The Role of Leadership Theories in Organisational Behaviour

This assignment focuses on the role of leadership theories in organisational behaviour, including their application in assessing and understanding employee motivation. It highlights the importance of leadership theories such as Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor theory and Maslow's need hierarchy theory in managing and enhancing employees' performance. The assignment also discusses the impact of leadership styles on job satisfaction and organisational commitment. With references to various academic sources, it provides a comprehensive overview of leadership theories and their application in organisational behaviour.

Organisational
Behaviour
A70262

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1: Influence of organisation's politics, culture and power on team and individual
performance.................................................................................................................................1
M1 Critically analyse how the culture, politics and power of an organisation can influence
individual and team behaviour and performance........................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2: Motivational theories for achieving organisational goals.....................................................4
M2 Critically evaluate how to influence the behaviour of others through the effective
application of behavioural motivational theories, concepts and models.....................................5
D1 Critically evaluate the relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation that
enables teams and organisations to succeed providing justified recommendations. ..................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3 A team effective as opposed to an ineffective team:.............................................................6
M3. Tuckman and Jensen's Model of Team: .............................................................................8
P4 Philosophies and concepts of organisational behaviour........................................................8
M4. Advantage and disadvantage of path goal theory of leadership: .....................................10
D2. Critical evaluation: ............................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Organization behaviour deals with the overall behavioural environment of the
organization in which individual communicate and share their views with each other.
Organizations are in need to build and develop their interpersonal along with employees skills
for being effective. Organizational behavior deals with the study that focus on investigation of
impact that groups, individuals and structure have on behavior within an organization.
Organization behavior emphasis on how to improve productivity, increase employee satisfaction,
increase employee citizenship and reduce absenteeism and turnover. This assignment is emphasis
on A David & Co. Limited that is producing different number of food products including fresh
vegetables, fruits, bakery items (Chiboiwa, Chipunza and Samuel, 2011). All this items are
delivered to various hotels, contract caterers and restaurants on regular basis. This projects
covers culture, politics and power which influence behavior of individuals in the organization.
Moreover, this report includes various motivational theories that organization should implement
to encourage and motivate employees to perform well. In addition, it covers various concepts and
philosophies of organization behavior that should be adopted by the organization.
TASK 1
P1: Influence of organisation's politics, culture and power on team and individual performance
In today's time, organisation's culture, power and politics acts as important factor as it
directly effect the functioning of company both in negative and positive manner. Power means
ability of the managers to control and guide working behaviour of workforce to perform in right
way in right direction to reach desired goals and objectives. The main aim is to achieve the
organisational goals and objectives with limited resources in limited time. To change to
behaviour of workforce towards organisation power plays an important role.
Influence of power on group and person
Power plays an important role in influencing the behavioural of workforce. Those
managers who practises positive power are able to deliver best guidance to employees to reduce
absenteeism and enhance productivity level. Positive power generates confidence among the
employees as they get better suggestions and ideas to perform their tasks by the managers. Power
involves decision making of assigning roles and responsibilities among the employees at various
operational level. Managers has power to recognize the efforts of different level of employees
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and reward them to motivate them for their performance. All the decisions made by managers
helps reducing staff turnover and absenteeism, hence the chances of employee retention
automatically increases. Working behaviour of workforce is affected when powers are used in
negative way by the managers. If managers do not practices their power in positive the chances
of staff turnover and absenteeism increase automatically. In the context of David & Co Limited
has capable managers who uses their power in positive way to guide and encourage them to work
effectively to achieve organisational goals. Some of the powers used by David & Co Limited are
as follows:
Reward Power: This power involves identification of effective employee, giving
rewards, developing training and development program design and promotions. In David & Co
Limited reward powers are practised by Board of Directors to motive the employees to perform
best at their tasks. It influences the interest and working behaviour of employees while working
as an individual or as a team in favourable of company as receiving benefits from company
automatically motivate them to perform well. This will in indirectly enhances the performance
level of company as well.
Legitimate Power: This power is used to be allotted to an individual according to the
position. For example, Rosskam, CEO of David & Co Limited has legitimate power that allows
him to control and guide the employees (Dartey-Baah and Amoako, 2011). It will help in
bringing out maximum efforts from the employees through either allotting them work as an
individual or as a team member by giving them proper guidance and direction. Helping
employees in each stage of execution of allotted task maximises the performance level of
employees which indirectly support team performance as well.
