Organisational Behaviour and Strategies

This assignment involves an analysis of organisational behaviour and strategies in the Spanish hotel industry. It covers various topics such as team development models, effective vs ineffective teams, and employee involvement. The assignment requires a detailed examination of these concepts and their applications in the hospitality sector.

Organisational Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Analysis of organisational culture, politics and power that influence individual and team
behaviour.....................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective
achievement of goals...................................................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team 800.....................6
TASK 4 ...........................................................................................................................................9
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour 300................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is a concept where behaviour and way if interaction of people is
studied in an organisation. It is scientific approach which is applied on management's workers
(Adeniji, 2011). This study is used by human resource managers to maximise the output of
individual group members. The main aim of this project report is to develop an understanding
about the concept of organisational behaviour by selecting an appropriate business company. A
David & Co Limited is selected in this report which operates in food and beverage industry. In
this project report various organisational culture, politics and powers are analysed which
influence team performance. Several motivational theories and techniques are discussed along
with comparison between effective and ineffective team. Several concepts and philosophies of
organisation behaviour are mentioned to produce an understanding about business situations.
TASK 1
P1 Analysis of organisational culture, politics and power that influence individual and team
behaviour
Organisational culture, politics and power are the key aspects of an organisation which
plays a significant role in influencing individual and team behaviour. These are discussed below:
Organisational culture: Organisational culture is a set of assumptions, beliefs, values
and methods which are followed by the employees of an organisation (Bissell and Dolan, 2012).
This culture includes an organisation's expectations, experiences and philosophy that guides
members of the company. A David & Co has a specific set of organisational culture which is
followed by most of their employees. This culture can be of two types. First which is included in
the rules and regulations of a company and second which is based on shared attitudes, beliefs,
customs and unwritten rules. For example: In the case of A David & Co, vision and language is
the their organisational culture.
Culture which is followed by an organisation influences behaviour of individual
employees as well as behaviour of whole team. Individual employees of a company are impacted
by the rules which are included in organisational culture. Beliefs and values of a company
impacts behaviour of individuals as there is a high possibility that beliefs which are followed by
company are at complete contrast with any employee. There are few positive influences are also
present for example, organisational culture of greeting superiors as well as colleagues can imply

a positive influence on individuals. Below mention is the Charles handy culture model which
assist in identifying organisational culture impact on individual and team. Description are as
follows:-
Charles handy culture – In this model there are four different kind of culture which is
adopted by A David & Co Limited for enhancing performance of administration. These four are
mention below :-
 Power Culture – According to the power culture, A David & Co Limited can give
responsibility to a person whom they feel responsible. Then individual will have
authority of taking decision as well can give instructions which will be followed by other
employees (Burrell and Morgan, 2017). Moreover, workers don't have authority of
sharing their views, thoughts and opinions. As well they have to completed the task
which is assigned to them within specific time period because their superiors don't listen
any excuses or facts related to project. Hence, power culture is not beneficial for the same
association because it influence negatively and managers can be partial with their
personnel as well as their decisions may not give long term benefits to company.
 Role Culture – Company who follows role culture are totally based on rules and it is
highly controlled with the employees because they know their roles and responsibilities.
In this power is given as per the position of individual and their qualifications. Thus,
everyone is performing their work in better manner which result in achieving goals and
objectives. Thus, role culture give positive impact A David & Co Limited because it has
a bureaucratic approach and worker have their own duties and interest for achieving aim.
This is advantageous for the enterprise because it enhance performance of their staff
members and help in achieving goals and objectives.
 Task Culture – Task simply means a particular project for which team is framed in the A
David & Co Limited which involve 4 to five member who work on common goal for
achieving it. All the team member are specialised in same field with some different skills
which is required for performing particular work (Del and Rodríguez, 2011). Thus, they
can work together on particular task and achieve this in accurate manner. Although, task
culture give positive impact and build team working in the company as well accomplish
difficult goals which is required.

