Influence of Power, Culture & Politics on Behaviour

This report analyzes the influence of power, culture, and politics on individual and team behaviour in the context of organisational behaviour. It explores different types of power, cultural dimensions, and the impact of politics. The report also discusses motivational theories and the difference between effective and ineffective teams.

Organisational
Behaviour

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Analysis of influence of power, culture & politics on individual as well as Team behaviour
................................................................................................................................................3
M1 Critically analyse how culture, power and politics of a company can impact individual as
well as team behaviour and performance...............................................................................7
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
P2 Process & Content motivation theory...............................................................................7
M2 Critically evaluate how to influence the behaviour of others through the effective
application of behavioural motivational theories, concepts and models................................9
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P3 Effective as well as Ineffective teams..............................................................................9
M3 Analysis of relevant team & group development theories in order to support the
development of cooperation in effective teams....................................................................11
Task 4.............................................................................................................................................11
P4 Explain philosophies and theories in relation with organisational behaviour and business
situation................................................................................................................................11
M4 Evaluate how concepts & philosophies of organizational behaviour inform as well as
influence behaviour within a given business situation.........................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is defined as a set of activities associated with predicting,
understanding and influencing behaviour of an individual working in the company. In addition to
this, it is the study & an application of Knowledge which shows how employees are act or
behave in an organisation. It is analysed that study of individual behaviour helps an entity to
increase the performance level of employees which has direct impact productivity of an
organisation (Jacobs and Manzi, 2020). There are various factors that is involved in studying of
behaviour is motivation, job structure, communication, leadership & many more. In the present
report, Ryanair is taken into consideration. It is an Irish Budget airline that is established in the
year 1984. The organisation was founded by David Bonderman and it serve services in more
than 225 locations. The present report will cover influence of politics, culture and power on
behaviour of teams and individuals. In addition to this, there is a discourse about motivational
theories which is process and content theory. Further, the report aims to difference among
effective and ineffective teams. Later, the concept & philosophies of OB is cover in the present
report.
TASK 1
P1 Analysis of influence of power, culture & politics on individual as well as Team behaviour
The main objective of conducting study of organisational behaviour is to gain an insight
about performance level of employees working in an organisation. It help top level management
to satisfy the requirements of employees and fulfil them so that assist in retaining staff members
with organisation for longer time period. The managers of Ryanair analyse that companies is
facing competition that impact on their performance level. In order to gain an insight about the
reason, it is analysing the impact of power, culture & politics on the behaviour of staff members
and teams as well.
Power: It is basically an quality of a person to assign or give duties to the employees
prevailing in the company. It is determine that In Ryanair, the power is in the hands of top level
management in order to take decision and assign duties as well as responsibility to employees.
Power is of different types that is given below:

Coercive power: It is consider as the power wherein managers have the right to give
punishment to staff members, if all the rules as well as regulations is not properly followed by
them in a proper manner. Acquisition of such form of power by managers of Ryanair might
develop negative mind set of staff members that has direct impact on performance of company in
a negative way.
Reward power: Herein, the power is associated with providing rewards to employees of
their good performance which motivate or encourage them to work with full zeal and enhance
the productivity of organisation. In relation to Ryanair, adoption of such type of power will help
company to develop confidence and performance level of staff members as taking rewards make
then feel valued and important at workplace. In addition to this, it will also leads to increase in
profitability and revenue of company in an appropriate manner.
Referent power: It is determine that an organisation adopt such form of power in order to
influence or encourage staff members to perform all activities in a proper and effective manner.
Adoption of referent power by top level management of Ryanair assist in developing good
relation with employees and to gain growth & development in a proper manner.
Legitimate power: In this type of power, managers have the right to take decision
regarding implementation of all the activities and operations as well. In relation to Ryanair, this
type of power develop negative mind set of people and also decline their creativity level.
Illustration 1: Differnt types of power

