context of
selected organisations. Moreover, it has been explained about three type of motivational theories
such as Intrinsic, scientific management and motivation hygiene theory. From them Intrinsic
used by City college and Scientific management theory used by Enterprise rent-a-car.
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REFERENCES
Books, Online and Journals
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Fearon, R. P. and et. al., 2010. The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the
development of children’s externalizing behavior: a meta‐analytic study. Child
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Fine, S., 2012. Estimating the economic impact of personnel selection tools on counterproductive
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Hebb, D. O., 2013. The Organization Of Behavior A Neuropsychological Theory. John Wiley
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Holroyd, C. B. and Yeung, N., 2012. Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate
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King, B. G., Felin, T. and Whetten, D. A., 2010. Perspective—Finding the organization in
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Lindgreen, A. and Swaen, V., 2010. Corporate social responsibility. International Journal of
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Miyake, A. and Friedman, N. P., 2012. The nature and organization of individual differences in
executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current directions in psychological
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Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W. and Steers, R. M., 2013. Employee—organization linkages: The
psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press.
Nadiri, H. and Tanova, C., 2010. An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job
satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry.
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Online
4 Common Types of Organizational Structures, 2017. [Online]. Available
through:<https://www.allbusiness.com/4-common-types-organizational-structures-
103745-1.html>. [Accessed on 3rd October 2017]
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