 Person Culture - It is not at all advantageous for A David & Co Limited each and every
person is working for their own benefits rather than the company. Because individual is
working for generating money not for the welfare of administration as well as they are
not loyal towards the enterprise.
Thus, for the same company role culture and task culture is beneficial and both give
positive impact on individual, team and increase performance of the A David & Co Limited.
Politics – This is the term which gives negative impact on the working and atmosphere of
A David & Co Limited because there are some staff members who don't believe in doing hard
work. Such kind of people play politics for getting secure as well as personnel plays politics to
get attention and appreciation from their seniors that can protect them in future. Such practices
gives negative impact on the culture of administration as well as on its performance. Due to
politics there is a decrease in the productivity of the organisation as the employee who does not
involve in such type of activity get demotivated which affect was seen in their performance.
Politics create the negative impact on the organisation working and the employees resulted in the
increase of employee turnover (Dobrow, 2013).
Power – In the organisation every individual have some power according to their job
position and it is because of their skills as well as knowledge. Same as this leader also have
leadership style by which they utilise their power for A David & Co Limited. Below mention are
the power of leader which may be posses by them :-
 Legitimate power – This type of power is held by managers, executives and other leading
members of A David & Co Limited. Legitimate power can be hold by governing persons
of administration and they can remain in the power when they are at the position.
 Expert Power – This is the power which simply means that an individual is expert or
specialized in particular area which no other have. For example, A David & Co Limited
have an specialist who is food tester or examiner. Thus, no other can do their work in the
company and such type of power cannot be owned by others because it need specified
skills which can be obtained by doing any particular course (Foy and et. al., 2011).

TASK 2
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective
achievement of goals.
Motivation is require at every phase of the life to attain the ultimate goal. It is a drive
which organisation use for individual in order to direct them in a particular way. It is positive
energy which pushes the individual towards hard work to achieve a goal even when the things
are not going in a right way (Frølich and Kalpazidou, 2010). There are many motivation theories
such as content theories and vroom theories which are used for understanding the term
motivation in the A David & Co Limited company. By the help of these theories authorities are
able to find the answer of the question that what motivates an individual in the A David & Co
Limited most.
Content theories : The content theory gave the answer to the question what motivates an
individual towards the achievement of business goal. Basically, it is theory which concentrate on
the needs of the individual . With the help of various content theories motivation of employee in
A David & Co Limited is understand.
Maslow's need hierarchy of theory : This is most widely used motivation theory which
was developed by Abraham Maslow in the 1940. Maslow give the framework which help
organisation to understand how a person moves from one need to another. In this theory there is
a presentation of the hierarchy of the needs which A David & Co Limited should use in order to
encourage employee for efficient working. These needs are divided into higher to lower order
needs.
Physiological needs : These needs are the basic need of life which include
food ,cloth ,air, water and the shelter. It creates a big effect on the behaviour of the individual
because it related to the survival and maintenance of human life (Gold and et. al., 2013).
Safety needs : People begin to feel the requirement of a safe place to live in shelter, safe
neighbourhood and the steady employment. To satisfy these needs people need more money
hence it encourage to work hard. Once it was fulfilled than person not motivate further and move
to another level of needs.
Social needs : Human is the social person due to which they always try to involve in the
social interaction,companionship and belongingness. Due to this people interested to work in a
group and remain on one organisation for a longer duration.

