Organisational Behaviour and Attitudes

This assignment involves analysing the impact of organisational behaviour on employee attitudes, including pro-social organisational behaviour and organisational citizenship behaviour. Students are required to explore case studies and research articles to understand the relationship between leadership styles, trust, and workplace spirituality. The analysis should focus on how organisational behaviour affects building energy use in the UK retail environment, as well as the effects of trust in organisation and perceived organisational support on organisational citizenship behaviour.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1.Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance.........................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P2.Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques
enable effective achievement of goals........................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P3.Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team............................9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
P4.Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour and a given business
situation.....................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behaviour refers to study of human behaviour within an organisation it
means who they react in a team or group or as an individual. It also include concern relate to
understanding, predicating, production and control of individual behaviour within a workplace
(Robbins and et.al., 2013). Organisation taken for this assignment is A David & Co Ltd. Which
is operating there business in food and beverage development industry. Its founders are David
Michael and Herman Hertz and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United State. They
serve their products and services in worldwide market. Topics which are included in this
assignment are influence of culture, politics and power on others behaviours, method of
motivation in order to achieve goal and objective. Along with this it include application of
organisational behaviour within an organisation and how to develop effective team and group.
TASK 1
P1.Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance
In an organisation workplace culture, power and politics affect behaviour and
performance of an individual and group. For analysis of these A David & Co Ltd. Use various
theories and methods such as for culture company use Handy's four classes, for power they use
French and raven theory and so on. Description of all these theories in context of respective
company are given below:-
Culture:- Organization culture refers to adjoining value, principles and beliefs which
employees shares within an organisation. These values are originated from company's history,
market, strategies, technology and many more. By effective organisation culture employer able
to maintain and develop unity, loyalty, competition and other in appropriate manner (Wood and
et.al.,2012). Culture of an organization influence behaviour and performance of an individual
and group. This is so because if there is any change occurs in culture like change in strategies
then employees and group performance get affected. For establishing and managing proper
organisation culture A David & Co Ltd. company use Handy's method which is mentioned
below-

 Power: It refers to condition in which power is under hand of an individual or few
peoples, only they are authorised to take decision according to situation. These peoples
do delegation of authority to other employees or staff with in respective company. Power
of a person affects behaviour and performance of employees such as if power is in wrong
hand he/ she will make wrong decision which demotivates other. This will directly and
indirectly affect performance and behaviour of other employees along with this it will
affect productivity and profitability of A David & Co Ltd. Role: In this culture role and responsibilities of every employees or staff is delegated
according to their education, knowledge, experiences, specialization and interest. In this
particular situation employees of respective company do give their best to accomplish
their work in appropriate and effective manner (Coccia, 2015). In this every staff is
accountable for their work and task. By this behaviour and performance of individual and
group affect such as if employees get role and responsibilities according to their
efficiency then there is enhancement in staff performance as well as in group
performance. Task: This culture is refers to situation where a team is formed in order to achieve target
or solve any issues or problems. According to this employees who have common interest
come together in order to form team or group and in team there are four to five
individuals. In this every employees have their own responsibility for completion of work
in appropriate and effective manner. Employers of A David & Co Ltd form a team or
group according to skills and abilities required for particular task. By this they able to
conduct work in appropriate manner. Behaviour and performance of employees get
influence according to their task.
 Person: It refers to culture in which a person thinks themselves superior to their
organisation. According to this situation employees come to office for earning money and
they never interact to other employees and feel connected to organisation which leads to
decrease in respective company loss (Thomson and Van, 2012). Employers of A David &
Co Ltd motivate their employees so that they feel connected and conduct their work in
appropriate and effective manner.
Power: - It refers to authority which is linked or connected to an individual or more who
is responsible for taking decision and accomplishment of work in appropriate and effective

manner. Power of a person affects their leadership style and its succession. A person who has
power can use it in negative and positive manner and this will affect performance and behaviour
of other peoples. A David & Co Ltd Company use French and raven theory in which power is
divided into five form which is explain below in context of respective company- Coercive Power: It refers to ability of a person to take things away from their employees
and it is opposite from reward power. It is use for both purposes for motivating
employees or for punishing them. This sometime leads to unhealthy behaviour,
performance and dissatisfaction of employees within respective company. Which directly
and indirectly influence or affect individual or team performance. Reward Power: It refers to type of power which a manager uses when they want to
motivate or reward someone in order to encourage them for their good performance. In is
a situation which refers to situation that a person performs well or effective when they
know they will get reward in return (Hyde, Harris and Boaden, 2013). This type of power
influence behaviour and performance of employees and encourage them to work in
effective and appropriate manner. Legitimate Power: It is a situation when a person or individual receive some short of
power with specific position. In this power of a particular person is more granted because
they get it with their particular position or role. This will influence person's behaviour
and performance because when they get some additional authority with their role they
will conduct their work in more appropriate manner. Referent Power: This type of power is not related to particular task or position; it refers
to power of a person which is based on person's attitude, charm, good looks and many
others. In this there is not any logical reason for having particular power but person have
it due to some reason. Such as if a person is good looking and talk nicely then they have
the power to attract and influence other in effective and efficient manner.
 Expert Power: It is a power which people get when they get expert in particular field,
task or job. This type of leader are highly intelligent, knowledgeable and experienced
who done there work or task in appropriate and effective manner (Teh and Sun, 2012).
Other employees also get motivated and respect them, along with this they also take
advice from these type of which show that they can influence performance and behaviour
of employees.

