Organizational Behavior Theories and Models

This assignment delves into the fundamental concepts of organizational behavior by examining various theories and models. It explores Vroom's Expectancy Theory, Handy's Model of Organizational Culture, transformational leadership, and the impact of organizational culture on employee behavior. The assignment also touches upon the influence of organizational structure, power dynamics, and conflict management within organizations. Students are required to provide clear definitions, analyze the applications of these theories in real-world scenarios, and illustrate their understanding through relevant examples.

Organisation Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and performance..1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2 Motivation theories and techniques enable effective achievement of organisation's goals3
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3 An effective team as opposed to an ineffective team........................................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Apply organisational concepts and philosophies..............................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Organisation behaviour is study of human behaviour and their working in a firm. An
individual have different personality, perception, values, learning which affect their performance
in team. It is essential that top personnel conduct process in respect to understanding, prediction,
maintain and change behaviour of staff members to make them adjust in company. Along this,
subordinates are made to work in team for proper utilisation of resources (What is organizational
behaviour?, 2017). Present report is based on A David & Co Limited which is medium sized
firm in United Kingdom. Company provides fresh fruits and vegetables, bakery products and
prepared items to people. Besides this, it deliver these items to hotel, restaurant, school and
others on their demands. This assignment define influence of organisation's culture, politics and
power on an individual and team behaviour and performance. Management uses motivation
theories and techniques for achievement of goals. An effective team as opposed to an ineffective
team, and organisational concepts and philosophies application in business is stated in report.
TASK 1
P1 Culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and performance
In organisation culture, politics and power are various elements which impacts on
working and behaviour of an individual and team members. It is necessary that management
provide positive working environment and culture to subordinates, to make them execute
business activities effectively. But, besides this power and politics are two tactics which
negatively influence on functioning of employees (Burrell and Morgan, 2017).
Organisation's culture: This is a concept which consists values, beliefs and assumptions
that determine an individual behaviour in firm. These are components which management of A
David & Co Limited require to consider to make staff members dedicated and inspire towards
duties. Handy’s cultural typology which has four parts that influence on individual and team
performance and behaviour is used by top personnel of company. Thus, Charles Handy has
stated linkage of organisation culture which structure which is described below (Handy's Model
of Organisational Culture, 2018):
Power culture: There are some firms in which power remains with few people that are
top authorities. Employees are not involved in decision-making process and provided tasks to
complete targets within specifies time frame (Christina and et. al., 2014). In A David & Co
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Limited, management doesn't share power with staff members for timely making judgements.
But, in company some subordinates are provided power to make decisions which are related with
achievement of business goals and objectives.
Role culture: This is part of culture which determine that management distribute roles
and duties to staff members in respect to their skills and knowledge. This help top personnel to
utilise workforce properly by providing them tasks in respect to their capabilities. In A David &
Co Limited, employees willingly accept challenge and conduct tasks in effective manner. This is
due to work that they get are in according to their qualification and interest.
Task culture: In organisation, management formulate team for accomplishment of targets
within specified time. This help them to use resources properly and solve problems by following
this tactic (Wilkinson and et. al., 2014). A David & Co Limited is medium scale firm in which
subordinates are divided into team in respect to their skills and abilities. This help top authority
to execute business operations in effective manner, thereby deliver fresh and quality food items
and products to their clients.
Person culture: It is another part if culture which define that there are certain enterprise
in which staff members have perception that they are important than firm. This affect on
functioning of A David & Co Limited, as individuals require to attain their personal goals.
Employees perform tasks for getting money and doesn't have determination to achieve business
objectives. Thus, it is management responsibility to unite subordinates and make them dedicated
towards duties.
In A David & Co Limited, task culture is followed by management to attain objectives
and goals. Employees are divided into team, so that business activities are executed effectively
and quality products are delivered to customers. This aid individual to have information about
tasks which they require to conduct increase their morale to perform duties effectively. Along
this, team members are dedicated which benefit organisation to provide quality products to
buyers. Thus, top personnel is able to utilise resources efficiently by influencing team members
behaviour and performance (Coccia, 2014).
Organisation politics: This is another tactic which includes activities that are executed in
firms for accomplishment of business objectives which are uncertain. For this, management uses
power to direct and influence performance of employees. Top personnel of A David & Co
Limited have staff members with different interests, values and beliefs. These components are
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driving force of politics in company (Shore and Wright, 2015). It is necessary for superiors to
manage politics in firm, for this balance of power between higher authorities and lower people
require to be done. Thus, contingencies and uncertainties from system are eliminated from
system.