Self -esteem needs : An individual try to achieve esteem needs which include self respect
,social recognition, achievement ,knowledge and many more things. The fulfilment of esteem
needs develop a feeling of confidence,strength and the capability of taking any challenges
regarding work in the organisation.
Self actualization needs : It refer to the need which is satisfied in order to maximize
one's potential. These needs are linked to the development of the capabilities which help
individual to face different real life situation.
Alderfer's ERG theory : ERG theory is developed by Clayton alderfer's. Alderfer's further
developed the Maslow's theory by categorising the hierarchy of needs into three factors because
in accordance to him some needs are overlapping in the physiological and social needs (Hashim
and Wok, 2014). According to this theory performance and productivity of A David & Co
Limited can be increased by continuously providing opportunities to people to satisfy their needs
in a balanced way.
Existence : Under this physiological and safety needs of Maslow are grouped into one
category and because of similar nature and similar influence on the individual behaviour. It
shows those needs which individual try to fulfil in order to survival in the society.
Relatedness : The relatedness need indicate towards the social need that individual try to
develop in order to build a relationship with the people whom they cares.
Growth : The growth needs include Maslow self-actualization and part of esteem need
which are involve internally to the person such as being unique and different. These needs
encourage individual to explore his maximum capabilities for external environment.
Process theory : The process theories gave the solution how the motivation is to be done
in order to achieve the desired target. It address various factors of the organisation such as degree
of effort,continuation of effort and modification of the effort. By the help of these theories
authority encourage their employee to perform their work effectively in a schedule time.
Vroom expectancy theory : This theory means that people perform the activities to attain
some business goal in order to achieve their own objective and target (Kim and Chang, 2010).
According to vroom theory employee productivity and performance is based on the the various
factors of individual such as knowledge,experience ,skills and their personality.

Expectancy : It indicate towards the probability which particular action lead employee
towards the desired outcome. It relates effort to the first level outcome. For example person think
that if they work hard it will be better.
Instrumental : It is tool which indicate towards the first level outcome lead to the second
level outcome. For example : Individual if they perform any job properly than there is something
for them (Kitchin, 2017).
Valence : It refer to the value which person place on particular activity in order to get
expected rewards of the outcome. For example : If the person is motivated for the money than for
them other non monetary benefits are not valued. For such type of employee other thing is not
valuable so organisation can motivate them only by the help of money.
By the above theories it is come to known how an individual motivate to perform a task
effectively and by using what factors.
TASK 3
P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team 800
A team plays an important role in the attainment of predetermined objective. A team is a
group of people who are working together for a common goal by depending on each other .There
are various types of team which are working in respective organisation like manufacturing,
production, quality and supervising. Effective team members work together as a single unit for
the accomplishment of organisation goal whereas ineffective team work on their personal hand
due to which goal is achieve on time in an appropriate manner (LA, 2013) . By the help of
effective team A David & Co Limited able to achieve a target in a better way within schedule
time as compared to ineffective team.
Differentiate between Effective team and Ineffective team
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Expressing In effective team every person
gets a chance to express their
ideas and the views. In this
person listen each other
thoughts.
Ineffective team members
does not get the chance to
express their idea and views
and they are also ignored and
over ridden.
Decision In this decision is taken after In this actions are taken

the mutual consent of every
team member.
prematurely before analysing
the real issue.
Work allocation In this every member is
assigned their work properly
which help them to take
actions for the achievement of
business goal (Llewellyn and
Hindmarsh, 2010 ).
In this member does not know
what they are going to do as
their jobs are not clear due to
which they are unable to take
correct actions.
Leadership The chairperson of the group
does not dominate it
members . They give freedom
to them for expressing their
idea.
Under this leadership remains
in the hand of chairperson.
They lead member and guide
them if they knowledge or not.
Types of team
In business environment there is a several types of team which perform different types of
work for the ultimate goal which are as follows :
Problem solving team : It is a team which is formed for temporary purpose in which
people belongs to different department, having different skills and knowledge. The main aim of
this team is to provide permanent solution to the problem so that it can't arise in upcoming
future. By the help of these team organisation can analyse problem from various prospective.
Functional team : It refers to the team of the people who are expertise in different
functions are come together for the achievement of the common goal such as marketing, finance
and human resource (Suma and Lesha, 2013).
Virtual team : It refer to the group of people who interact across space ,time and
business boundaries .Under this member interact with each other through the electronic medium
for example : Skype, Facebook, conferences and email irrespective of their geographical
location. In this team member need to have excellent communication skills as there is no facial
expression and body language.
Tuckman team development theory :

