A Study of Leadership and Organizational Behavior

This assignment delves into the world of organizational behavior and leadership, examining the dynamics between leaders, employees, and the work environment. It discusses various studies and research papers on topics such as leader-member exchange, organizational citizenship behavior, technostress, and emotional intelligence, among others. The summary also touches upon the importance of human resource management and its impact on public research institutions, as well as the role of social identity in shaping workplace interactions.

Organisational Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Analyze how an organization's culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance.........................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Content and process theories of motivation...........................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team............................8
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of organizational behavior.............................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behavior (OB) is defined as the study in which people interact within
groups. This study is to be considered for creating more effective and efficient business firm. In
this, a scientific approach is to be applied for proper management of workers. Organizational
behavior theories generally used for human resource to get the maximum output from individuals
and teamwork as well. It is known as the study of human behavior and their interface with
company. In the other words, organizational behavior is considered as the applications of
knowledge regarding people that how they act and react within firm (Ali, 2010). This report is
based on 4Com plc which is founded in 1999 by Chairman Daron Hutt. They provide various
telecommunications services, business phone systems, software applications, broadband and
internet in the market place. This assignment support to analyze organizational culture, politics
and power that influence individual and team. It will evaluate motivation for accomplishing team
goals and cooperate effectively.
TASK 1
P1 Analyze how an organization's culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behavior and performance
For successful organization, culture play significant role for managing and maintaining
working environment so that people can perform their task in an effective manner.
Organizational culture may be considered as the individuals behavior who are associated with
particular firm and act to achieve goal. In every organization, there are different types of culture
which set by the management to create healthy environment (Al-Zu’bi, 2010). Apart from these
politics and power also have major impact on firm that influence individual and team behaviors
in various ways. There must be required effective rules, regulations and policies for increasing
level of productivity and profitability with better manner. Management set some policies and

rules within firm that must be followed by employees and work with coordination so that they
can contribute more towards organization success. The HR manager of 4Com plc has undertaken
different aspects that have major impacts on performances of individuals and group of people
while achieving predetermined goals or objectives as well. There are defined some factors which
as follows:
Culture :
Organizational culture is defined as assumptions, values, beliefs and ways of interactions
with people that contributes in developing better social environment of firm. Culture is beneficial
in providing proper guidance and instructions to the people regarding particular goals and
objectives as it influence human behavior and team performances as well. On the other side,
culture includes various components such as norms, language, vision, values, system and symbol
an many more that represent the organizational culture among competitors (Ayyagari and
Grover, 2011). 4Com plc has formulated its structure and culture for creating effective working
environment in well manner. Charles handy model is helpful in understanding the organizational
culture in better manner. These are as following:
 Power culture: It is types of culture, power is held by some individual within firm who
influences team and employees to get work done. In this formulate various rules and
regulations as per power that must be obeyed by individuals to achieve set targets. Top
level management of 4Com plc possesses power to make decisions, take corrective
actions and other alteration of policies as well.
 Role culture : In this, the culture is based on various rules and restrictions to perform
different tasks with better manner. Manager describe the roles and responsibilities of
every individual who are working in an organization. It is helpful in performing entire
tasks with clear understanding of objectives and goals by employees so that better
outcomes can be achieved. It influence individual behavior and they feel motivated to
accomplish task.
 Task Culture : This culture generally form to attain any specific goals and solve major
problems with adequate manner (Purvis, 2011). The task is very important for achieving
objectives so, manager has to be ensure about skills, knowledge and abilities of
employees for performing any job with effective ways. Manager of 4Com plc focus on
work completion by dividing task among group of people to get better outcomes.