Moreover, it also decline the level of performance of employees that has negative impact on
profits and market share of respective organisation.
Expert power: In this type of power, the experts take decision regarding the
implementation of activities. In case of Ryanair, it enhance the confidence level of teams and
employees as it make them feel positive to work under the instruction or guidance of expert.
By determining above forms of power, it is stated that using of reward power will help
company to motivate its staff members which has direct impact on productivity as well as
performance of staff members.
Culture: It consist of opinions, values, beliefs and ideologies of people that has direct
influence on the behaviour of staff members prevailing in the organisation (Anwar, 2020). It is
determine that culture has both negative as well as positive influence on organisation. The types
of culture is given below:
Task culture: According to this form of culture, the task is categorise within the worker
with an objective to finish it on time period. In context to culture, its higher authorities can adopt
this form of culture as it will help in completing project on time period and meeting with the
targets in a timely and effective manner that directly leads to raise in profits and performance of
Ryanair.
Power culture: In this, the decision-making right consist in the hands of very few person
prevailing in the company. This form of power arise issues and conflicts in Ryanair and also
impact on overall working performance as well as profitability in a negative manner.
Role culture: In tis, the overall duties is given to the employees by top level management
a per their skills, interest, capabilities and qualifications as well. Adoption of such form of power
by managers assist in motivating and retaining employees for longer time period that has positive
influence on productivity as well as profitability of company.
Person culture: It is analysed that herein, managers emphasis on behaviour and attitude of
employees and divide the task according to it, which help in developing positive working culture.
With reference to Ryanair, acquisition of this power help in enhancing growth and development
of both employees and organisation as well.
From the above types of culture, it is determine that acquisition of role culture is suitable
and beneficial for organisation as it assist in raising productivity & profitability of Ryanair.
Positive & Negative impact of various types of culture:

Positive impact : In order to attain desired goals in organisations like Ryanair, role
culture is helpful as it help assist in dividing the whole task according to the interest, skills and
competencies of employees.
Negative impact: It is analysed that sometimes higher authorities is not able to take
decision because of the culture type they follow at workplace. There are various situation and
issues arise when role culture impact negatively on the overall productivity of an organisation.
Politics: It is defined as set of activities, which usually take place at the time of
communication as well as interaction of two person going through in the company. it is
determine that politics has both positive and negative influence on the working culture of an
organisation. in addition to this, positive politics helps an entity to increase performance as well
as profitability level whereas negative politics decline the confidence level of staff members due
to which organisation is enable to meet its target and objectives on time period. It is important
for managers of Ryanair to focus on maintaining positive politics as it assist in raising
performance that has positive impact on market share and revenue of organisation. It is analysed
that negative politics arise conflict and issues at workplace due to which negative mind set is
developed and there is decline of efficiency level of staff members.
Hofstede's Cultural Dimension Theory: This theory was formulated by Geert Hofstede in the
year 1980 in order to gain an insight about culture difference between countries. This theory is
applied by most of the organisation for distinguishing national culture as their influence on
organisational objectives. This theory involve six dimension which is given below:
Power distance Index: This dimension states the level of inequality and power is being
tolerated. Low power index signifies that culture impact in structure which is flat and
decentralized as well. In addition to this, high power index states that equality as well as power
difference encourage bureaucracy and is accept within the culture. The top level management of
Apple believes that developing of equality at workplace help in motivating staff members that
has positive impact on profitability of an organisation.
Individualism vs Collectivism: It is defined as a level to which societies is involved
within the groups and create mutual relationship in a particular community. This will give rights
to staff members of Ryanair to execute activities in an appropriate manner.

Uncertainty Avoidance: It is consider as level of uncertainties as well as ambiguity is
tolerated. It is significant for companies to have flexible employees so that they can deal with
such situation in an effective manner. in addition to this, Ryanair provide training session to staff
members that assist in developing skills of employees due to which they can easily cope with
changing environment in a proper manner.
Femininity vs Masculinity: It signifies participation of societies towards sexuality,
equality, achievement and so on. In context to Ryanair, it is analysed that company is hiring both
female and male staff members that help in maintain equality within the company.
Short term vs Long term orientation: It is mainly depend on the old traditions & customs
of society. It is determine that Ryanair make changes in it service as per the new trends so that it
can remain in market and adopt new technologies in an effective manner.
Indulgence vs Restraint: It is defined as level of freedom provided to citizens by societies
for satisfying their basic human requirements, the higher authorities of Ryanair focuses on
developing requirements as it decline mental pressure, which has positive impact on productivity
as well as profitability of company.
M1 Critically analyse how culture, power and politics of a company can impact individual as
well as team behaviour and performance
It is determine that culture, politics and power has direct impact on behaviour as well as
performance of teams and individuals as well. It is important for Ryanair to adopt a suitable form
of culture, politics and power so that they can maintain positive working environment and retain
employees for longer-time period that has an influence on productivity and revenue level of
company in a positive manner. By adoption of Hofstede's cultural dimension theory by managers
of Ryanair assist in gaining insight about the culture difference among countries. In addition to
this, it help company to offer service according to their culture which attract more number of
people and enhance sales and profitability level of company in an appropriate manner.
TASK 2
P2 Process & Content motivation theory
Motivation define as the procedure where the main aim is to influence the people so that
they can produce or develop quality goods and services by increasing their efficiency and
effectiveness. There are mainly two main kind of motivation that is intrinsic and extrinsic