Coercive power: This power involves punishing, terminating an threatening any
employee in an organisation. In the context of David & Co Limited this power is allotted to CEO
and managers. This power is incurred rarely as they believe in valuing their employees and
motivate them to perform best at their assigned tasks. It negatively influences the working
behaviour of other employees as well due to having fear of terminating by company at anytime.
This will reduces their productivity level as well as lowering the performance level of team due
to having lack of support in absence of co-workers.
Referent power: This power is allotted to an individual to influence working behaviour
of the employees. In David & Co Limited, this power is implemented by the managers to
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motivate and build confidence among the employees to perform their tasks properly (Farndale,
Hope-Hailey and Kelliher, 2011). A leader is one who attained such power as they are liable to
get work done from employees in more effective and efficient manner. They are mainly focuses
on maximising their performance level as an individual or performing as a team member due to
which maximum output can be gained by company.
Informational power: This power is allotted to an individual who is able to access and
handle important confidential financial reports of the organisation. In context to David & Co
Limited, this power is used by the high authority to manage information regarding to employee's
performances etc. It help management in identifying the low and high performer of an
organisation through analysing performance report therefore they are able to enhance the
performance of low-skilled worker through putting their efforts by conducting training and
development programs. This will positively influences the working behaviour of employees and
bing motivation among them to worker in a team and perfoA70262rm well.
Influence of politics on group and person:
Helpful in developing social astuteness, interpersonal influence, network ability and
sincerity: Organisation politics allows to find out and acquire information regarding to their
employees along with their working behaviour that allows them develop methodologies to
motivate employees to perform with best efforts while working as an individual or a team
member to complete the task. Moreover, it allows high authority to reduce and eliminate
communication gap to build up healthy employees relationship. It helps David & Co Limited to
get in touch with the employees and working workforce to reduce staff turnover and higher
retentions (Gold and et. al., 2013). This will influencA70262es positively on the performance
level of employees and team as they are encourage through various methodologies such as
training and development programs, proper guidance etc. to perform well
Reduce the productivity of employees: It is been found and observed that those
employees who are engaged in politics are unable to concentrate on assigned tasks which directly
effects the functioning of the organisation. Employees involved in politics emphasis more on
identification of faults and criticize other subordinates due to which level of performance and
productivity falls down. It negatively influences the performance level of individual as well as
team performance as they are engaged in some other unimportant activities such as criticizing
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others and ignoring important allotted activities which in results decreasing their performance
level and getting response from company.
Influence of work culture in David & Co. Limited can be described through Handy's cultural
typology model:
Organisation culture is also responsible to affect the performance of an individual o a
group. Organisation culture deals with beliefs, norms, values that is crucial to implement and
followed by organisation to achieve competitive advantages. Company needs to frame a
framework with beliefs that is acceptable and appreciated by workforce to maintain healthy
environment to perform best at workplace (Francis, O’Connor and Curran, 2012).
Handy's culture typology model: This theory emphasis on organisation to follow up
proper culture that carries distinct beliefs, values and thoughts. David & CO Limited follows
cultural topology which includes four categories that are as follows:
Power culture: In context with David & Co Limited, high authority and mangers are
having centralised power to control over their employees to control and monitor them in right
direction. It positively influences the working behaviour and performance level of employees by
receiving proper guidance to perform in right direction. This will encourage them to give
combines efforts with the help of co-workers which in results enhances the team spirit and unity
among employees.
Role culture: In context with David & Co Limited, managers are important as all the
roles and responsibilities regarding different activities are assigned to employees by them.
Allotting roles and responsibilities on the basis of their past performance level enhances their
satisfaction and working behaviour of employees and motivate others as well to work hard to
achieve good position in company. This will in results gives maximum efforts by employees
while working as an individual or as a team member.
Task culture: David & Co Limited managers believes in creating a team spirit
environment to complete the specific tasks on time in right way (Kasemsap, 2016). It brings out
maximum output from employees as an individual or a a team member through allotted them
work aon individual basis as well as team member.
Person culture: Those employees who have competent capabilities and talents are
rectified by the managers to share their innovative ideas with others to attain competitive
advantage. It influences positively on individual and team performance as it motivate employees
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to share their ideas which will be more helpful in achieving team goals as well as personal
objectives.
M1 Critically analyse how the culture, politics and power of an organisation can influence
individual and team behaviour and performance.
In order to achieve competitive advantage, it is important to practices and implement
culture, politics and power. All this factors directly influence employees along with their
performances. The high authority and board of directors has rights to use their power to guide,
control and monitor work of the employees. There are different power used by David & Co
Limited like legitimate power, coercive power, reward power, expert power which influence
both individuals and group work. Culture is another factor which is important and contribute to
complete tasks at time. Similarly, political environment also affects the working enivornment
and working behaviour of employees.