 Person culture : In such culture, individual feel unique and superior among team within
firm. People are key personnel that do work and accomplish set targets in an
organization. 4Com plc find better skilled and talented candidates who are able to
perform telecommunications tasks with well manner so that predetermined objectives can
be attained.
Hofstede’s dimensions of culture -
 Power Distance Index (high versus low)- It is determine in the terms of equality and
inequality. These activities can be acceptable or non acceptable by individual of a
workplace. High degree of PDI determines the hierarchical distribution of power and
vice versa.
 Individualism Versus Collectivism- These elements are based on interpersonal
connection between people with their team members. High IVC scores determines that
individuals have weak connection with each others therefore they are not showing
interest to take responsibilities of others.
 Masculinity Versus Femininity- This model determines distribution of roles and
responsibility between men and women. In masculinity society role of working is
distributed less whereas in the femininity work distributed between men and women.
 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (high versus low)- This situation determines that how
people deals with tough and tens situation. These strategies are rated in high and low
aspects in which Low UAI determine that people are open minded and relaxed.
 Pragmatic Versus Normative- These kind of approaches are basically related to
explaining and unexplainable practices. As this methodology was added recently, a depth
data is still not available.
 Indulgence Versus Restraint- These kind of element are refer to two different segments
as high and low. High IVR represent that people are believe to taking having fun with
free of mind or on the other hand, low IVR is basically uses to determine strict behavior
who working with social norms practices.
Therefore, 4Com plc can implement role culture environment that support in defining
different roles and responsibilities of every employees so that they can make decisions and
perform task with effective manner.
Politics :

Organizational politics is defined as the culture where some people are authorized some
power due to political nature. Politics culture has negative impact on the workplace because
employees feel that management do partiality with them and some workers are getting promotion
without having skills or abilities (Baum and Frese, 2014). It influences individual and team
behavior that result failed to get success. This can be considered as the demotivating factors that
decrease moral of employees due to having political culture as well. There are defined major
impacts on of politics on individual and team such as: Reduction in productivity : The political culture affect on the organizational
performances as employees who work hard but not get rewards that decrease their moral
as well as productivity of work. It also affect on goals or objectives of firm that not
achieved due to politics. Effect on concentration : It is another factor that influence on individual and team
because they used to take any false tactics and strategies to get higher position without
doing hard work. It directly effects on concentration that reduced due to politic culture so
that company could not able to attain goals.
 Increases stress : Politics culture always create stress and tensions among employees
because they do not receive enough rewards and compensations which harm their
productivity and increase the level of frustrations (Baron, 2014). Therefore, it also
affects on the behavior of individual and team as well.
Power :
In this defined the authority and rights that possessed are by an individual within
organization. They have ability to influences employees behavior to get work done with the help
of allocating resources among them in well manner. Right guidance and better instructions help
to track goals path and its achievements. Power is beneficial in enhancing individual and team
performances by influencing their behaviors and give them authorities to accomplish goals.
There are defined various types of power which as following; Legitimate power : It described the power that possessed by an individual who have
higher post in the organization. Power or authority increase as per the promotion of
individual that used for improving performance of employees so that they can work in
better manner.

 Reward power : There is necessary to give rewards or awards to the employees who
performed particular task with efficient way. It support in providing motivation and
appreciate their performances to accomplish set targets as well. It represent the
relationship among rewards and performance within organization. Coercive power : This power explained the authority which possessed by individual
regrading punishment. Person has rights to punish any employees due to non-completion
of task or functions (Coccia and Rolfo, 2013). It has negative impacts on individual and
team behavior which result poor working performance.
 Expert power : This is associated with motivation that support in enhancing skills,
abilities and knowledge of employees so that they can attain particular goals or
objectives. It also support in getting promotions and maintain relationship for achieving
competitive advantages.
TASK 2
P2 Content and process theories of motivation
The theories of motivation in use by 4Com Plc are divided into two parts that is content
theory and process theory. These theories assist in increasing the productivity of employees,
provide better business environment and contributes in increasing satisfaction level of
employees. Content theory also called as need theory which is associated with a fact that it is
important to notify 'what' motivates employees. In short it can be explained as determining needs
of employees to keep them motivated and dedicated towards their work (DeChurch and
Mesmer-Magnus, 2010). 4Com Plc uses two types of content theory that is Maslow's Hierarchy
Theory and Herzberg two factor theory. These theories are important to increase the work
efficiency of employees by providing them job satisfaction.
Maslow's Hierarchy Theory: It is widely used approach which is also known as theory
of motivation, was submitted by American psychologist Abraham Maslow in around 1940s and
1950s. Maslow discovered that needs can be put into hierarchy and divided into 5 hierarchy
levels. These needs are arranged in a pyramid shape and in order from lower to higher level of
needs.
1. Psychological Needs: These are the basic or physical needs that is important for
biological development of a person's body and it is emphasized by Maslow that a person's