motivation. In reference to intrinsic motivation it define as the inner ability of a person in order
to motivate themselves but on the other hand extrinsic motivation refers to the behaviour as well
as attitude of individuals which can be modified by examining as well as learning from the
behaviour of other individuals.
Motivational Theories: These are the theories which help an organisation to examine and fulfil
the needs of staff members working within the organization. Along with this, it help a business
organisation to attain their predefined targets within specific time period. It has been said that the
motivational theories are commonly of two kinds which are process as well as content theory.
Content Theory:
This is a theory which is bases on the modifying behaviour and requirements of staff
members. Therefore, this will assist business organisation such as Ryanair to set their objectives
as well as attain them within stipulated time frame. The higher authority of the organization use
ERG theory in order to motivate their employees which are as follows:
ERG Theory of Motivation:
Illustration 2: Different motivational theories

This is a motivational theory coined by Clayton P. Alderfer in the year 1969. This theory
is basically a conversion of Maslow's theory which consist of five main needs of human being
into main three needs these needs are going to be discussed as follows:
Existence needs: This is the need which discusses about the common human requirement
of an individual which consist of food, shelter, clothing and so on. This theory also concern
about security as well as safety of the workers which help them in order to motivate their staff
members and leads towards the attainment of organizational goals and add value to the
organisation.
Relatedness needs: It consists of the well being as well as self actualisation requirements
of person which is usually external. It becomes essential for each and every person in order to
develop positive status and maintain strong relationship with their family, friends, colleagues.
Therefore, the higher authorities of Ryanair that they must organize to develop better and strong
relationship between their workers.
Growth Needs: This is the theory popularly known as internal requirements of human
being. These are the kinds of requirements needs to be considered by higher authorities for the
growth and development opportunities. Therefore, managers of Ryanair need to provide equal
opportunities to their staff members for the better of business entity.
Advantages-
Consistent- It is more consistent with knowledge of THEORY individual differences
among people. Every individual will have different importance for different group of needs
depending upon education, cultural environment etc.
Limited concept- ERG theory takes the strong points of the earlier content theories but it
is less restrictive and limiting as compared to the others.
Disadvantages-
Unclear guidelines- This theory says that an individual can satisfy any of the three needs
first. But how will we determine which of the three needs is more important to that person. Thus,
it gives half knowledge to person.
New concept- It is a new concept and is less adopted by people as compared to Maslow
theory. Therefore, many few marketers focuses on this one.

Process Theory:
It define as the psychological process which mainly empower and affect the individual in
order to modify their behaviour in different forn known as process theory. Large number of
organizations adopt these theories which assist in sustaining the organization for a longer
duration (Chou, 2019). These are the theories which needs to be adopt by the higher authorities
of the organization as they need to motivate their staff members in order to accomplish their
goals and objectives in an appropriate and proper manner. This is the theory which is mainly
described as follows in context of Ryanair:
Adam's Equity Theory:
This is a theory produced by John Adam mainly discuss about pay condition as well as
also encourage staff members in order to fulfil the requirements of the business entity. This is
very essential for the higher authorities of Ryanair that they must provide bonus and incentives
to their staff members as per their performance. In addition to this, top management team of the
company needs to provide better incentives along with high quality working environment to their
staff members so they feel motivated and produce better outcomes.
Advantages-
 Motivation- With help of equity theory, it motivates/ encourage subordinate to put
more effort to work and achieve goal. Through this, work force is able to carry out the
work in most efficient manner.
 Retention- Moreover, through this theory retention period of employee increases for
longer interval of time. This is because as satisfaction is achieved, it leads to subordinate
retention.
 Better relation with employees: It is very helpful in creation of positive relation among
employees. If there will be no unfair treatment that will be provided to employees then it
will results in atmosphere that is more difficult.
Disadvantages-
 Varies of perception- One limitation is that it is concerned with subordinates &
difference in pay of wages or inequality by supervisor which results into dissatisfaction at
workplace.

