Exploring Organizational Behavior and Culture: A Review of Recent Research

The provided content includes a collection of references from books, journals, and online sources related to organizational behavior, leadership, management, and psychology. The references include studies on topics such as role overload, organization citizenship behavior, motivation, employee anxiety, and organizational culture. The sources also explore the concepts of scientific management, energy efficiency, and leadership theory and practice. Overall, the content provides a broad range of perspectives and insights into various aspects of organizational behavior.

ORGANIZATION AND
BEHAVIOR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Compare and contrast of different organization structure.....................................................3
1.2 Impact of organization culture and structure on entity's performance...................................4
1.3 Factors which effects individual behavior at workplace .......................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Effectiveness of different leadership styles ..........................................................................5
2.2 Organization theory and its linked with management styles.................................................6
2.3 Different approaches to management and leadership theories..............................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Impact of leadership styles of staff behavior ........................................................................7
3.2 Comparison of different motivational theories .....................................................................8
3.3 Effectiveness of motivational theory ....................................................................................9
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Nature of groups and group behavior .................................................................................10
4.2 Factors which effects team performances ...........................................................................10
4.3 Impact of technology on team functioning in institution....................................................11
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................12
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INTRODUCTION
Organization behavior is defined as the study of individual and group behavior of
employees within an organization. It helps to entities for improving their work performance.
There are different types of concepts which are used by organization to making effective
decision making process (Ahmad and Saud, 2016). The parents report is based on the two
organization City college and Enterprise Rent-A-Car. This report make analysis on different
types of organization structure and their implication on the given entities. It also makes analysis
on the leadership approach and their uses within entities. At last this report make analysis on the
factors which might effects performances of individual at work place.
TASK 1
1.1 Compare and contrast of different organization structure
City college is a private college which is situated in the North West London. This college
is acquired by private investor (Cadenhead and Danielli, 2013). Organization structure is refers
as hierarchy of staff members and functions of an enterprise. In the city college functional and
flat both structure is followed by city college. In this all responsibilities is divided into the
departments. In the college all the operation function is divided into three different departments.
There are 200 employees working in the college. On the basis of the individual's job function the
entity's have many departments such as Teaching, Human resource and Administration
department. Enterprise Rent-A-Car is the largest car purchaser company and it followed long
chain command in the organization. Front line management employees are given order and
instruction by managers that are working at local levels in the structure order passed through the
upper level to lower level (Cummings and Worley, 2014).
Organization culture is refers as to the shared values, beliefs and assumptions which
governs behavior workers in within entity. As according to the Charles Handy's model, of
organization cultural there are mainly four type of organization cultural which includes power,
task, person and role culture. Power culture in which activities are controlled by the top
management, in task culture individual performance is measured by the capabilities of
performing task, person culture in which individual given more preferences to their own interset
rather than organization's objectives (Grossberg, 2013). In the Role cultural where person
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followed by role and responsibility. The city college is followed the role cultural in which each
duties and responsibility are given to staff members. In Enterprise Rent-A-Car power culture is
followed in which authorities are given to only few people.
Along with this there is another model of organization's cultural, which is Edgar Schein’s
Iceberg Model. Mainly divided into three parts i.e. Artifacts, Assumed values and values.
Artifacts, in this characteristic of the organization which can be easily viewed, heard and felt by
individuals collectively known as artifacts (Katan,2014) The next step is value in which they
individual cultural is important to decide the cultural of the organization. The third level is
depended on the facts and beliefs which are based which are hidden in nature but can effects
organization culture.
1.2 Impact of organization culture and structure on entity's performance
Organization cultural and their structure both are interrelated with each other. It also
makes effects in the organization's performances (Mai, 2015) Effective organizational structure
provides framework for implementing the organizational culture in systematic way. With the
help of a systemic structure approach organization use different types of methods and practices
that helps to them for running their business activities in effective manner. City College followed
flat structure in which the small chain of command used. Along with this college followed role
culture which is mainly associated with giving power and responsibility to the employee and
specific tasks need to be perform for conducting business operations. In the college all the
departments work together so they can achieve set objectives and accomplished work in
productivity manner (Matsson and Dahlqvist, 2013).
