Organisational Behaviour Assignment | A David & Co Ltd

Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Organisation's culture, politics and power influence individual and team performance and
behaviour ...............................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2 Process and content theories of motivation and motivational techniques.........................3
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P3 Effective team as opposed to an ineffective team ............................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisation..............9
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is concerned with the analysis of both individual and group
activity and performance within an enterprise (What is organizational behaviour?, 2017). In
simple word, OB is the application and study of knowledge regarding how people as groups and
individuals act or behave in organizations. This area of study analyse human behaviour in a
workplace and determines its effect on job performance, structure, motivation, leadership,
communication etc. In this report, chosen organisation is A David & Co Limited i.e. is a
commercial service industry that provides distribution and production of fruits. They offers full
range of fresh vegetables, fruit, prepared products, bakery items, exotic goods and delivered on
regular basis to restaurants, nursing homes etc. This project includes influence of politics, power
and culture on team and individual performance (Alfes and et. al., 2013). The report will also
cover process and content theories of motivation to motivate employees and achieve business
goal. At last, philosophies and concepts of organisational behaviour to a business situation are
also include in this study.
TASK 1
P1 Organisation's culture, politics and power influence individual and team performance and
behaviour
Organisation's culture: This includes an organisation's experience, philosophy,
expectations as well as values that lead member behaviour. It is expressed in employee's inner
working, interaction and self-image with the future expectation. Organisational culture of A
David & Co Limited is mainly based on beliefs, attitudes, customs, unwritten and written
regulations that have been created over time. It also covers the business's values, norms, vision,
language, symbols, systems, habits, beliefs and assumptions (Bolino and et. al., 2013). A David
& Co Limited follow Handy’s cultural typology which is divided into four parts and influence of
team and individual performance and behaviour. These are determined as under:
Power culture: In this culture, power is held by a few persons whose effects spreads
throughout the enterprise. There are some regulations and rules in a power culture that highly
effects on individual and team performance and behaviour (Handy's Model of Organisational
Culture, 2018). In context to A David & Co Limited, only some member are providing authority
to accurate power over others.
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Role culture: This culture is mainly based on rules and regulations (Burrell and Morgan,
2017). This culture enable managers to ascertain their responsibilities and duties in the
enterprise. This culture also effect on team and individual performance when manager does not
provide accurate role to the employee.
(Source: Handy's Model of Organisational Culture, 2018)
Task culture: This culture forms when organisation team are developed to address
particular issue or success projects. Task is more essential thing so authority within the group
often change depending on the different team and the project or problem status (Chiboiwa,
Chipunza and Samuel, 2011). Improper allotment of task and activity to the individual and group
influence over its performance and behaviour.
Person culture: In this culture, a person is more concerned regarding their important
rather than the company. In A David & Co Limited, person cultures is essential because it allows
managers to retain an unique identity in the marketplace.
Organisation's politics: It is a simple and clear statements of how business intends to
organise its actions or services. They give a set of leading principles to support with decision
making. Practices and policy changes in the work environment are inevitable but minimise
performance and productivity. Inviting workers in the process of designing unique policies can
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Illustration 1: Handy's Model of Organisational Culture

support them to perform effectively and achieve business goal. Therefore, politics highly effects
on employee and team member productivity of A David & Co Limited.
 As an output of politics in the company, workforce fail to accomplish targets and goals
within the predetermined period of time. Politics spoils the better relationship between the organisation and individuals.
Organisation's power: It is the capacity or ability to do something or perform in a
specific way. Power is divided into two parts such as positive and negative that effect on the
team and an individual's behaviour or performance. Having positive power, A David & Co
Limited is capable to invite employees in decision making process about developing policies and
procedures. It reward workers for better performance and appointing workforce who work
powerfully to supervise other staff members. Positive power makes workers confidence and
encourage them to work harder. Organisation power is divided into different parts such as
legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and so on but A David & Co Limited is following reward
power. It is the capability to aid a reward such as a maximise in a perk, good pay or an attractive
assignment of job (Dartey-Baah and Amoako, 2011).
Culture, Politics and power influence of individuals and team performance
According to the Kulik and Olekalns, (2012) A David & Co Limited follow task culture
because it encourages worker to provide their more efforts for the development and success of
company. This culture promote employees and plays an essential role in accomplishing goals and
objectives set by the enterprise. Thus, it influence team and individual behaviour toward working
style of organisation (Christina and et. al., 2014). Politics of organisation lowers the output of a
person and eventually impact the performance and behaviour of team members (Coccia, 2014).