M2 Critical evaluation of how to influence the behaviour of others by the effective application
of behavioural motivational theories, models and concepts
It is important for an organisation to motivate its staff members so that they can work with
full potential towards attainment of objectives and goals as well. Maslow’s hierarchical theory
help in company to fulfilling basic needs to the self actualization needs of staff members. Along
with this, Malow's theory help an entity to focus on fulfilling requirement of its staff members
and appraise them for their working, this make employees feel valued and respected at
workplace and improve their efficiency level. In addition to this, Adam’s equity theory help in
maintain equality and positive working culture which directly leads to gain in performance &
profitability of an organisation. It is evaluated that, it is essential for Ryanair to motivate its staff
members so that they can put their efforts in meeting with targets and assist organisation to attain
competitive advantage at marketplace.
TASK 3
P3 Effective as well as Ineffective teams
Basis Effective Team Ineffective Team
Interdependence It refers to those kind of teams
where each and every team
mates have positive view
regarding their goals and
objectives. This is quite
helpful in order to achieve
their predefined targets.
It is the team where are lack of
interdependence which might
leads to not attaining the
organisational objectives of the
business entity.
Goals Leaders of the company are
capable enough to define the
goals to every team members
where every person work for
attaining those objectives.
It is the type of team where
goals are not clearly defined
and create negative influence
on the work done by team
mates.
Communication Team mates in these kind of
teams have two ways
In these kind of teams usually
have one way communication

communication which hell
them in creating positive
working environment at the
workplace Along with this, it
will assist in attaining
organizational goals within
given time frame.
which might leads towards
disputes and conflicts and
affect the performance of
employees in an adverse
manner.
Tuckman Team development model: This is the model developed in 1965 by Bruce
Tuckman. The main emphasis begins from starting to the end time of project. This is a model
which is continuous process assist to attain the targets in an appropriate manner. Along with
this, this is the model which develop the teams and create positive relationship with the workers.
In relation to the Ryanair, .managers of the company adopt this model which consist of five
phases is given below:
Forming: This is the first phase where all the team mates come together in order to
execute their task in a proper manner. This is the stage where team members do not have any sort
of trust on each other and mainly prefer to work alone. In reference to Ryanair, it is important for
top level management to assign all the work in a well defined manner at workplace.
Storming: This stage says that there is a development of relationship among team
members but some sort of conflicts also arise. In context of Ryanair, leaders ensure that thoughts
of members match which leads to reduce conflicts. Reducing conflicts might help them in order
to produce positive and strong relationship with their staff members.
Norming: In this, team members agree to perform as per the policies and rules so they
can easily attain their desired goals. In relation to Ryanair, it help them to accomplish their
desired goals within time period. Therefore, managers of the company need to adopt all the
policies and implement them at their workplace in an effective manner so they can easily
accomplish their targets.
Performing: Fourth stage is where team focuses on attaining the predefined targets in an
appropriate manner without any conflicts and disputes. It is necessary for the managers of
Ryanair that they must take decisions which raises their productivity and performance.
Adjourning: At last the fifth stage is where task completed in a proper way and all the
team members dismisses at the end. In reference to Ryanair, managers of the organisation ensure

that they must develop good relation among their workers, as it will assist them in order to
perform all the targets in an effective manner in near future.
M3 Analysis of relevant team and group development theories in order to influence the
development of practice in effective teams.
Tuckman team development theory consist of series of steps that is required in order to
develop an effective teams in a proper manner. In addition to this, following of all the steps assist
Ryanair in cooperating effective teams and also help in meeting with its target on time period.
Moreover, it is important for company to maintain good relationship with employees so that after
the team disbanded, positive working environment is maintained at workplace.
Task 4
P4 Explain philosophies as well as theories in context with organisational behaviour & business
condition
OB is a broader concept and which is needed to be understood in proper manner. It
involves various philosophies & theories that are adopted by firm with proper considerations. It
is essential to apply philosophies as they help mapping a path to the goals. In relevance with
selected entity, managers use philosophies by conducting market research in most efficient way.
Theories as well as philosophies are to be used so that decisions making is being done properly
& without facing any issues.
Therefore, it has been discussed below-
Integrity- It is being related with image of brand and entity in external environment. By
providing quality products & services Ryan Airlines are able to increase their goodwill in
proper manner. By increasing brand goodwill it is possible to attract more customers towards
business.
Responsibility- It refers to duties which are needed to be fulfilled by organisation. The
managers within the workplace need to be aware about personnel skills so that it is easier to
assign work in effective manner. It also reflects carrying out of work and operations in proper
manner.
Path goal leadership theory-
This theory states that leaders have different forms of leadership style which are needed
to be used by them at workplace. It is essential for leaders to be aware about their styles as