In the Enterprise Rent-A-Car has adopted divisional and tall organization structure and
where long chain of command is followed. In this firm power culture is used in which authorities
are handle by only few people more preferences are given to customer's satisfaction. In this the
entity followed high level of customers services and gain more competitive advantages. Impact
of this culture on company is that through this they can control their employees actives and
provide guidelines to develop effective interaction with customers (Miyata, Kuwaki and
Ootsuka, 2016).
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1.3 Factors which effects individual behavior at workplace
At workplace there are many factors which effects individual performance and their
overall efficiency. In the business organization each individual is belongs to different area and
they have their own belief and values (Nohria and Khurana, 2013). There are certain factors
which might effects organization and its performance such as employee's behavior and there
communication styles all these have impact on the entity's performance. In the city College, work
culture is properly structured and maintained. All employees follow rules and regulation which
are set by the top management. At workplace there is no discrimination and favoritism is
followed which leads to transparency at workplace. Employees make communicated with each
other at every level.
Among with this the organization's values and their beliefs is also effects individual at workplace
(Sayburn-Reeves and Cook, 2016). The City college in also followed the similar approach. For
this the college adopt learning opportunities to their students and along with they also give more
preferences to their staff member's own values and beliefs so they can work easily at workplace.
Factors which effects individual behavior at workplace is leadership approach of the
leaders. In Enterprise Rent-A-Car they followed autocratic leadership approach in which they
provide effective leadership and in detail guidelines for completing their tasks. For this they
motivated to their staff member so they can improve their productivity (Srivastava and Gope,
2016). However, because of this leadership approach they do not involved their workers in
decision making process.
TASK 2
2.1 Effectiveness of different leadership styles
There are different types of leadership styles which are used by organization. City college
and Enterprise Rent-A-Car adopt different types of leadership styles so they can motivate to their
staff in effective manner and involved their workers in decision making process. Following are
leadership approach which are adopted by the organization.
Autocratic leadership
Enterprise Rent-A-Car followed this leadership approach. In this leadership styles all
decisions are taken by the top authorities. In this style leader provide clear guidelines to their
subordinates and employees so they can perform their tasks easily (Yu and Choi, 2016). In the
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company branch manager give authority to delivery of customers services at local level and
making use of skills of workers. General managers leads to regional group of the city managers.
Through this leadership styles organization can use their resources effectively and also proper
channels of communication is also available.
Democratic leadership
City college use this approach, under this they allowed to their workers to take
participation in the organization's activities and decision making process. Management of college
encourage to their staff members to provide suggestion on the complex problems (Zipf, 2016).
Good suggestion are adopted and implemented into college strategy. Through this leadership
styles a positive environment created within department.
2.2 Organization theory and its linked with management styles
Organization theory assists a business for the maximizing its productivity and efficiency.
It helps to company to solve complex problems. City College and Enterprise Rent-A-Car both
effectively use of this theory in order to achieving their business goals.
City college followed functional and flat structure. Through which they divided their
college into three different departments. In this the institution use rational system approach.
With the helps of this approach they provide specific task and responsibilities to their employees
as according to their specialization (Ahmad and Saud, 2016). Under this approach the
organization make proper allocation of each resources which are used by them such as physical,
financial and human resource. College gives proper and appropriate utilization of their resources
and time.
On the other hand Enterprise Rent-A-Car use bureaucratic approach theory in which n
which a hierarchy is followed. In this approach command followed by senior to lower level.
Under this style a long chain of command is followed and detailed instruction are given to the
workers and other staff members. Under this approach whole management structure is followed
by rules and regulations (.Cadenhead and Danielli, 2013). So clear direction are provided to the
staff member which are essential in nature to followed.