mind cannot function well if these requirements are not fulfilled such as air, water, food
and shelter.
2. Safety and Security: When the psychological needs are fulfilled the next need will
appear that is safety and security needs. . Safety needs needs include personal security,
financial security, and safeguards to prevents from accidents (Haslam and et.al., 2014).
However, safety needs are like air bags in car i.e. they are not always needed but their
presence increases the confidence and security level of the driver.
3. Social Needs: The social needs refers to importance of family, friends and society. hence,
this need stands after the basic and safety needs. It is found that the most healthiest and
happiest people are more involved in society and community. Social interactions gives
mental satisfaction and peace to people.
4. Self-Esteem: This need indicates the growth or success of person, hence it is considered
as growth need and placed after social needs (Hershcovis, 2011). Self-esteem needs
include achievements, having a good identity or image in the society as well as earning
respect from the society and also to respect them.
5. Self-Actualization: This need refers to the feeling of self fulfilment, or when a person
can actually realises what they potentially is the stage of self-actualization which stands
after esteem needs. When a person realises that their desire to grow or develop potentially
is fully completed. Maslow described this level as the requirement to complete everything
that a person can, to become the person he/she can be.

(Source- McLeod, 2018)
Herzberg Two Factor Theory: Herzberg and his associates concluded that there are two
factors by working on which an organisation can increase the motivation level in their employees
(Huang and Bond, 2012). The two factors are motivation factor and hygiene factor due to which
this theory is also known as motivation-hygiene theory.
 Motivational Factors: The motivational factors helps to increase the satisfaction level
and productivity of employees. It helps them to produce quality work in given quantity of
time.
Motivational Factors
Achievement An employee must feel the proud for doing something difficult or
performing his task at the best. The organisation must make their
employee feel achieved for their task.
Recognition The recognition or praise for performance must come from both the
superiors and the peers.
Illustration 1: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Growth The job must provide new learnings and skills for further growth of an
employee.
Work itself The work itself must be so challenging, assorted and interesting so that it
can keep the employee bounded.
Advancement The employee should get promotions and other benefits.
Responsibility The employees should feel themselves responsible for their job task.
 Hygiene Factors: The hygiene factors are those factors in absence of which the
employees may feel job insecurity due to which they will not perform hard (Eds., 2012).
Hygiene Factors
Company policy and
administration
Clear and equivalent policies for all the employees, also they must be
equal to that of the competitors.
Salary As per this element, pay structure must be equal and reasonable for the
same level of employees and must be same or close to the competitors.
Supervision The supervision should be done in unbiased manner.
Interpersonal
relationships
The interpersonal relationship among employees and with management
must be amiable, pleasant and appropriate.
Working conditions The working condition at business environment and equipments there
must be safe, healthy and clean.
Process theory:
A process theory is defined as the system of ideas which describe the ways of changing
and developing of business entities in well manner. Process theory support in motivating
employees and making decisions that favour of organisation. There is an example of process
theory which help in understanding the concept such as:
Vroom Expectancy Theory: This approach deals with level of motivation. American professor
Victor Vroom published his Expectancy Theory in 1968 which states that human motivation
affects his internal expectations in three elements.

6. Valence - belief in attractiveness of the goal
7. Instrumentality - belief in availability of reward
8. Expectancy - belief in feasibility of achieving the objective
The managers at 4Com Plc can relate to the preferred outcomes to aimed performance
levels. They must ensure that the employees can achieve that levels (Johns, 2010). The deserving
employees must be rewarded for their performance for which reward system must be fair and
relevant to their performance and task. 4Com Plc must prepare interesting, dynamic and
challenging jobs due to which employee’s motivation level should be continually assessed
through various techniques such as questionnaire, personal interviews,etc.
In 4Com plc, these motivational theories and techniques will be beneficial in managing
entire business operation with individuals and team performance. Company can create healthy
relationship that directly affects on the working environment so that predetermined goals can be
obtained.
TASK 3
P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
Every organization focus on creating effective team and encourage to team members for
performing particular tasks with efficient manner. Effective team is essential in resolving
conflicts and reduce chances of occurring barriers while completing any task. 4Com plc also
considered effective team who can provide better telecommunications services and handle
customers problems with adequate manner (Joseph and Newman, 2010). On the other side,
Ineffective team generate problems and create tensions among employees that affects their
performance. This is also a big reason for not getting success due to occurring conflicts among
team members.
Group or team – Group is determine as two or more member who perform independent
jobs with individual accountability. Team is large component than group in which member
shared leadership with a interdependent platform on individuals of group. Size of group and team
are very different to each others. Major difference between them are -
Team Group
In a team, each member feel a sense of Member of group majorly focuses on