because they have deep impact on employee performance (Eissa, 2019). According to the theory,
leaders are capable of selecting more than one kind of a style suited for a particular situation.
This help them to achieve
There are various types of leadership styles which are explained below-
 Directive style- This leadership states that leaders directs and guides members & also
maintain only professional relationship with their team members. This useful when short
projects are to be completed on given deadlines.
 Supportive- In this, leaders help as well as support their team members in both personal
& professional way. Such types of teams are able to work in peaceful manner.
 Participative- Further comes the participative in which leaders assure that all members
in team take equally part in given projects or decision making.
 Achievement oriented- This depicts that difficult tasks and situations are being given
to members which they handle in appropriate way. This is because leaders believes that
subordinates are responsible enough to handle all critical situations.
After a brief analysis of above matter, it has been seen that path goal leadership theory it
is crucial for leaders to chosen the appropriate style of leadership so that is used in most proper
way. It is time consuming process and which is needed to be carried out effectively. Thus ,
when using these styles proper analysis is to be conducted so that problems do not occur in near
future.
Path goal theory- advantages
 This method is suitable for emergencies and situations where there is a time constraint.
 It is flexible and easy to use.
 The revised theory can be used in groups who are knowledgeable as well as have skills.
 The ideas of this one are easier to adopt and use.
Disadvantages
 The theory can fail if the leader has some holes or poor progress background.
 The leaders may not be rational and act on the basis of illusion.
 If the workload is more or if any major problem faced by leader than whole system may
distorted.

M4 Evaluate how concepts as well as philosophies of organizational behaviour inform as well as
influence behaviour in a particular business situation
It is determine that path goal theory, which is one of the concept of OB has impact on
different situations and help in dealing with different situations in an effective manner
(Geramian, Abraham and Ahmadi Nozari, 2019). This philosophy states that it is important
for leaders to have knowledge about all the styles so that they can apply it as per the
situations and enhance maintain their performance level in an appropriate manner.

CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it is analysed that it is significant for conducting
organisational behaviour study as it help in gaining knowledge about the actual performance of
employees and their attitude towards it. In addition to this, it is determine that there are major
three factors which has an influence on behaviour of team members & individuals and these are
culture, power and politics as well. The different motivational theories is adopted by higher
authorities and leaders of organisation for motivating employee that has positive influence on
profitability and productivity of an organisation.

REFERENCES
Books&Journal
Anwar, N., and et. al., 2020. Green Human Resource Management for organisational citizenship
behaviour towards the environment and environmental performance on a university
campus. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, p.120401.
Chou, C.M., and et. al., 2019. Factors influencing teachers’ innovative teaching behaviour with
information and communication technology (ICT): the mediator role of organisational
innovation climate. Educational Psychology, 39(1), pp.65-85.
Eissa, G., 2019. Winning at all costs: An exploration of bottom‐line mentality,
Machiavellianism, and organisational citizenship behaviour. Human Resource
Management Journal, 29(3), pp.469-489.
Geramian, A., Abraham, A. and Ahmadi Nozari, M., 2019. Fuzzy logic-based FMEA robust
design: a quantitative approach for robustness against groupthink in group/team
decision-making. International Journal of Production Research, 57(5), pp.1331-1344.
Jacobs, K. and Manzi, T., 2020. Conceptualising ‘financialisation’: governance, organisational
behaviour and social interaction in UK housing. International Journal of Housing
Policy, 20(2), pp.184-202.
Miao, Q., Eva, N., Newman, A., Nielsen, I. and Herbert, K., 2020. Ethical Leadership and
Unethical Pro‐Organisational Behaviour: The Mediating Mechanism of Reflective
Moral Attentiveness. Applied Psychology, 69(3), pp.834-853.
Muchiri, M., Shahid, S. and Ayoko, O., 2019. And now for something completely different:
Reframing social processes of leadership theory using positive organisational
behaviour. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(3), pp.370-373.
Rawabdeh, M., Nawafleh, S., Alsari, H. and Melhem, M.B., 2019. The mediating influence of
organisational citizenship behaviour on employee job performance and staff incentive's
relationship. International Journal of Management Practice, 12(2), pp.200-227.
Sendjaya, S., Pekerti, A.A., Cooper, B.K. and Zhu, C.J., 2019. Fostering organisational
citizenship behaviour in Asia: The mediating roles of trust and job satisfaction.
In Leading for High Performance in Asia (pp. 1-18). Springer, Singapore.

Waddell, D., Creed, A., Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2019. Organisational change:
Development and transformation. Cengage AU.