This theory was developed by Bruce tuck man in 1965 with four stages later on modified
in 1977 with fifth stage. It describe about the phases through which team go from initial
formation to the completion of task in the A David and company.
Forming : It is a initial stage in which everybody is busy finding their place in the team
and asking themselves their reason for being there. In this phase team members are polite and
positive with each other as they don't know anyone (Suppiah and Singh, 2011). Under this leader
plays an important role because team does not know their roles and responsibilities. It remain till
the employees not star understanding their work and their colleagues.
Storming : In this phase employees entering into disputes because of having different
personality and working style. Conflict occurs at this stage as the personal motive of the
individual comes in the light . In this team members start pushing their boundaries created by
them in the forming stage start questioning decision and challenges. Respective organisation
should solve the problems of employees here only so that it can't affect working of the
establishment.
Norming : The group start understanding each other strength and weakness and socialize
together and take help of colleagues in performing their task. Criticism and feedback are taken
constructively for the further improvement. When the new task comes team member moves
directly to the storming and norming stage.
Performing : In this team member work hard by their own for the attainment of goal
without the motivation of leaders (Tsai and Wu, 2010) . Till this time,leader need to only
delegate the work to the team members and they perform it full dedication and does not affect by
anyone joining or leaving the organisation.
Adjourning : At this stage team start dissolving due to completion of task or the business
restructuring. This phase become problem for those employees who develop the relationship
with team members. They find their future uncertain as they don't know the further path.

(Source : Tuckman team development model, 2018)
TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour.
Organisational behaviour is the study as well as application of knowledge that how
people behave or act in the administration. It is generally a human tool for their benefits and
applied broadly to the behaviour of employees in every kind of company (Walsham, 2012) ). In
the, A David & Co Limited behaviour of the staff members play important role because they deal
in food and beverages in which there is direct link with customers. Thus, the concept and
philosophies of organisational behaviour is explained with the assistance of below mention
theories :-
Path goal theory – This theory was first introduced by the Martin Evans in 1970 and
after that in the same further development by done by House in 1971. Path Goal theory is based
on leaders style and behaviour which fits best to the employees as well as working environment
for accomplishing goals. Major goal of the theory is to enhance employees' motivation,
empowerment, and satisfaction so they become productive members of the respective
Illustration 1: Tuckman team development model

administration. Let’s break down the path-goal theory into its components as well Firstly, I will
start by discuss about the leader’s behaviours. This approach has focused on “directive,
supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leadership behaviour”. The description of
each of these behaviours are listed below :
 Directive leadership : Under this style leader guide followers what is expected to them
and how they do that in order to complete their task effectively (Wood and et. al., 2016.
This type of leadership is beneficial in the A David & Co Limited when employees does
not know their task and lot of uncertainty in the external environment.
 Supportive Leadership : In this leadership style leader pay attention to the needs and
wants of their employees so that they work comfortably in the business environment.
Leader behave friendly and empathetic to their employees. A David & Co Limited use
this style when the employees are demotivated temporary.
 Participative Leadership : The leader consult with followers in the form of suggestion
and ideas before taking any decision in the organisation. A David & Co Limited include
followers in their decision only when they have specialized in that particular department.
 Achievement-Oriented Leadership : The leader set challenging goals for their
followers because they have confidence in their activities that they fulfil their
expectation. A David & Co Limited should adopt this management style in their working
only when the employee have the capacity to work independently and contain problem
solving skills.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it is concluded that business need to examine their individual
behaviour so that can be understand in a better way and actions are assigned in accordance to
that. By this it is known that politics should be avoided in the organisation as it create adverse
effect on the business culture and the working. Power should be used in order to guide individual
towards the achievement of business goal. The respective organisation can adopt any of the
motivational theories for their employee which help them in achieving their personal and
professional growth. Organisation can achieve its goal with the support of effective team so
authorities try to develop it. With the help of path goal theory business able to adopt the
leadership style according to their employees.

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Online
Tuckman team development model, 2018. [Online]. Available through
<http://margarethillary.com/team-work/>

Effective vs. Ineffective Teams,2018. [Online]. Available through
<http://www.eventus.co.uk/effective-vs-ineffective-teams/>