their ownership because leader assign them
a task and objectives.
themselves because they are not as involved
in planning practices of business.
In a team each and every individual
perform their task with full of creativity,
talents and knowledge to achieve business
objectives.
In a group member show their dependency
towards the others but they are not as much
likely to asked best approach.
In a team each and every individual
understand their colleagues issues and
problems. For this, they provides better
solutions to resolve issues and problems in
better manner.
In a group, colleagues are not understand
other responsibilities therefore, there can be
possibilities to have conflicts and working
disturbance.
Effective team: It is to be considered as the capacity of accomplishing goals with better
teamwork. Team effectiveness is very important for attaining set targets or objectives through
collaborations and cooperation of participants as well as team members in an appropriate
manner.
Ineffective team: In this defined the lack of collaborations and coordination among team
members that affects on the organizational goals and objectives. Ineffective team are responsible
in bearing losses as well as risks that can be occurred during performing particular task or job.
There are defined various differences between effective and ineffective team such as:
Difference between effective and ineffective team
Attribute Effective team Ineffective team
Working environment In this aspect, management
create better working
environment for its employees
that make them feel more
comfortable and relaxed,
effective team can be informal
in nature that facilitates in
Ineffective team create the
environment with stress,
tensions and frustrations as
well as stiff that always
interrupts while performing
tasks.

sharing ideas or opinions.
Listening In an effectively team, leader
encourage employees to
participate in the decisions
making so that better ideas can
be generated (Kulik, 2012).
Ineffective team may be
judgemental kinds of people
that generally do not agree
with team members for any
particular decision.
Discussion In this, entire members
participates in decision making
process and give their views so
that ultimate solutions can be
found out.
Ineffective team do not
involved every members while
making decisions so it also
interrupt in performing any
task within organisation.
Therefore, it can be said that effective team is essential in achieving company's goals
with better teamwork. 4Com plc focused on formulation of effective team with talented staff
members so that positive result can be sustained.
Different types of teams and their importance
Teamwork play significant role in getting success and performing entire task with well
manner. 4Com plc undertaken a good team who has skilled and knowledgeable staff members so
that they can provide better services to targeted audiences (Olekalns, 2012). They can get various
benefits with the help of formulating effective team such as positive working environment,
higher growth of business, completion of goals, cooperation and collaboration and many more.
There are different types of teams that have major importance in 4Com plc such as:
Functional team : This type of team are generally formed for the purpose of completing any
particular task or work within organization. Evert team member have different roles and
responsibilities that authorized by manager. In this, leader provide directions and suggest the
ways for achieving goals so that better outcomes can be get.
 Importance: An effective team is beneficial in performing any complex task and get
positive result within time frame. Company can undertake this team for optimizing
available resources and save time as well as money to accomplish predetermined task.


Problem solving team : This type of team are to be formulated for solving any critical problems
and issues that associated with any work (Lee, 2013). Therefore, company focus on building
better team workforce who are capable and knowledgeable regarding resolving issues with well
manner.
 Importance: This is beneficial in solving any issue or problems that can influence
employees performances in the firm.
Virtual team : In this included that team in which members are to be interconnected with each
other via technology or devices. There are no face to face interaction among team members as
they perform their task or work with the help of video conferencing and virtual meetings as well.
 Importance: These kinds of teams are helpful in connecting with different organization
at global level and they can perform any of functions with adequate manner. 4Com plc
can provide better telecommunications services at various places by considering this
team.