Organisation politics is negative for A David & Co Limited functionality, as employees
require to work in according to their interest. If management plays politics than chances of
uncertainties and complexities increases. Individuals will not perform tasks effectively in
environment which consists politics. Along this, team work is also affected, as competition is
created which influence on members willingness to work in group. Thus, organisation working
decline which result in accomplishment of business objectives.
Organisation's power: This is another aspect which define capability of a person to
direct behaviour and work of others. Legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and many other are
parts of power which are chosen by management in respect to objectives of firm. Top personnel
delegate and provide authority to management and superior for smooth functioning of system. It
is essential that employees get tasks and targets which they require to complete within specifies
deadline (Norton, Zacher and Ashkanasy, 2014). Along this, they even require to get influence of
authority which make them dedicated towards duties. Thus, power has both positive and negative
effect on an individual and team behaviour as well on their performance.
In A David & Co Limited, reward power is used by authority which help them to retain
skilled and competent people for longer time. Employees are provided salary, incentives and
other benefits in respect to their work and outcomes. This benefit administration to encourage
staff members to perform tasks in team, thereby complete targets timely. Besides this,
subordinates are involved in decision-making process which aid management to construct
appropriate policies and judgements. Employees are given reward for their good performance
which increase their morale to perform tasks effectively. Along this, effective workers are
appointed at senior post and given power to supervise others. Hence, power makes positive
influence on work of an individual and team if used by top personnel to encourage them to work
harder manner (Gabriel and et. al., 2015).
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TASK 2
P2 Motivation theories and techniques enable effective achievement of organisation's goals
Motivation is important activity which is executed by management to increase morale of
staff members to make them perform tasks in efficient manner. For this, it is necessary that an
individual's needs, desire and wishes are acknowledged by top personnel. This help them to
provide appropriate facilities to staff members in respect to fulfil their demands. Thus,
employees complete work within specifies time and aid authorities in accomplishment of
business objectives and goals (Schyns, 2015).
Content Theory: These are theories which aid manager and higher authorities to gain
information about things through which they can motivate workers. It includes model which
emphasizes upon reasons behind change in requirements and needs of people. Herzberg's Two-
Factor Theory of Motivation is one of content theory, which is used by management of A David
& Co Limited. This help them to motivate staff members by providing them recognition,
promotion, achievement, growth, etc. in respect to their performance and results. Besides this,
they even take care of dis-satisfiers which have impact on decline of employees work (Solomon
and et. al., 2017)
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation: This concept was propounded by
Frederick Herzberg who is a behavioural scientist and had proposed motivator and hygiene
components. These are two factors which are necessary to be provided by superiors which are
stated below:
Hygiene factors: These are components which are also known as dis-satisfiers and
consists importance in organisation functioning. It is necessary that management of A David &
Co Limited that hygiene factors are present in firm for making employees perform tasks
effectively. These are physiological needs which an individual require and want to get fulfilled
which are stated below (Christina and et. al., 2014): Company policies: Top personnel of A David & Co Limited formulate rigid policies and
provide flexible working hours, break and vacation to employees to make them perform
tasks effectively. This help them to motivate subordinates by providing appropriate
working facilities and information about policies. Thus, team members benefits executive
to accomplish business goals and objectives.
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 Physical working conditions: This is important element which define that management
of A David & Co Limited provide safe, clean and hygienic working environment to
subordinates. This help them to retain skilled and competent people for longer time which
aid top personnel to perform operations in team for achievement of objectives of
company. Interpersonal relations: Subordinates require to have good relations with superiors and
peers. This aid management of A David & Co Limited to make them perform activities in
team effectively (Bedarkar and Pandita, 2014). Team members have friendly relations
with superiors and colleagues which help them to be motivated and dedicated towards
duties. Henceforth, objectives and goals of organisation are accomplished. Pay and fringe benefits: In A David & Co Limited, employees are given appropriate
salary and benefits that are incentives, medical claim and many other to increase morale
of staff members. This help management to increase morale of team members by
providing them compensation and fringe benefits in respect to their performance and
efforts. Thus, subordinates execute tasks effectively which result in achievement of
business objectives.
Motivation factors: It is another tactic which is referred to as satisfier and help top
authorities to increase morale of employees. Management of A David & Co Limited motivate
staff members by giving acknowledgement to their performance and outcomes. This help them to
encourage them to complete duties and targets to get appraisal. These are motivation factors
which are mentioned below: Recognition: In A David & Co Limited, management conduct performance assessment
activity which help them to have information about outcomes of employees. Thus, praise
and reward staff members to increase their morale to keep performing tasks effectively. Growth and promotional opportunities: Subordinates require to get advancement
opportunities in A David & Co Limited. This motivate them to work in appropriate
manner to get chance of growing in career (Limpanitgul, Boonchoo and Photiyarach,
2014 ).
