Understanding Organizational Behavior

This assignment explores key concepts in organizational behavior, drawing upon theories such as Differential Association and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. It delves into topics like prosocial helping identity within organizations, the impact of self-control and knowledge on deviant information systems behavior, and the influence of confinement on kinesin-driven microtubule organization. The analysis also incorporates insights from organizational management theories like Requisite Organization.

Organisation Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and performance......1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2 Content or process theories of motivation.............................................................................3
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3 What make an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team..........................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour...........................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Organisation behaviour is must as with aid of this manager can examine how individuals
are interacting with each other at workplace (Blickle and Schütte, 2017). To maintain an
adequate behave of people at firm, superior can implement many kinds of techniques or tools. If
relations of all labours are healthy with each other then, they will do their work in an effective
and efficient manner. This report is based on 4Com Plc which is a telecommunication
organisation and situated in UK. There yearly turnover is almost £20M to £30M. This
assignment is going to describe how culture, politics and power can affect behaviour of an
individual and team. Along with this there influence on performance. There are mnay theries
associated with motivation is going to discuss in this project. To improve work efficiency of
labours manager can provide training to them. Additionally, there is description of many model
which can be implemented by employer into their business to attain coveted targets in an
adequate way.
TASK 1
P1 Culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and performance
In each and every sort of association many types of people are working who has their
own culture, power as well as politics. It can provide impact on their working either in direct or
indirect manner. Therefore, it is essential for comprehend it as it can affect their performance
widely.
Influence of culture: In 4Com culture demonstrate to philosophy, values, norms,
framework of firm and many more, under which company is working. In other words, it
describes that how a people can behave at the time of working at premises. Therefore, it is must
for an employer to develop an appropriate culture at working environment to attain coveted
targets within minimum period of time (Chin and Chien, 2017). If they are following similar sort
of value then, they can accomplish their work more effectively and efficiently. According to
requirement of culture, this can be classified into various sub headings, which are mentioned as
beneath: Power culture: As indicated by this, entire authority or responsibility is provided to some
chosen staff members of 4Com; thus, they can maintain discipline at workplace. Along
with this, they can easily control other employees appropriately. They have to take
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decision in an adequate manner and in addition influence people so that they can do their
work as per given instructions. If any person is comes into this category then, their
functions are closely monitored by manager as it can affect entire work of team. If their
working is enhanced then outcomes will be more appropriate. Therefore, they can also
complete their task under high pressure with same effectiveness. Role culture: According to this, roles as well as responsibilities are performed by various
workers which are assigned by higher authority. This will eliminate confusions as duties
allot to people who are working on distinctive designations. As a result, work will
complete within provided period of time (Dixon, Girn and Christoff, 2017). It can
directly influence working of employees as they can know their significance at premises
and this works as a motivation for them.
 Task culture:
Task culture teams should be organise to solve some specific problems or issues. In that case
task should be important hence power distributed in teams. In case of 4com PLC they use that
culture power to distribute tasks and responsibilities to their employees.
 Person culture:
In person culture an individual should be responsible to accomplish an task in suitable manner to
get desirable outcomes. In case of 4com PLC they collect people and give superior task to
achieve outcomes.
Influence of politics: According to this, overall activities as well as practices which are
associated with ministry bodies come into this. Organisational politics: As per this, top level management has to set targets and
objectives for their workers which they need to accomplish within minimum period of
time. They can impose many tools and techniques to improve efficiency of their working
process; as a result, they can get best and suitable outcome. If there is need of alterations
in policies then, it can be modified by higher authorities only. This can provide impact to
entire performance of employees. Therefore, it is not essential that after modify business
process they do their task with similar efficiency as it can change their spirit and many be
their working quality will decline.
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 Personal change: If there is any modifications at premises that this can highly affect
entire work of staff members in wide range. This can help employer to take adequate
judgement in 4Com (Burke, 2017).
 Organisational change: It can provide impact on performance of employer either in
positive or negative way. If there is alterations in framework of an enterprise then this can
influence actual outcome of company.