Politics:- It refers to various type of activities which is associated with organisation and
their employees improvement and interest. Which help manager and leader of A David & Co Ltd
company to conduct work in appropriate and effective manner. By this they able to assign work
or task in appropriate manner which help them in enhancing productivity of employees. Along
with this manager of respective company also able to minimise or ignore conflict within a
workplace. This is occur due to various reasons such as discrimination due to gender, colour,
values etc., salary issues and many more.
By all these factor behaviour and performance of an individual and team of A David &
Co Ltd company get affected in positive or negative manner. If manager and leader get
understand and adopt these factors in proper manner it will help them in achieving goal and
objectives in effective manner.
TASK 2
P2.Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable
effective achievement of goals
For conducting work in appropriate and effective manner employer has to motive their
employees so they feel connected and conduct their work in proper manner in order to achieve
goal and objectives (Christina and et.al., 2014). Motivation is refers to need which required
satisfaction and which inspire an individual to perform their work or task in appropriate and
effective manner. An effective manager or leader does various activities to motivate their
employees such as reward, appraise, and many more. Manager of A David & Co Ltd company
adopt different motivational techniques of content and process which is mentioned below:-
Content Theory-
This refers to situation which is change according to time or situation. In it there are
various theories are included. By adopting these theories employer and employees able to
motivate themselves to conduct work in proper manner so that they able to satisfy there need and
wants in effective and appropriate manner (Fuchs and Edwards, 2012). Theory which is adopted
by respective company is Maslow need hierarchy theory which is explained below:-
Maslow needs hierarchy theory-
This theory is based on need and want of a person which is display in a pyramid form. In
bottom level there basic need are represent and when level get up need of a person also get

increases according to requirement. Explanation of this in respect of A David & Co Ltd is given
below:-
Physiological need: This refers to biological requirement of an individual such as water,
food, cloth, sleep and many more. These factors or element help a person in there survivals in
appropriate and effective manner. So manager of respective company first make strategies to
fulfil basic need of employees so that they feel motivated.
Safety and security need: When basic needs of a person get satisfy, next major
requirement or need is safety of a person in term of financial, health and wellness and security
against accident and any injury (Wong, Wong and Ngo, 2012). For which manager of this
company provide appropriate salary to employees, do medical insurance and provide medical
facilities for which they feel motivate and connected toward workplace.
Social need: Next major need after safety is social need in which those factors are
include which are related to love, acceptance, belongingness, family and many more. This need
can be fulfil by family, friendship, social group etc. (Xerri and Brunetto, 2013). For this manager
of respective company give personal time to employees so that they can spend time with their
family and friends. They also organise some function and activities in which employees and his/
her family are invited.
Illustration 1: The Five Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(Source: The Five Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, 2019)

Esteem need: This refers to respect of a person which can be done in two ways internal
and external. Internal include self respect, confidence, achievements, freedom and so on whereas
external include power, recognition, status, reward and many more. Manager of A David & Co
Ltd recognises and motivate their employees according to their performance so that they feel
connected and perform work in appropriate manner.
Self-actualization need: This refers to self need of a person what he/ she is and what they
want to become in future. It refers to growth and satisfaction of self actualization need and in this
an individual work to satisfy their need and requirement (Kazemipour and Mohd, 2012). For this
manage of respective company motivate and provide training to their employees who want to
develop their careers. By this employees feel connected and motivated towards company.
Process Theory- Process theory is refers to system which is depending on idea which
describe about how an entity can change and establish. Process which is adopted by A David &
Co Ltd company is Vroom’s Expectancy Theory which is explain below in respect of company:-
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory-
This theory is developed by Victor. H. Vroom which is based on perception of an
individual that encourage and motivate them to accomplish their work in effective and
appropriate manner in order to attain goal and objective in effective and efficient manner. It is
basically divided into three categories which are explained below in context of respective
company:-
 Valence: It refers to situation when an individual get inspired from particular outcome or
strength which encourage them to work in effective and efficient manner. Such as in A
David & Co Ltd. company particular employee get motivated by promotion so whether
he/ she high increment or incentives they will not get motivated.
 Instrumentality: It is a second category of this model in which an individual get
motivated from any outcome and this will encourage them work in effective and efficient
manner (Coccia and Cadario, 2014). Such as in respective company staff thinks that
promotion is essential for achieving goal because they feel that for attaining objective in
effective manner superior people performance plays major role.
 Expectancy: It is a last factor of this model that determines motivation of a person which
is basically probability that particular task leads to any effective outcome or result. Such