This power positively effect on an individual and group behaviour and performance of A David
& Co Limited. For example: company provide fair salary, compensation, incentives and many
other benefits to the group members so that they can perform business tasks and work properly.
It effect on teams and individual's performance and help them to maintain strong relationship
with company.
TASK 2
P2 Process and content theories of motivation and motivational techniques
Motivation is a crucial factor which enhances the skills and capabilities of employees that
will maximise their contribution in achieving desired goals and objectives of an organisation
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within pre-determined time period (Dobrow, 2013). There is always a need for every
organisation irrespective of the size whether small, medium or large to adopt various
motivational theories in order to bring motivation among their employees to perform as per the
standards. The growth and success of an organisation depends on the contribution of human
resource due to which it is essential for management to implement various strategies and plans to
make their employees more capable. For this, there are various approaches and theories which
should be applied by A David and Co. Ltd in order to bring spark zeal, enthusiasm and
confidences among their employees to overcome any short comings or changes.
CONTENT THEORY
It is also known as theory of need which defines the various reasons of changes occurred
in needs and preferences of human in reference with the time. The management of A David and
Co. Ltd is responsible to identify such factors which influences the working behaviour of human
resource employed in an organisation. Identifying various micro factors which affects human
behaviour and motivates an individual to attain its professional and personal goals (Francis,
O’Connor and Curran, 2012). It increases commitment and loyalty of employees with company
for longer period of time. It includes different motivational theory:
Maslow theory of motivation: Such theory describes the needs of human into five
categories which includes:
(Source: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs, 2015)
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Illustration 2: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs

Physiological needs: It is related with basic needs without which human cannot survive.
It includes foods, shelter, waster, clothing needs etc. It directly impact on the overall
performance of an individual due to which it is essentially required for management to fulfil it in
order to get profitable outcome in return (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs, 2015).
Safety and security needs: It is related with job security, health and safety etc. which
every employee expect from their company. Every employee desire work under healthy working
environment reducing the chances of any accidents (Gabriel and et. al., 2015). Therefore, A
David and Co. Ltd must required to adopt several safety measures such as life and medical
insurance facilities to the people. It requires to implement law made by the government of
country in which company operates.
Social needs: It is related with love and affections which every person expect from others
in exchange. It can be possible through communicating better, participating in employee
engagement programs, recreational activities etc. which allows employees to make healthy
relation and understand each other.
Esteem need: It is related with recognition, appreciation and respect from others which
every individual wants in society. It can be possible through giving rewards, compensation etc.
to the employees which indirectly increases their commitment with company for longer period of
time.
Self-actualization: It is represented on the top of Maslow pyramid and realised when all
above needs are fulfilled. It includes the individual's desire to recognise their own strength and
capabilities and work accordingly so as to achieve its desired aims of life. Therefore, the
management of A David and Co. Ltd need to provide sufficient support to their employees in
achieving their personal aims through giving them motivation to face challenges that comes in
the process of achieving goals (Gold and et. al., 2013).
PROCESS THEORY
This is the theory which is adopted to analyse psychological and behaviour processes. It
assist management to analyse individual's needs which influences them towards its target. For
this, the managers of A David and Co. Ltd required to give their maximum efforts in bringing
motivation and self confidence among their employees so that it makes easy for them to
overcome challenges that may comes during performing allotted work. Under this, A David and
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Co. Ltd require to conduct six workshops for employees to develop their competencies and
building an effective team. It consists of following theory:
Vroom's expectancy theory: Such theory describes that the behaviour is the result of
conscious choices and the purpose is to increase pleasure and reduce pain (Graham, Ziegert and
Capitano, 2015). Vroom realised that the performance level of employees is very much depended
on the individual factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities etc.
Contribution and motivations both are related and linked with person's motivation. For this,
managers of A David and Co. Ltd focuses on using various variables like expectancy,
instrumentality and valence. With the help of such theory, company can easily identify personal
goals and requirements of employees which makes easy for them to make further actions to fulfil
them within limited period of time.
Above discussed process and content theories are essential for the employees to increase
their motivation level. It also help in maximisation of their performance and productivity in the
organisation. Thus, motivation theory is important but manager of A David and Co. Ltd also use
different techniques of motivation (Huang and Bond, 2012). Some are explained as under:
Financial incentives: It is a first techniques which is used by the A David and Co. Ltd to
provide incentives as a money form. Hence, this tool accomplish psychological status and safety
requirement as employee satisfy their requirement by money. Salary and wages are essential way
to motivate workers to perform in better manner.