Therefore, entire elements can affect political surroundings and this can influence
performance as well as outcome of an organisation.
Influence of Power: With aid of power it is easy for a person to improve their working. People
will utilize their strength to develop business and take appropriate decision. As a result, they can
attain coveted targets effectively. But sometimes, power can be misused by persons to
demotivate staff members. Along with this, if wrong judgement is taken then, this can affect
entire working of 4Com. It is fundamental to maintain a healthy interactions amongst all people;
therefore, adequate outcome will be gained by them.
There are some sort of power which is required to improve process of business: Coercive power: This can be consider as a danger power in an association. Reword power: It can be used by an employer to control their business structure. They
can provide training programmes to labours to motivate them.
 Export power: This can be use in internal process; therefore, workers will enhance their
working and acquire best outcome (Jaques, 2017).
Hence, all above mentioned components can aid administrative division to fulfil targets
in an adequate way. It influence on the proceedings of 4com PLC to distribute power and
responsibilities to get desirable outcomes determine works and proceedings in order to enhance
their productivity level and achieve positive outcomes.
Hofstede theory:
Hofstede theory is an dimensional framework that use for cross culture communication
that describe about effects of society on culture and their members, and their behaviour by
structured derived by analysis of different factors. There are five factors of that model in which
power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance index and long term
orientation. These are the important considerations that use by 4com PLC in organisational
development and growth.
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rise of globalisation:
Rise of globalisation is an important factor that helps in increase the viability of project
and access to large no. of people in world wide and grab large no. of opportunities and enlarge
their business.
digital technology:
digital technology is one of the important aspect that helps in reach at large consumer
base in frequent manner and promote goods and services at world wide.
principle of network:
Network theory is the study of graphs that represents symmetric relations in discrete
objects that user experience by transparent, resilient with balance in quality, quantity with
security and control. In context of 4com PLC they use that network to connect with people and
get desirable outcomes.
system theory:
system theory is the trans disciplinary approach that focus on phenomenon of
organisation, independent substance, spatial to existence. It examines the principles of common
complex entities that used to describe things. In case of 4com PLC they use system theory to
match with the circumstances and get desirable outcomes.
organisational psychology:
organisational psychology is an principle and research method to solve the problems at
workplace to enhance the quality of life. They work to enhance productivity and manage
different things and increase morale of employees. In case of 4com PLC.
TASK 2
P2 Content or process theories of motivation
Motivation can be defined as a process through which manager enhances employee’s
abilities and capabilities so that they can give best in their tasks in a well-planned manner. It is
important to know the requirement and desires of employees for HR manager to motivate them
towards attaining set goals and objectives. Certain motivational theories and techniques are used
by the management of 4com Plc Company to motivate their employees. Some of these are:
CONTENT THEORIES
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These are one of the oldest approaches of motivation which helps to enhance employee's
performance at workplace to achieve higher profit. It includes:
Maslow's hierarchy theory: This theory is used by the manager in a hierarchy form like
physiological needs, safety needs, self-esteem need and self-actualisation need. Employees can
move to next phase of needs only after achieving first level of needs effectively. Staff members
get highly motivated towards work by getting chance to attain next hierarchy level need. It starts
from lower need to the higher one.
 Physiological needs: It includes the basic needs of human beings such as food, cloths,
shelter and many more which are necessary for their survival (Islam and et. al., 2017).
1. Safety needs: This need is fulfilled when person gets job security from organisation. It is
the second need through which employees get motivated to achieve higher profitability
only if manager provides safety and security in job.
2. Social need: It involves the desire of person for love, affection, acceptance or
belongingness as their relation is most important part of life.
3. Self-esteem need: At this level, employees want some awards or rewards for appreciation
as well as respect of their work which they are doing for the growth and success of
company in competitive market.
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Illustration 1: Maslow hierarchy need theory

4. Self-actualisation need: This is the final and last phase of this theory in which person
achieved everything whatever they want in life and looks to improve others life (Jaques,
2017). it helps in accessing needs of employees to guide and satisfying their current and
future needs in appropriate manner and keep them fully satisfied that increase their
productivity.