Project team : Many of firms focus on formulating a project team for the purpose of achieving
specific goal with effective manner. Team members are to be selected on the basis of their
qualities, skills and requirements to perform job as well as complete project within company.
 Importance: These kinds of projects are helpful in completing big projects as 4Com plc
can increase its size by providing better internet services so they have to required for
undertaking any project team.
Therefore, 4Com plc has to considered effective team and its members for completing
various types of tasks or works with more efficient manner (Kim and Kim, 2013). There are
defined the ways for developing team with the help of Tuckman model such as:
Tuckman team development model
In this model, there are included five stages which support in building and developing a
particular team in the firm. 4Com plc can consider this model for creating effective team. Here
defined its components that help in team building such as: Forming: In this stage, every roles and responsibilities are to be performed by leader due
to new team so members are not clear about their goals. People are different at this stage
as some are lenient and another are anxious as well.

 Storming: At this stage, team members get to know others and pushed beyond the
boundaries as in this phase teams may be failed. There can be arose various conflicts and
barriers among team members. Norming: In this stage, members try to resolve conflicts and build better relations and
appreciate individuals skills and abilities for performing any task with adequate manner.
Members helps ton each others and support their works to accomplish target (Owings,
2012). Performing: Team have ability to work together and achieve set goals as members make
their relations more strong and effective so that they can perform better.
 Adjourning: At this stage, team members come together for particular task and after
completion, they dissolve team.
TASK 4
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of organizational behavior
Organizational behavior is defined as the study of human behavior as how they act in the
firm. There are various application of organizational behavior which support in making good
relationship and create healthy environment. There are defined some concept of organizational
behavior such as:
Nature of people: It is beneficial in understanding of characteristics and qualities of
individual within company. manager of 4Com plc has required to understand about
characteristics of employees and team to get success (Kaplan, 2012). In this include various
factors as: Perception: Every individual have different perception and opinion that can affects on
their behavior.
 Biases of manager: Biased behavior of manager and employees can affects on team and
performances.
Nature of organization: In this include the objectives and aims of organization that
decided by management and depends on nature of firm. Here defined different system which
support in understanding the nature such as:

 Social system: In this consider the relationship between customers and organization that
support in define the nature. It describe the brand awareness of organization among
targeted audiences or society.
 Ethics: In this defined norms, values, culture and beliefs of firm which must be obeyed
by every employees.
Path goal theory : The core objective of this theory is to provide working style to the
leader of the organization so that they can show a path to their employees because it will aid to
accomplish the goals and objectives (Kaplan, 2012). It used to motivate the workers through
offering a job satisfaction that energies them to to raise the productivity. It has specific steps
such as ;
 Recognise the employee and environmental characteristics that support in understanding
particular behaviour in more efficient manner. In this, employees interpret the behaviour
of leaders which generally based on needs, affiliation and perceived level of ability to
complete specific task.
 Choose a leadership style as leaders adopt particular behaviour and style for getting work
done from employees so that motivation is to excel at set their goals. In this included four
major types of behaviours such as directive, participative, supportive and achievement
that are to be adopted by leaders as per the situations.
 emphasize on the motivational factors that supports employees for the succession.
Leaders focus on motivating their employees and influences their behaviour which have
major impacts on the individual behaviour. They feel motivated and work hard to get
success in well manner. It also support in building team so that better collaborations and
coordination can be created to achieve business goals.
Social capital theory – This theory is basically determines functioning practices of individuals
as fulfilment of social responsibilities, understand values of others and sharing norms as well.
For the brief analysis of theory, it is required to identify some elements as -
 Equality – In a business organisation, management have an responsibility to provide
equal responsibilities and opportunities to their employees for the betterment of their
career.

 Fairness – Manager are leaders are those who takes decisions of business. For them it is
required to take fair decision toward each employees. Through this they can motivate
them positively toward business objectives.
Contingency theory – This theory is based on organizational practices in which leader
deals with different situations. For this, leader needs to take appropriate decision on the basis of
different business situations. These decisions can be based internal and external situations of
business. For these practices, decision making power of a leader determines better solutions for
dealing in contingent situations.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it can be analysed that employees behaviour is an
essential factor which help in achieving desired target and goals. It support in eliminating
different issues and problems that are related to determine culture differences and other politics.
Along with this, it will provide an opportunity to develop an effective team and improving their
employees performance. There are large number of groups which assist in building appropriate
team such as good communication, effective leadership, stability, etc. Leaders require to
implement various motivational theories that assist in improving the work of staff members in
proper manner. An organisation require to maintain effective work ethics and culture for
achieving potential goals and maintaining appropriate relation with their employees.

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