Job enlargement: In this method, manager distribute task among the workforce and
enable to identify their performance. Therefore, those workers who completes their task in given
time period manager can promote them. Thus ,it is most essential way of motivating subordinates
easily.
Participation: It is refers to contribution of workforce in decision making and planning
process (Judge and Kammeyer‐Mueller, 2012). It support the workers making them feel that they
are important and main part of the company which assist in creating unique idea to overcome
issue.
Quality of work life: It is refer to as better relationship between the workers' and working
atmosphere of company. It combines worker's requirement and help in higher job satisfaction,
enhance productivity and large employee participation.
Critically evaluated how to influence the behaviour of others through the
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effective application of behavioural motivational theories, concepts and
models.
Above discussed process and content theory are essential for success and growth of an
organisation, with the help of these theory an organisation can easily motivate their workers and retain
them for long time. It will also help an organisation by improving its performance and market image.
TASK 3
P3 Effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
Team effectiveness is refer to capability of team member to achieve objectives and goals
of the organisation. A team is a assemblage of individuals who are self-reliant in their activities
and share duties for better results in an organisational system. Companies that organize their staff
members in group can enhance their productivity and analyse innovative methods to accomplish
business goals and objectives within predetermined period of time (Kalliath and et. al., 2013). In
A David & Co Limited, there are various employees who work but they do not have better
coordination. So in this, business decide to organise an effective team in their organisation to
coordinate work with collaborative working technique. It is essential and beneficial for the
success and growth for enterprise. In the organisation, different teams work with each other and
it is one of the best advantage for the success and growth of company. Some are determined as
under:
Project team: This team refers as a group of workers who work together toward shared
common goals and objectives. Project team allows structure work or activity in a measurable,
time-constrained and specific manner. They can allot clear responsibilities, deadlines and roles to
the employees to complete project within given time period. For this, A David & Co Limited
select inexperienced and experienced employees through empowering them to do informal
mentoring and coaching.
Virtual team: It is another type of team that communicate all information in digital way
rather than in individual. Manager of A David & Co Limited use easier communication tool in
order to develop groups based on weaknesses and strength alternatively geography. To provide
entire information and data about business, company uses online process through seminars,
conferences, meeting and many other.
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Functional team: These type of group are permanent and always consist staff members
of the similar department with various duties. An administrator of the A David & Co Limited is
accountable for everything and all members report to them. Sometimes, in order to complete a
specific project within given time duration, several department of the company such as sales,
marketing and development require to work collectively (Kaur, 2013). For example: work on
the innovative product launch with the unique thought from marketing department. The idea is
communicated to R&D to identify its feasibility. After research and development, the design
division is tasted with providing it an appealing feel and look. Finally, the new commodity is
manufactured by manufacturing department.
Operational teams: It is a main team in each and every organisation because they support
other teams. They are developed to identity as all work and activities are go smoothly. For
example: Human resource department of A David & Co Limited do not handle any type of
projects or activities but they has to work candidate interviewing, screening and recruiting.
Operational team of the company also have their own functions i.e. project team of business
because they have more aware about their roles and duties.
As compare to ineffective team, effective team is more essential and beneficial for A
David & Co Limited. Following are certain importance of effective team as under:
Increased accountability: Effective teamwork maximise the accountability and
responsibility of each and every member who are working in team. In this, team member respect
their superior and give their full contribution for achievement of long term goals and objectives
(Kinicki and et. al., 2014).
Improved employee relations: Teamwork in essential and valuable part in an enterprise
because it gives better chance to the worker to make strong relation within one another. Thus, it
is valuable for the employee to complete project within given deadline. Therefore, effective team
is significant part for the success and development of company at large scale.
TUCKMAN'S MODEL: It is a part of team development which includes different states are
determined as under:
In order to develop team effectiveness in the organisation, A David & Co Limited apply
Tuckman and Jensen's model. It is refer as the process of team interaction with focusing 5 stages
of development. These are explained as under:
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Forming: In this stage, maximum team member are polite and positive and some are
anxious. They are fully aware about what work or activity will do by team. At this state, leader
play dominant role, because roles and responsibilities of team members are not clear.
Storming: It is a next phase, in which team member turns into the storming stage.