TASK 2
P2: Motivational theories for achieving organisational goals
In order to influence the interest and behaviour of employees it is crucial to motivate
them to adopts competent features which helps in achieving organisation goals (Gold and et. al.,
2013). David & Co. Limited is small- medium sized organisation who is out looking to expand
their business which is possible only with the support of the employees. To expand the business,
managers need to motive employees to perform best by adopting some theories which are
described as:
Content theory: This theory focus on the factors that causes changes in needs,
requirements and demands of people for a period of time (Kaur, 2013).The managers of David &
Co Limited analyse those factors that directly effects the working behaviour of the employees.
This includes motivational theory which is explained below:
Maslow Theory of Motivation: This theory emphasis on the needs and requirements that
is important for the employees to perform. This employees needs can be further understood
through described categories which are as follows:
Physiological needs: Physiological needs includes basic need that is crucial for human
and without this survival is quite difficult. This needs includes basic things like food, water,
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clothing and shelter needs. This needs directly affects the performance and behaviour of the
employees so this needs should be identified by organisation to improve employees efficiency
(LA, 2013). If organization fulfils all the basic or physiological needs then effective employees
can be retained fort longer time duration. It is very important for firm to meet their basic
requirement so that employees can be motivated to perform better.
Safety and security needs: Safety and security needs involves with job security, safety
and health. This needs are in demand of every employee to retain in the organisation for long
time. David & Co Limited employers should provide safety and security needs which includes
life and medical insurances, provident funds facilities, pension schemes etc. When the safety
needs are fulfilled as well as assurance is given about job security then employees work
effectively in order to fulfil other requirements. Due to which firm goals are achieved and
productivity level raises.
Social needs: Social needs involves love and emotional affection that is required by
every human. Employees are social person so they need love and affection by their management
to create better communication channel and employees- employers relationships. Recreational
activities should be conducted so that employees feels free to repress there feeling and ideas
which will maximise working behaviour of employees. When working environment is safe and
secure as well as healthy relations are build with co-workers then productivity level of
employees increases and best outcomes can be seen in the market. By doing so potential staff
members can be retained for longer time duration.
Esteem needs: Esteem needs are those needs which are related to person's self- respect,
recognition and appreciation from subordinates. David & Co Limited managers can fulfil this
needs by reward, monetary or non-monetary compensations. This will increase their working
commitment with the organisation for long time. When respect and recognition is given for their
loyalty work in an organization they work more efficiently in the organization as well as guide
better advices in order to be though competitors in the market place.
Self-actualization: This are basically realised by individual when all above needs are
fulfilled. This needs helps to identify employees own strength and competencies which enables
employees to performance challenging programs(Laforet, 2011).
Process theory: Process theory helps to analyse psychological and behaviour processes.
It also analysis the individuals needs which affects their performance level. David & Co. Limited
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mangers should try bring motivation and influence behaviour of their employees. By applying
this theory it is easy for the employees to adopt new challenges at workplace and become more
dynamic to work in different working condition (Michailova and Sidorova, 2011).
M2 Critically evaluate how to influence the behaviour of others through the effective application
of behavioural motivational theories, concepts and models.
In order to perform best employees needs motivation and encouragement by their
managers or high authority. Content theory deals with the explanation of various factors that
directly and indirectly causes changes in the needs, wants and demands of the employees at
workplace. Moreover, process theory identify and analyse all the psychological and behaviour
process that plays an important role to enhance employee's performance. All the needs including
physiological needs, safety and security needs, social needs, esteem needs and self actualization
has direct impact on the working behaviour of the employees.
D1 Critically evaluate the relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation that
enables teams and organisations to succeed providing justified recommendations.
All the factors including cultures, power, politics and motivation theories are crucial to
implement by the top authorises and managers to enhance working behaviour of employees
along with working environment. The main recommendation for the David & Co Limited is that
the manager must try to scan the working environment of the organisation to identify where there
is need of updation in concern with political and culture environment. Moreover, reward and
compensation should be distributed among employees to motive them to work and retain in the
organisation for long time.