Process Theory: These are concepts which are used for identification of relationship that
dynamic variables have with motivation of people. It comprises models which focuses on
psychological process that impacts on motivation of human. Management of A David & Co
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Limited uses Vroom's expectancy theory. This help them to have information about needs of
subordinates to motivate them and perform tasks effectively.
Vroom's expectancy theory: This model was developed by Victor H. Vroom which
define that employees get motivated, if they have knowledge that business goals will attain by
their actions. Personality, knowledge, skills, experience and abilities are various factors which
affect an individual working and behaviour in a team. Thus, expectancy, instrumentality and
valence are variables which have linkage with motivation of person are stated below (Shore and
Wright, 2015):
 Expectancy: This factor define that probability of completion of activity result in
specified results increases morale of staff members to perform tasks effectively. It is
different from instrumentality, as it has relation with first level results while another with
first and second level outcomes with each other. Hence, expectancy is refers to
profitability that particular action will help them in attainment of first level results.
(Source: Vroom's Expectancy Theory, 2011) Instrumentality: It is another which define degree with which first level results help in
second outcomes accomplishment. For example, subordinate require promotion and they
have opinion that manager working is key factor in attainment of business objectives and
goal (Hashim and Wok, 2014). Hence, superior performance is first level of result and
promotion is second one outcome.
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Illustration 1: Vroom's Expectancy Theory

 Valence: This refereed to value that is placed by an individual on particular results in
preference of getting reward. It is factor which become positive when human
acknowledge value of completing outcome than remaining it unaccomplished. For
example, if a particular individual require to get promotion in firm. Than, it is
management responsibility is to provide them same. If incentives are given to
subordinates, this have not help top personnel in increase of morale.
Management of A David & Co Limited uses Vroom's expectancy theory to motivate
staff members. For this, they find out requirements of subordinates that are promotion, salary and
many other for which they are working in company. Thus, superior provide encourage them by
fulfilling their needs, thereby make them dedicated towards duties.
TASK 3
P3 An effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
A team includes two or more individuals which work with each other for accomplishment
of common goal. This is a concept which helps companies to integrate different skills and
perceptive subordinates to work effectively. In A David & Co Limited, management had
formulated team which aid them utilisation of resources in efficient manner. Thus, top personnel
are able to achieve business objectives with aid of teamwork (Kinicki and et. al., 2014).
Difference between effective and ineffective team:
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Goals and objectives Team head inform staff
members about business
objectives and goals in clear
manner. This help them to
direct and influence employees
to function effectively.
Team leader imposes goals
and targets on team members
which they require to attain
within specified time frame.
Communication In effective team there is two
way interaction between head
and employees. This help
lower people to get value and
reputation of sharing their
Ineffective team there is only
one way communication that is
subordinates are given
information about tasks and
targets which they require to
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ideas with top personnel. accomplish.
Orientation Effective team are people
oriented that is management
give value and recognition to
team members by involving in
decision-making process.
Ineffective team is
performance oriented that is
superior force workers to
perform activities and make
outcomes.
Effective team: Management of A David & Co Limited conduct meeting and involve
subordinates to keep them updated with changes that are made in system and strategies. This
help them to establish an effective team for execution of business activities effectively. For this,
Tuckman's team development model is used to formulate team and make them coordinated with
each other. Thus, employees perform tasks in efficient manner which help top authorities in
attainment of goals and objectives.
Tuckman's team development model: These are steps which are conducted by top
personnel of A David & Co Limited to construct effective team are stated below:
Forming: This is starting step which is conducted by management of A David & Co
Limited to create team by distributing staff members in according to their skills and knowledge.
Storming: It is essential task of top personnel of A David & Co Limited is to make
subordinates ready to work in team. For this, all team members are introduced and acknowledged
with each other for making them function effectively (Mesu, Sanders and Riemsdijk, 2015).
Norming: Manager make subordinate feel important part of team which increase their
morale and encourage them to attain work within specifies time frame.
Performing: In A David & Co Limited, manager make employees work in team for
delivery of quality food items and beverages to customers.
Adjourning: It is last phase which includes assessment process which is executed by
administration to have information of performance of staff members. This help them to make
changes in plan for completion of business goals.
Belbin's model of teamwork: This concept was developed by Dr. Meredith Belbin. Team
makes success only when different behaviour of people are present in group. It is essential that
all nine team roles are assessed by management while formulating team. For this, each individual
strengths and weaknesses are analysed which help them in construction of an effective team.