(Kitchin, 2017). Storming can also occur in other conditions, for example, group members of the
company that may challenge their dominance, or jokey for post as their responsibilities are
clarified. In this team members may also done over their roles and duties systematically.
Norming: In this stage, people get-go to solve their difference, respect their authority as a
leader and appreciate colleagues' strengths. Now team member are able to know one another in
better manner. They are also capable to ask another for supporting and giving constructive
feedback. Member create a stronger loyalty to the team objective and start to see better success
towards it.
Performing: In this stage, hard work is guided without any friction to accomplish team's
objective and goal. In this, A David & Co Limited leader play vital role on developing team
members.
Adjourning: Large number of groups will reach this phase eventually. If team members
has accomplished its objectives and goals, it will turn into adjourning phase. On the other hand,
permanent team can function for long duration without turning into this stage.
TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisation
Organizational behaviour is the study of individual and group performance within an
organisation. Concept of organisational behaviour mainly based on two key competent namely
nature of people and nature of the organisation (Kulik and Olekalns, 2012).
Nature of people: It is refer to as basic character on an individual or the quality that
personifies a person they can be unique or similar. It is based on individual's different perception,
value of person and motivated behaviour i.e. positive and negative perception.
Nature of organisation: Organisation nature is introduced as the purpose of the company
to maintain better relation with their employees and customers. In simple word, it refers the
quality of firm by playing as a mirror reflation of an organisation. Social system, mutual interest
and ethics are main part in nature of organization.
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Philosophy of organizational behaviour: It is held by the administration of A David &
Co Limited management which includes and integrated set of beliefs and assumptions regarding
the way thing are. It includes autocratic, custodial, collegial, supportive and system. All these are
essential for accomplishment of better outcomes easily.
PATH GOAL THEORY
In order to understand organisational concepts and philosophies in detail manner, A
David & Co Limited follow Path Goal Theory which is based on leadership style in specific
manner. This model has certain parts which are explained as under:
Employee Characteristic: In this, worker of A David & Co Limited explain their leader's
behaviour which is based on employees requirement. It includes degree of structure, perceived
level of ability, desire for control and affiliation (Kulik and Olekalns, 2012). It is the role of
leader to identify needs of their workers and fulfil it systematically. It is essential for the leader
to motivate their worker and achieve better outcomes within predetermined time period.
Task and Environmental characteristic: One of the main focus of the path-goal theory is
to overcome obstacles and issue in A David & Co Limited. If an issue becomes more strong,
then leader play vital role in allotting task among staff members. There are some difficult task
characteristic that frequently arise are:
Work group: If the team of A David & Co Limited is unsupportive, then the business
leader requires to be espouse and cohesiveness esprit-de-crops that gives enthusiasm, devotion
and comradeship to entire team members.
Formal authority system: When depending upon the authority of task, business leader
can give clear goals or objectives and provide the worker some or entire control.
Leader behaviour or style: It is an independent variables of theory that introduce leader's
behaviour (Alfes and et. al., 2013). Leader adjust their behaviour as per the task and employee
characteristics stage so that worker's motivation is to more at their goal. There are some leader
behaviours are:
Supportive: In this, A David & Co Limited leader create work pleasant and easy for the
workforce. It is an effective conditions in which relations and activity are psychologically or
physically challenging.
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Participative: In this leader consults with their subordinates before making an effective
decision or judgement on how to go on. Thus, it is essential when workers are extremely trained
and contribute in their work and activity (Bolino and et. al., 2013).
Concepts and philosophies of OB inform and influence behaviour in both a positive and
negative way.
Organisation behaviour is essential concept which will help an organisation to gain better
outcomes within given time duration. This concept will also impact on employees behaviour
towards its working within an organisation.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report it has been concluded that organisational behaviour
improves employees as well as managers work skill. In order to motivate employees, company
use process and content theory and also apply different techniques of motivation such as job
enlargement, participation etc. All these are highly essential and valuable for the company to
achieve their long term goals. Organisational power, culture and politics has more influence on
team and individual's performance in a positive manner. It is the duty of manager to allot task as
per the employee performance so they are able to complete all project within given deadline. In
order to develop effective team, company can apply numerous models such as Tuckman and
Jensen's model etc. It is essential because with the use of this, organisation can easily maintain
better relation with employees. Path Goal Theory is also important concept because it support the
leader to provide accurate direction to its workers to perform a specific task appropriately.
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