TASK 3
P3 A team effective as opposed to an ineffective team:
In company all tasks are performed by employees so they are important part of the
company. They are origin of competency, skills and knowledge which is mandatory to
accomplish business objectives. If any company want to accomplish higher level of benefit then
they required well formulated and hard working team and it is possible when employees are
loyal and hard working. It also increase effectiveness, efficiency and performance of an
organisation. All the activities and operations are performed, maintain and controlled by different
levels of departments in A David & Co Limited. The members of departments maximise the
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output and productivity and run business smoothly. If the members are doing work hard then
company can accomplish its predetermined goals in which company get maximum profits and
higher market stocks. If team members are perform efficiently and effectively in company then
they easily achieve the organisational goals and objectives because group work is an important
and essential instrument for a business. There are some qualities that are essential for A David &
Co Limited for established an effective group or team are as follows:
 Good communication: Communication and connectivity is very important among
managers, high authorities and team members because regarding job duties and
roles they can help subordinates, employees and workers to clear their mind in
which run many doubts.
 Teamwork provides better productivity and efficiency: Team become more
productive and efficient when integrated group work strategies are exist in
company. This strategy reduce the pressure on group members and set fixed
period of time for accomplish the group goal. This also increases job satisfaction
and work pace. Ultimately, when team members perform together then they give
efficient and effective work output (Owoyemi and Ekwoaba, 2014).
 Balanced duties and roles: When employees are performing their work then
managers should be communicate with their employees about their work and give
direction them about work liabilities. This all techniques are help employees to
improve their performance and they can also aware about their work.
 Effective leadership: Team leader can help the business to accomplish its
objectives and goals if team leader have an effective personality of lead to group
and team. Commanding skills, influencing, motivating and good listening of team
leader can encourage the group to perform more efficiently and effectively in an
organisation. A business leads towards success if group members are loyal with
hard working.
If the team members are ineffective then business leads towards failure. There are Some
differences between effective and ineffective team in A David & Co Limited are as follows:-
Effective team Ineffective team
Effective team include suggestions and views
of their team members in decision-making
Ineffective team ignore suggestions of their
team members and dose not include in decision
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activity if they provided opportunity to their
group members.
-making activity then conflicts are arises
between group members and leader.
Task of effective team is easily accepted and
well understood by the group members.
Its difficult to Ineffective team for understood
the task or its objectives.
In this everyone wants to participate the task
because of there are lot of discussions are exist
which is increase the interest in members for
performing.
In ineffective team, contribution of members
are very low because off only few members are
try to act for dis1540557760cussion in this
circumstance their interest are decrease to
perform task.
In this team, disagreements are deal effectively
for decrease the conflicts among members.
In this, members are not comfortable to deal
with disagreements and generally conflicts are
arises among members.
M3. Tuckman and Jensen's Model of Team:
Bruce Tuckman create 4 stages or phase forming-storming-norming-performing in 1965.
According to Bruce Tuckman, if all the steps or stages are followed in well manner then any
group or team achieve their target successfully in an organisation. This model or theory provided
overall growth of a group for the fixed period of time. A David & Co Limited use this model in
their company which are as follows:-
 Forming: It is a first step in which group and team are established. In this phase,
A David & Co Limited allot roles and duties, communication channel and work to
the group members for accomplish target goals. In this first stage team persons are
only concentrated on themselves.
 Storming: This is the second step of team development. Leaders of A David &
Co Limited motivate and create positivity in team members towards work. In this
stage, group members are learn about each other's working style for this they start
work or activity with their members. All members have different working style
and thoughts so conflicts are arises among team persons.
 Norming: In this stage, A David & Co Limited get into a good working
atmosphere because of they increase co-ordination in group persons. Team
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persons also take roles and responsibilities and resolved disagreements(Wong,
Ormiston and Tetlock, 2011).
 Performing: Performing is the last step of team development. In this phase group
members of A David & Co Limited are totally well motivated, passionate and
knowledgeable towards their performance for accomplishing the group goal
because now they precisely know about their objectives and targets.
TASK 4
P4 Philosophies and concepts of organisational behaviour
Path goal theory of leaderships: It is the best and effective theory of leadership for
accomplishing overall objective of the company. This theory based on leader's behaviour and
style. The leader of A David Co Limited, has effective leadership style who is fits the
environment of company and workers for achieving a objective. Employees are become
productive persons in the firm through satisfaction, empowerment and motivation. This concept
based on Vroom's theory (1964). This theory was invented by Martin Evans(1970). This theory
follows some fundamental steps like identify the environmental and employee characteristics,
choose a leadership behaviour and style and concentrate on motivational elements that will help
the worker succeed (Wood and et. al., 2016). Application of such theory support the performance
level of A David Co Limited which can be further understood as under:
Classification of this model are as follows:-
Employees characteristics: In this their major focus on ability and experience and skills
of an employee for batter productivity. Leader of A David & Co Limited is responsible for
determine the abilities of employees for gain maximum output from them. This will help
management in conducting different development programs such as training and learning
programs etc. which indirectly support in enhancing the performance level of employees.