Two-Factor theory: In this theory, there are two factors of motivational which are hygiene and
motivational. Hygiene factor: It is an important factor which helps to satisfy the employees through
providing job security, salary and many other facilities regarding the job at workplace. If
these factors are missing from working environment then employees become dissatisfied
that leads to incur losses.
 Motivational factors: Motivation is the method through which HR manager motivates
their employees to achieve higher profitability and productivity effectively. If the
motivational level of staff members is not high then it can decrease the performance of
company ultimately.
These theories are very important for organisational development and accessing the needs of
employees to give their best when an all potential needs of employees should be satisfied.
Process theory
It is used by the HR manager of organisation to enhance employee's performance by
enhancing their skills and abilities so that they can execute their tasks in a well-planned manner
(Islam and et. al., 2017). Process theory includes: Reinforcement theory: In every organisation, manager uses this approach to improve
their performance at workplace. According to this theory, HR manager gives some
rewards to employees on the basis of their work so that they can perform tasks
effectively. Expectancy theory: According to this theory, manager should involve employees in
important tasks of business like decision making, planning and implementation process
so that they will have feeling to be recognized and consider themselves to be an essential
part of firm.
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 Goal setting: The employees who set difficult targets can achieve better results as
compared to others who set simple objectives. According to this theory, employee's
performance can help to get success and growth in the market place.
 Equity theory: There should be no discrimination in between employees on the basis of
their caste, religion and gender as staff members notice the way they are treated in the
firm by manager.
Intrinsic motivation:
in that demand that is internal form of motivation that strive for accomplishing goals and
objectives and get satisfaction.
Extrinsic motivation:
extrinsic motivation not always have with other person, but it is due to the outside
demand, obligation and reward that are essential for achieve some specific goals and objectives.
In case of 4com PLC they have to gvie proper motivation to their employees so that they can
give their best.
All these theories are used by manager of 4com plc to improve the performance of staff
members at workplace (Farmer and Van Dyne, 2017). Firm can improve their image and
goodwill in competitive marketplace by improving the working environment so that all
employees can work effectively to achieve higher growth and development.
TASK 3
P3 What make an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
It is required for company to divide activities to every division as per their skills and
capabilities. As a result, they can accomplish their targets within limited period of time. This will
cater positive affect workers who are working in team. If there is adverse impact then, this will
lead to too much confusion and which outcome is disputes. There are many units in 4Com such
as human resources, finance, procurement, marketing and many more. They all need to do their
work as per them only. Task will be assigned to employee as per their specialisation, otherwise
they are not able to do their work. In a company many kinds of group are formed by manager,
some are for specific period but many remain for permanent.
Along with this, it is required for an organisation to use new or unique techniques to
attract numerous people towards them. As Starbucks is operating many nations; therefore, they
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have to implement new tools or methods into their working process. Additionally, they can
modify their current procedure (Reddy and Swamy, 2017). They need to do two things, one is to
reduce waste and another is enlarge their firm. It is fundamental for them to utilize open
communication at workplace; hence, people can share their thoughts with each other without any
hesitation. As a result, problem associated with communication will eliminate.
It is not possible for manager to attend two or more meetings at a single time. Therefore,
it is required for him to develop cooperation with all units with aid of virtual group. Henceforth,
it will be easy for him to acquire info of overall country appropriately. Apart from this, they can
use many software to transfer data.
Team dynamics and Teamwork:
It will consist skilled individuals and they all do work together to accomplish target of an
organisation. They have right to do their work accordingly and have capacity to alter guidelines
of firm. Each member can provide impact on entire team either directly or indirectly. If they are
doing their work in an effective manner then, 4Com will acquire best outcomes. But if it is not
then, this can enhance chances of disputes. Therefore, there are some sorts of it, which are
mentioned as beneath: Self manager team: It contains almost 15 individuals and they have to do their task under
direction of manager (Huang and et. al., 2017). Superior has to give order to them; hence,
objective will accomplished. It is must to decrease manufacturing expenses so that profits
will get improved. Basically, this kind of method is not used by an enterprise as they
think that it will reduce their power. As they always want to select persons according to
them and divide them into team. Formal and informal: Formal group is developed by top management of company. They
have to follow all strategies and policies to attain organisational targets and goals. Rather
than this, informal groups are made by employees as per their interest and needs. Problem solving: This kind of teams are created by superior to sort out issues. As a result,
work will complete without any delay.