as manger of respective company analysis performance of employees which help them in
attaining goal and objectives in effective and efficient manner.
By adopting these theories in effective manner A David & Co Ltd. Company able to attain
goal and objectives in effective and efficient manner. Along with this they able to motivate their
employees or staff in appropriate ways due to which they perform their work in proper manner.
TASK 3
P3.Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
Team refers to group of an individual who work together in order to attain common goal
and objective, along with this they are independent on each other to fulfil goal in appropriate
manner (Unsworth, Dmitrieva and Adriasola, 2013). In an organization when employees work in
a team then objective is fulfil in appropriate ways and it will also motivate employees. T identify
effectiveness of good team A David& Co Ltd compare effective team with ineffective team
which is motioned below:-
Basis Effective team In effective team
Environment In this environment of team
or workplace is productive
because every members
share their views and ideas.
In this team environment is
informal and employee not
share their ideas because
they feel shy or
uncomfortable.
Delegation of role In this delegation of role and
responsibility are done on
the basis of staff
performance, skills and
ability.
Whereas in this type of
team delegation of
authority is done according
to specification which
affected performance of
staff.
In an organization there are three types of team that are problem solving team which is
develop by different peoples and expertise whose main objective is to solve issues and problems
in permanent manner (Odetunde, 2013). Virtual team refers to type of team which work
independently without get affected from barriers or time. Whereas functional team refer to team
which perform variety of functions in order to achieve goal and objective in effective and

efficient manner. Theory which is use A David & Co Ltd. Company is Tuck man team develop
theory which is explain below:-
Forming: In this stage group is form according to work requirement so that task will
accomplish in effective and efficient manner. In this step team members are dependent on leader
of because they didn’t know about work or task (Robbins and et.al., 2013). At this there is less
chance of conflict situation this is s because at this employees are busy in identifying their
position.
Storming: Next stage s storming in which group member start interacting and
communicating each other and try to know each other strength and weaknesses. In this all team
member’s discus about idea and their role and responsibilities which they are going to perform in
order to complete task.
Norming: At this stage team members start developing perception regarding each other
on basis of strength and weakness. Which sometime leads to conflict situation and then leader
had to develop plans in order to avoid particular situation. After resolving conflict and knowing
strength and weakness employee work according and help each other in order to achieve goal in
proper manner.
Performing: In this particular stage group members perform their task in order to attain
goal and objective in appropriate and effective manner. In this all team member give their full
efforts and conduct work in smooth manner.
Adjourning: It is consider as last stage of this theory which is done after completion of
work or task in appropriate manner (Wood and et.al.,2012). In this step task or project gets
completed and team get dispersed. In this people also develop some effective relations which
stay long due to work together.
When team is from there are different different peoples in a team due to which manger
and leader of respective company use Theory X and Y. Which help them in understanding
employees in effective and appropriate manner.
TASK 4
P4.Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour and a given business situation
Organizational behaviour is refer to behaviour of an individual that how he/ she react or
act in workplace or alone. It is use by almost every organization in order to understand nature of

staff in appropriate manner. In respective company it important because their employees
commutate with customer to sell products. So by understanding nature or behaviour of staff A
David & Co Ltd can provide training to employee in appropriate manner. It includes factors like
structure, power, policies, style, culture and many more. There are various type of theories which
is adopt by company such as path goal theory, leadership theory and many more. A David & Co
Ltd adopt path goal theory, which is explain below:-
Path goal theory:-
It is develop by Robert House and it in this leaders motivate their staffs to achieve goal
and objectives in appropriate and effective manner. Leader who follow path goal theory behave
and create environment which motivate employees in effective and appropriate manner (Coccia,
2015). In respective company manager and leader motivate employees by adopting various
methods like reward them, appraise them, organize activities and many more. In this there are
four type of leadership is mentioned which are direct, supportive, participative and achievement
oriented leadership. Below is explanation of how these leader work:-
Behaviour of leader Group members Task characteristics
Direct Leadership Narrow
Authoritarian
Ambiguous
Unclear rules
Complex
Supportive Leadership Unsatisfied
Need human contact
Difficult
Repetitive
Mechanical
Participative Leadership Require control
Need clarity
Unclear
Unstructured
Achievement Oriented
Leadership
Need to excel
Advanced expectations
Complex
Challenging

CONCLUSION
From above discussed point it can be conclude that understanding of organizational
behaviour is essential for attaining goal in effective manner. In an organization behaviour of an
individual and team got influenced by culture, politics and power and for understanding of this
company use theories like Handy's four classes, French and raven theory and so on. There are
also various motivational techniques which are use by a company in form of theories such as
Maslow’s need theory, theory X and Y, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory and many others. To form
an effective team manger and leader of an organization use Tuck man team development theory.
There are various philosophies of organization behaviour which is use by a firm according to
situation and conduction.

REFRENCES
Books and journals
Robbins, S. and et.al., 2013. Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU.
Wood, J. and et.al., 2012. Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John
Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd..
Coccia, M., 2015. Structure and organisational behaviour of public research institutions under
unstable growth of human resources.