Increasing performance of employees directly makes positive impact on overall performance
level of company as well. Staff members characteristics can be improved by providing them
proper training sessions so that their existing skills can be achieved accordingly. This abilities,
capabilities and skills can be used to grow business in the cut throat competitive world.
Task and environmental characteristic: In this characteristics include work group,
formal authority system and design of the task. These are very important features of any
company for good atmosphere at workplace which directly maximises the working behaviour of
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employees to perform well and provide maximum output to company. When the organization
provides safe and secure working premises to the staff members then productivity level of
employees increases in the market. When employees are assured that atmosphere is safe it
indirectly raise productivity level in the market.
 Design of the task: This is main characteristics of task and environment. The
design of the task is a supporting system of leaders in A David & Co Limited. If
work load is exist then leader can delegate their authorities to employees for
reducing work load (McLeod, Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, 2015). Delegating
task to the employees on the basis of their skills and capabilities enhances their
working behaviour due to which they give maximum efforts in achieving desired
goals and objectives of an organisation. In this case roles and responsibilities are
assigned to the workers according to their abilities, skills and capabilities. By
doing so business associates can retain effective employees for longer time
duration.
 Work group: In this highly need of worker's for contribution in task. Leader can
use esprit-de-crops for their non-supportive team members. Allocating employees
in a team increases mutual cooperation and healthy relation with co-workers
which indirectly help company in achieving maximum contribution from them
towards achievement of their desired goals and objectives. When healthy relations
are build with the organization then employees productivity raises and firm is able
to build more profits in the marketplace. When team are motivated to work in
team then then desired goals are meet on time.
Leadership style: In this involve different leadership style and behaviour which can be
use by leader for achieve desired goals and objectives in A David & Co Limited. There are many
types of leadership style are perform which are as follows:-
 Autocratic leadership style: In this style leader can control all team members and
rarely share own powers with them. This will negatively influences the working
behaviour of employees as they have restricted to participate in decision-making
process of company. This will in results lowering their satisfaction level as well as
encourage high staff turnover. When this type of style is used then effective
employees turn out ratio increases due to which productivity level decreases
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accordingly. Gradually the market value also decreases which is negative sign for
the business in the competitive world.
 Transactional leadership: This leadership style concentrate on group
organisation. It called transactional because leader doing deal an exchange with
employees if any employee perform good then leader give reward that employee
and punishing bad performers. It positively affects the performance level of
employees as the leaders giving motivation to them to work hard and achieve
company's benefits.
 Bureaucratic leadership: This leadership style are enforced in administrative and
highly regulated environments where following of hierarchy and rules are very
important.
 Situational leadership: This leadership style is choose according to environment
and situation. This will assist company in grabbing competitive opportunities in
market through dealing with contingent situations with the help of their
workforce.
 Participative: In this, before making any conclusion leader discuss with its
employees. This is most effective when employees are highly skilled and trained
(Models of Organisational Culture – Handy, 2015). This will maximises the
satisfaction level and working behaviour of employees due to which they provide
maximum contribution towards achievement of organisational goals.
M4. Advantage and disadvantage of path goal theory of leadership:
This theory based on leadership behaviour and style. It is an effective theory of
leadership for accomplishing overall organisation goal. Every theory has both some advantage
and disadvantage that is mentioned below:
Advantage disadvantage
This main advantage that it is a flexible theory. It is autocratic in nature.
Ideas are easily understandable in this theory. If leader has imperfection then this technique
can fail.
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This theory also suitable in emergency
situation.
This method can collapse if employees are too
much depended on the staff leader.
D2. Critical evaluation:
As per the point of view Woods, 2016, this project provides the concise evaluation of
these above theories and terms. Its this include critical evaluation of effective and ineffective
team , leadership different styles, path goal theory and its positive and negative impact. In above
project analysis that an effective team or group easily achieve targeted goals.
CONCLUSION
From above report, understood that organisational behaviour is a main element of any
company for expansion and growth of business. In this saying that, organisation behaviour can
help the maximise its employees skills and capabilities. In this company, management can find
optimum solution in more systematic manner with the help of various types of groups which are
exist in company. Behaviour and path goal theory also play a important role for achieving group
goals and objectives.
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