Tuckman's team development model:
It can be classified into some segments:
Forming: In this phase many staff members are selected. They will have too much
queries which is associated with their obligations or responsibilities. Along with this, there
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dependability is much high on their leader. They have numerous questions which will be ask by
them from their employer. People who has introvert nature can feel insecure but some will be
much excited because of new roles and functions which will acquire by them in nearly time.
Storming: In this stage many clashes will arise in the group. Sometimes workers do their
task by crossing their limits which is set by their leader. This will develop confusion which is not
advantageous for workplace. Struggle can be made by staff members; therefore, this will lead in
fights while taking judgements (Ifinedo, 2017).
Norming: In this phase, leader comprehend entire disputes as well as confusion, thus, to
remove them he will make some rules or norms. Entire responsibilities need to be clear to all
labours; hence, they can accomplish it appropriately. Along with this, it is required for
employees to follow rules which are developed by manager.
Performing: It is consider as final step of this model. According to this, group members
has entire knowledge about their work which is going to perform by them. Now they are not
much depend on leader for their work. They can do their task by their own and in addition can
attain desired targets in an effective way. Along with this, workers do their work with assistance
of each other which aid to reduce clashes amongst them.
Rather than this, in Belbin's framework, there are three parts and which consist some
roles. These all are distributed in every category. Therefore, there is almost nine roles and these
are stated as below:
Category one – Action oriented:
Sharper: This kind of individuals has to determine team flaw; therefore, they can easily
impose adjustment and in addition can enhance work effectiveness of group. They need to find
out best and suitable method to resolve issues in an effective way. Basically, higher authority
allow this kind of exercise to those persons who are extrovert in nature (Lee and et. al., 2017).
Implementer: People who comes under this segment has to execute thought which are
developed by group members. They are not flexible and do their work by following adequate
rules and policies.
Completer: As per this, employee needs to decrease their mistakes; as a result, they can
complete their work with more perfections. This sort of individuals take tension which is not
appropriate; thus, group members can be irritated.
Category two – People oriented:
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Coordinator: They have to direct their group and along with this, co-ordinator need to
possess good nature and behaviour.
Team worker: This type of individuals possess helping nature. They need to build trust
amongst members of team; as a result they will do entire task with maximum effectiveness.
Resource investigator: They do their work in an inventive way; therefore, there
negotiation power is much appropriate.
Category three – Thought oriented:
Plant: Individual who comes under this category is introvert in nature and they bring new
ideas for group.
Monitor: This kind of person work on that opinions which are implementing by Plant in
team. They can also called as critical thinker (Adhikari, 2017).
Specialist: People who comes under this have proper knowledge regarding a specific task
and they can see success of firm which will attain by them in future.
The different types of teams are as follows-
Departmental teams- In 4 com PLC manager of an organisation made different
department in which team can be functioned like in HR, finance and marketing. These team
develop an efficiency so that they can achieve goals and objectives.
Problem solving teams- 4 com PLC make different teams groups who can solves all the
problems related to an organisation.
Cross functional teams- All managers in 4 com PLC establish a team group in which
different departments made the cross questioning with each other.
Virtual teams-The 4 com PLC make different team groups so that all managers can
identify strength and weaknesses of a particular team leader in an organisation.
Group Team
It is a process in which all the individuals in 4
com PLC can share all the views and opinions
to achieve the objectives
4 com PLC make effective team to set or
enhances communication within all team
members in an organisation.
Types of team-
Functional- 4 com PLC make effective team members who builds an effective
relationships and functioned properly to enhances profits in an organisation.
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Problem solving- In an organisation all team members can solves all problems quickly.