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Thus, these are different constraints of this model which are stated below (Manzi and Darcy,
2017): Plant: Team leader require to be creative thinker which help them to implement
innovative and unique technologies in system. This helps superior of A David & Co
Limited to overcome problems and deliver fresh food items to customers. Resource investigator: Management of A David & Co Limited require proper utilisation
of funds, material and manpower for execution of activities in effective manner. For this,
they maintain connection with staff members and other people which have connection
with company (Maitland, Hills and Rhind, 2015). Co-ordinator: It is another essential role which leader require to posses is talent to utilise
staff members by making them perform tasks in team. For this, they delegate work and
trust members to motivate and make them dedicated towards duties. Shaper: Top personnel of A David & Co Limited formulate team for completion of
business goals and objectives within specifies deadline. Monitor evaluator: It is essential that team leader assess working of employees to have
knowledge of their capabilities with help of completed outcomes. Teamworker: Team members require to have harmony and good relation with each other.
It is necessary that management anticipate their issues and conflicts to provide them
solution (Christina and et. al., 2014). Implementer: Top personnel frame plan and strategies which are used to execute
operations in systematic and order manner. Completer finisher: This is tool which is used by management of A David & Co Limited
to improve business activities by reducing errors and making making changes in system.
Thus, seniors are able to deliver quality food items and beverages to customers.
 Specialist: Employees require to get support from superiors that is instruction and
guidance to perform tasks in systematic and organised manner. It is necessary that they
have in-depth knowledge in area in tasks which are provided to them (Wilkinson and et.
al., 2014).
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TASK 4
P4 Apply organisational concepts and philosophies
Management uses organisation philosophies and concepts to design system and conduct
business activities effectively for attainment of goals and objectives. A David & Co Limited is
medium sized firm which require to provide fresh and quality food products and services to
people. It is essential that top personnel uses organisational concepts and philosophies to design
system and direct employees to function in according to objectives and goals.
Organisation philosophy: This concept define about things which firms require to
accomplish. Vision, mission, goal and objectives are various components which are formulated
by top authorities to design system and direct staff members. In past time, management consider
subordinates as an asset which require to conduct tasks and complete targets within stated
deadline (Coccia, 2014). With time, employees are considered as important resources which
require to be given value. Every sector have large number of companies, so this gives public
have large number of choices to purchase in respect to fulfil their needs and wants. Thus, it is
essential that leader have dedicated and motivated team members which help them to provide
products and services in according to requirements of people.
In A David & Co Limited, vision of firm is to provide fresh food items and beverage to
customers. Besides this, mission is to expand business and open branches in different nation to
have large market reach and customer base. For this, management require to have skilled and
competent people which help them to provide quality and fresh food items and beverages to
customers (Boxall, Guthrie, and Paauwe, 2016).
Path goal theory of leadership: This model consists different style which a leader require
to posses to make subordinates fit in organisation. It is essential that superior increases
motivation and satisfaction of employees to make them productive, thereby timely attain targets.
These are four forms of behaviour which leader require to follow are stated below: Directive: This is an important work which is executed by superior to inform staff
members about tasks and targets required to be accomplished by them. Employees
require to get instruction and guidance from leader in respect to outcomes which they are
expecting from them (Norton, Zacher and Ashkanasy, 2014). For this, scheduling and
coordinating are two activities which are conducted by management of A David & Co
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Limited. This help leader to direct team members and overcome uncertainties and
complexities from functioning of employees. Supportive: It is essential that leader make activities that employees require to conduct
pleasant by behaving friendly with them. This is efficient in business which comprises
either physical work or challenging activities. In A David & Co Limited, superior team
members get support of top personnel to make them execute work effectively. This help
employees to perform tasks and deliver quality and fresh food items to clients. Participative: Management involve employees in decision-making process which help
them to make appropriate judgements which are beneficial for company. In A David &
Co Limited, subordinates are participated in meeting which help top personnel to give
value to the. Thus, it helps them to make staff members dedicated and committed towards
duties assigned by top personnel (Gabriel and et. al., 2015).
 Achievement: Superior construct goals which are challenging for team members. Their
expectation is to show confidence in capability of subordinates to make them perform
tasks at highest level. In A David & Co Limited, team members are given tasks which is
to provide fresh and quality food products, beverages, fruit and vegetable to customers.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be comprehended that in organisation individual and team
behaviour and performance depend on top authorities. It is essential that culture, politics and
power are tactics whose impact is acknowledged by management on functioning of staff
members. Herzberg's two factor motivation and Vroom's expectancy theory are used by superiors
to increase morale of subordinates. These models helps superior to have motivated and dedicated
staff members which execute tasks effectively, thereby timely attain targets. Management
formulate effective team with aid of Tuckman's team development model. Along this, Belbin's
model is used by team leader to have knowledge about team roles. All nine components help
them to make team functioning successful. Organisation philosophies and concept that is Path
goal theory is used by management to have skilled and competent people. This help them to
provide quality products and services to customers to sustain company's position in market.
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