2.3 Different approaches to management and leadership theories
There are various types of approaches to management and leadership theories that can be
adopted by an organization in order to accomplish their business objectives.
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Enterprise Rent-A-Car uses classical bureaucracy approach in which authorities followed
hierarchical approach. Under this approach management designed task and responsibility for
workers as according to their qualification and expertise (Cummings and Worley 2014). All the
procedures of the company are recorded in written form and duties and rights are attached with
every job positions. By using this approach they want to generated maximum customers'
satisfaction and for that they give their best efforts to for achieving their objectives.
On the other hand in the city college use system approach for motivating their staff
members. Under this approach whole institution is divided into different types of department and
all of they are interrelated to each other. All department work together in order to achieving their
business goals. College divides whole institution into three different types of department such as
teaching departments, human-resources department and administration department (Grossberg,
2013). In this context all departments are interlinked with each other and work as mutually and
collaborative so they can support to each other.
TASK 3
3.1 Impact of leadership styles of staff behavior
Different types of leadership styles has different types of impact of organization's
behavior and their staff's behavior. City college and Enterprise Rent-A-Car both adopted many
types of leadership approach through which they can motivate to employees and also give
direction to them for accomplish tasks.
Impact of autocratic leadership
Enterprise Rent-A-Car uses autocratic leadership styles. In this leadership style leaders
give direct command to their workers which are set by the top authorities of company. Through
this leadership styles entity can control their business and workers (Katan, 2014). In this
leadership approach very less involvement of employees are allowed during the decision making
process.Due to adoption of this leadership style overall control rests with the top management
and employees are given less importance
Impact of democratic leadership
Under this leadership styles organization make involvement of their workers in their
decision making process. City college use this approach so they can easily perform their tasks in
team. With the helps of this approach they can make effective coordination under the entity and
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useful recommendations of manager are implemented by the institution so they executed in
productive way to involving staff members (Mai, 2015). Under this approach encouragement
given by management by involving their staff members and moral of staff members is also
improved by this.
3.2 Comparison of different motivational theories
City College and Enterprise Rent-A-Car both uses different types of motivational
theories. It is considered the most effective approach for encouraging staff members to utilize
their potential in effective manner. Following are motivational theories which are used by
organization for motivating employee's.
Maslow's need Hierarchy Theory
This motivational theory is used by Enterprise Rent-A-Car to motivating their employees.
As according to this theory there are five types of basic needs of individual which includes
safety, esteem, self actualization and belonging (Matsson and Dahlqvist, 2013) This theory is
basically related to the Psychological needs of humans which are related to their job. This needs
are arranged from lower to higher. By using this theory company motivating their employees for
self learning.
Theory X and Theory Y
City college uses this approach for motivating their employees in effective manner. As
according to this theory there are two factors i.e. Theory X and Theory Y. The theory X focuses
on repetitive work in institution and theory Y uses for making expertise their employees. By
using this theory City college try to increasing productivity of their workers and development of
their employees.
3.3 Effectiveness of motivational theory
Motivational theory is used by business concern for motivating their employees. This
motivation theory has the direct impact of the entity's their performances. With the help of these
theories they motivated their workers and along with this they help to them for improving their
performances (Miyata, Kuwaki and Ootsuka, 2016). Following are usefulness of the
motivational theory on City college and Enterprise Rent-A-Car.
 In the context of the Enterprise Rent-A-Car uses Maslow's motivational theory. It will
provide effective medium for motivating employees by encouraging their moral. With
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the helps of this theory entity receive superior quality in their work. In this method
Enterprise Rent-A-Car provides sufficient salary to their workers so they can fulfill their
basic needs and social needs. A feeling of acceptance belongings can be generated
among workforce by reinforcing team dynamics.