This can increase values and procedures in 4 com PLC.
Project making- All team members Of 4 com PLC can make good projects with all
team members so that organisation can achieve more profits. This may enhances knowledge of
all employees which attains sustainability.
Impact of technology- In 4 com PLC all mangers make new innovations so that it may
reduce the cost of all services and enhance proper growth in an organisation. By this all
employees can work in an effective manner to and company will achieve goals.
In an effective teams when effective team developed all the members have good
communication skills so that they can establish different cooperation to achieve and enhances
common goals in an organisation. If team members work in a definite manner then competition
may arises and affectivity can be increased. The team should work effectively so that there will
be no conflict resolution may arise and all team members can organise work in an strategic
manner.
TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour
Theory of social capital is related to relations of society which assist in collective
judgement. Basically organisation ignore some qualities such as loyalty, trust etc. This kind of
abilities are much associated with some politics like pluralistic and bargaining. Starbucks is
operating their business by using contingency hypothesis. They are doing their work in many
nations who have distinctive surrounding. As per administrative division of company there is no
effective method which will be fit on all circumstances. It is required for a leader to examine
conditions appropriate; hence, they can take judgement properly. Many time, it is necessary for
leader to use autocratic leadership styles (Eassey and Krohn, 2017). But if they want
participation of their staff members in decision making process then, they have to utilize
democratic style.
Organisation can use strategy of diversity in firm; hence, they can easily resolve
problems. As a result they can do their task smoothly. There are some problems of behaviour:
Emotional barriers: Each and every person has their own emotional level who are
working in enterprise. Some are very calm in nature but many will get angry immediately.
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Therefore, this can lead disputes amongst them. It will develop adverse influence on association.
Manager can use promotional technique to enhance trust and loyalty between staff members.
Perceptional barriers: In company, there are people from distinctive nations are working
together; hence, many sort of issues can be face by them in context of perception. This can show
their personality and will create confusion in group.
Path goal theory leadership:
With assistance of this kind of method manager can develop motivation level in workers.
This will aid to improve their working performance. This hypothesis contains two components
path as well as goal. If an organisation want to achieve targets effectively then, they can select
path, because when employee know advantages to accomplish objectives then they will do their
task with maximum effectiveness.
Fundamental aim of using this methodology is to improve each person. Manager will set
challenges to enhance personality of workers. There are many style of leadership which is
connected to path goal theory:
 Directive: As indicated by this, leader wants to build some more characteristics into staff
members. They do not want to focus on their current abilities (Eassey and Krohn, 2017).
 Participative: According to this, an employer can ask to their employees to participate in
decision making procedures. It works as a motivation and provide improvement in their
career.
 Achievement motivation: This will task in relation to requirement of labours. For
motivation of employees, superiors can give training to them. This will increase their
working efficiency and capacity.
 Supportive: As per this, it is required for an employer to support their workers, this will
inspire them to fulfil their work within minimum period of time.
Path goal theory is a process in which leaders have to make different styles or behaviour so that
4 com PLC can achieve the common goal in an organisation. In an organisation all leaders have
to establish different team groups so that they have an open communication between all of them.
All managers have to see that employees should have an open communication and motivation
programmes so that they will able to make different decisions in an organisation. There are
certain barriers that 4 com PLC do not be able to achieve objectives and efficiency will be
reduced when employees do not work and certain circumstances can occurred. In situational
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resistance different situations can be arise in front of employees that which they have to chose .
This can reduced effectiveness in which they will not able to make decisions. Contingency
theory is a process in which managers of 4 com PLC can make different decisions in an
organisation so that effective decisions are been accomplished
CONCLUSION
From above assignment it has been comprehended that behaviour of employees can
influence their working at workplace either directly or indirectly. If individuals are working in
team then, they will accomplish their task within minimum period of time. As a result, an
organisation can attain desired targets effectively and efficiently. Various theories are
implemented into company which will cater them growth and success. If workers are doing their
work appropriately then, they will get increment from their manager. Finally, there is a
discussion about philosophies of organisation behaviour which can be utilized by firm into their
business.
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