 City college uses Theory X and theory Y for motivating their employees. This theory are
designed is such manner that employees can easily perform their work and utilizing full
potential of its workforce (Nohria and Khurana, 2013). The college provides enough
guidelines to their workers and along with this they provide freedom to them so they can
perform their tasks in effective manner.
TASK 4
4.1 Nature of groups and group behavior
Group behavior is a process which defines the team work which mainly includes forming,
storming, norming and performing (Organizational Behaviour. 2015). For the performing tasks
in group mutual effort given by staff members which aid productivity and performance of all
team members.
 In the City college formal group is working which helps to administration to performing
their tasks. In the college departments are divided into three parts. Teaching departments
in assigned to delivering the quality services to their customers, administration
department us assigned for managing each activities within college and make enrollment
of students. With the help of this divisional structure work can be performed in effective
manner and they can achieve their business targets easily (Rayburn-Reeves and Cook,
2016). Through this group behavior they college gives moral support to their employees
and create positive environment.
 On the other hand Enterprise Rent-A-Car formed informal group. In the entity
hierarchical level is used and long chain command is followed. In this approach direction
and tasks are given by the superior to subordinates so they all business activities are
controlled by them in effective manner. Company's leader follow autocratic leadership
approach so no formal group has been created in firm (Srivastava and Gope, 2016). In
this branch manager set polices for employees and along with this in staff members set
informal group so they can develop effective communication with each other.
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4.2 Factors which effects team performances
There are different types of factors which can effects performances of team some of them
are given below.
Team size
Size of team has huge impact on performances of team. Through them size institution can
increasing productivity of the workers. With the helps of the team size they can achieve their
tasks in effective manner but if the size of team is not appropriate as according to their
requirements then it creates many problems in the organization (Yu, and Choi 2016). City
college and Enterprise Rent-A-Car both manage effective team size so they can achieve their
targets easily.
Worker's skills
In order to accomplish any tasks in institution they required some skills which helps to
them for performing tasks in effective manner (Kiesner, 2015) If in any organization, skills of
individual are more than its group then it may create some problems for the institutions. It mat
also crate some problems within organization. So the workers skills should be according to the
requirement of team so effective coordination can be developed in the group.
Effective communication
It is the most effective factors which may create problems or solve any problems. City
college and Enterprise Rent-A-Car both use this approach so they can they maintained effective
communication and find solution for the complex problem (Zipf, 2016).
4.3 Impact of technology on team functioning in institution
Technology plays important role for improving efficiency and performances of Enterprise
Rent-A-Car and City college (Cadenhead and Danielli, 2013). With the help of modern
technology assists in enhancing capabilities of entity and also they provide effective tools and
techniques. Following are impact of technology on team functioning.
Workplace
Technology offers flexibility at workplace. Employees of company can work from
anywhere. With the helps of this entity can also offer flex time to workers of organization
(Chand, 2014). They can attempt task from anywhere and along with this they commutation with
each other
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Productivity
Technology helps to company for improving their productivity. Enterprise Rent-A-Car
and City college both use technology to improve productivity. Through this they can adopt
different types of techniques such as lean production and six sigmas and make improvement in
their work.
Management process
Technology helps to Enterprise Rent-A-Car and City college helps to company to
improve their work performances (Ahmad and Saud, 2016). In this they can add different types
of software such as CRM . which helps to management to keep maintained contact with their
customers. Along with this they it also helps to them for manage their activities and coordinating
their activities.
CONCLUSION
Summing up the above report it is concluded that Enterprise Rent-A-Car and City college
both have different types of organization's structure and culture. Both the organization is using
different types of approach to conducting their business activities. From the above report it is
concluded that city college use normative structure and Enterprise Rent-A-Car uses tall
organization structure. Both the entities has working towards one common goal i.e. to gain
customers satisfaction. Along with this they are using different types of motivational theories to
motivated their workers at workplaces. However, both institution need to identify those factors
which can effects performances of individuals at workplace so it helps to them for keeping their
workplace environment more positive.
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